Apr THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS ( 13 ) 2008 NTT

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 105 ( 13 ) 2008 NTT

106 ( 14 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 JA 2010 1 27 1982 7 2008 2008 4 2009 3 1 215 173 (80.5%) 694 18 357 337 Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecium Enterococcus avium Enterococcus spp. Streptococcus anginosus Streptococcus spp. Staphylococcus aureus

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 107 ( 15 ) Staphylococcus spp. Enterococcus spp. Staphylococcus spp. Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa P. aeruginosa E. coli Enterobacter cloacae K. pneumoniae Eggerthella lenta Parvimonas micra Streptococcus constellatus Gemella morbillorum E. lenta P. micra Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Bacteroides ovatus Bilophila wadsworthia B. fragilis B. thetaiotaomicron B. wadsworthia B. ovatus (MRSA) Enterococcus spp. 1982 7 1 31 2008 2008 4 2009 3 I. 1982 7 32 2002 3 BTB 37 C 1 3 HK BBE PEA HK PV HK 37 C 3 7 MIC2000 Oxacillin (MPIPC) Ampicillin (ABPC) Tazobactam/Piperacillin (TAZ/PIPC) Cefazolin (CEZ) Cefotiam (CTM) Cefmetazole (CMZ)

108 ( 16 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Flomoxef (FMOX) Cefmenoxime (CMX) Latamoxef (LMOX) Ceftazidime (CAZ) Cefpirome (CPR) Cefepime (CFPM) Cefozopran (CZOP) Sulbactam/Cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ) Cefsulodin (CFS) Aztreonam (AZT) Carumonam (CRMN) Imipenem (IPM) Meropenem (MEPM) Gentamicin (GM) Amikacin (AMK) Arbekacin (ABK) Isepamicin (ISP) Clindamycin (CLDM) Minocycline (MINO) Ciprofloxacin (CPFX) Levofloxacin (LVFX) Linezolid (LZD) Vancomycin (VCM) Teicoplanin (TEIC) Fosfomycin (FOM) II. 1 2008 215 173 (80.5%) 694 18 42 27 Fig. 1 27 195.5 5 236.8 1990 27 361.2 5 567.8 Table 1 109 75 (68.8%) 35 21 (60.0%) 61 42 (68.9%) 106 98 (92.5%) 66 63 (95.5%) Fig. 1.

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 109 ( 17 ) Table 1. Fig. 2. 99 (57.2%) 38 (22.0%) 17 (9.8%) (Fig. 2) 173 694 1 4.0 173 21.4% 16.8% 2 16.2% 3 9.2% 4 7.5% 5 28.9% 6 51.4% 5 43.5% (Fig. 3)

110 ( 18 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Fig. 3. Table 2. 2 2008 Table 2 357 337 9 (Candida albicans 5 Candida glabrata 2 Candida kefyr Zygosaccharomyces fermentati 1 9 C. albicans 8 C. glabrata 1 32 182 25 64 20 118 (Table 3)

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 111 ( 19 ) Table 3.

112 ( 20 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Enterococcus faecalis Streptococcus anginosus Enterococcus faecium Enterococcus avium Staphylococcus aureus E. faecalis S. aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis E. faecium E. avium Enterococcus spp. Streptococcus spp. Enterococcus spp. Staphylococcus spp. 33 137 25 77 24 60 (Table 4) Eggerthella lenta Parvimonas micra Streptococcus constellatus Gemella morbillorum E. lenta P. micra Finegoldia magna 28 153 19 90 19 63 (Table 5) Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella oxytoca P. aeruginosa E. coli Enterobacter cloacae K. pneumoniae 29 222 28 126 22 96 (Table 6) Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Bacteroides ovatus Bilophila wadsworthia B. fragilis B. thetaiotaomicron B. wadsworthia B. ovatus Bacteroides spp. E. coli Enterococcus spp. Staphylococcus spp. P. aeruginosa (Fig. 4) 3 (Fig. 5) 1990 2007 2008 E. coli 2007 2008 B. fragilis 2 (Fig. 6) (Fig. 7) 1990 1990 2006 1993

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 113 ( 21 ) Table 4.

114 ( 22 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 5.

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 115 ( 23 ) Table 6.

116 ( 24 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Fig. 4. Fig. 5. 1

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 117 ( 25 ) Fig. 6. 2 Fig. 7. 1

118 ( 26 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 E. faecalis 1999 2006 S. aureus 1992 20% 1999 2005 P. aeruginosa 1990 20 30% 1998 2001 10% E. coli 10% (Fig. 8) MRSA 1991 1998 2005 2006 2007 2008 S. aureus MRSA 2007 3 2008 80% (Fig. 9) 4 1 5 Bacteroides spp. (18.9%) (23.3%) E. coli (9.9%) Enterococcus spp. (6.0%) Streptococcus spp. (5.9%) E. coli 1990 (Fig. 10) 5 Enterococcus spp. (18.5%) Bacteroides spp. (15.0%) (12.7%) (12.0%) Staphylococcus spp. (10.1%) 1999 Staphylococcus spp. Fig. 8. 2

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 119 ( 27 ) Fig. 9. MRSA Fig. 10.

120 ( 28 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Fig. 11. (Fig. 11) 2 1990 E. coli Klebsiella spp. 1994 Enterococcus spp. E. coli Klebsiella spp. 5 Klebsiella spp. (Fig. 12) 1994 Enterococcus spp. 5 Enterobacter spp. (16.1%) Klebsiella spp. (9.7%) P. aeruginosa (9.7%) E. coli (9.7%) (Fig. 13) 3 5 Bacteroides spp. 40.8% Enterococcus spp. Staphylococcus spp. E. coli Klebsiella spp. (Fig. 14) 5 Table 7 44 MIC 1 Staphylococcus spp. S. aureus 24 MPIPC MIC 5 0.25 mg/ml 19 (79.2%)

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 121 ( 29 ) Fig. 12. Fig. 13.

122 ( 30 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Fig. 14. 32 mg/ml ABPC 5 MIC 0.5 mg/ml 1 4 mg/ml 18 32 mg/ml VCM TEIC LZD MIC 2 mg/ml ABK 1 MIC 8 mg/ml MIC 2 mg/ml GM 9 MIC 1 mg/ml MIC 8 mg/ml CLDM 6 MIC 0.125 mg/ml 18 MIC 128 mg/ml (Table 7) S. epidermidis 22 MPIPC MIC 1 MIC 0.125 mg/ml 1 mg/ml 20 4 mg/ml MINO MIC 0.25 mg/ml MIC 90 LZD ABK VCM TEIC LVFX CZOP CTM CLDM MIC 0.125 mg/ml 14 128 mg/ml 8 (Table 8) Staphylococcus spp. 7 (Staphylococcus capitis 3 Staphylococcus caprae 2 Staphylococcus haemolyticus Staphylococcus lugdunensis 1 MIC 90 MINO ABK TEIC LZD VCM LVFX (Table 9) 2 Streptococcus spp. S. anginosus 13 CMX MIC 0.125 mg/ml MEPM IPM CPR TEIC ABPC TAZ/PIPC MIC 0.25 m g/ml CLDM 2 MIC 128 mg/ml 0.25 mg/ml FOM (Table 10)

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 123 ( 31 ) Table 7. Staphylococcus aureus 24

124 ( 32 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 8. Staphylococcus epidermidis 22

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 125 ( 33 ) Table 9. Staphylococcus spp. 7

126 ( 34 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 10. Streptococcus anginosus 13

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 127 ( 35 ) Table 11. Streptococcus spp. 12

128 ( 36 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 12. Enterococcus faecalis 46

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 129 ( 37 ) Table 13. Enterococcus faecium 15

130 ( 38 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 14. Enterococcus avium 12

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 131 ( 39 ) Table 15. Enterococcus spp. 13

132 ( 40 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 16. Corynebacterium spp. 11

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 133 ( 41 ) Table 17. Escherichia coli 51

134 ( 42 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 18. Klebsiella pneumoniae 19

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 135 ( 43 ) Table 19. Klebsiella oxytoca 8

136 ( 44 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 20. Enterobacter cloacae 13

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 137 ( 45 ) Table 21. Citrobacter spp. 11

138 ( 46 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 22. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 23

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 139 ( 47 ) Table 23. Streptococcus constellatus 12

140 ( 48 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 24. Gemella morbillorum 10

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 141 ( 49 ) Table 25. Finegoldia magna 7

142 ( 50 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 26. Parvimonas micra 18

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 143 ( 51 ) Table 27. Eggerthella lenta 22

144 ( 52 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 28. Lactobacillus spp. 14

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 145 ( 53 ) Table 29. Bifidobacterium spp. 5

146 ( 54 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 30. Propionibacterium spp. 8

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 147 ( 55 ) Table 31. Clostridium spp. 19

148 ( 56 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 32. Bacteroides fragilis 37

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 149 ( 57 ) Table 33. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 27

150 ( 58 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 34. Bacteroides ovatus 19

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 151 ( 59 ) Table 35. Bacteroides uniformis 10

152 ( 60 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 36. Bacteroides spp. 116

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 153 ( 61 ) Table 37. Bilophila wadsworthia 19

154 ( 62 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 38. Veillonella spp. 8

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 155 ( 63 ) Table 39. Fusobacterium nucleatum 12

156 ( 64 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 40. Fusobacterium spp. 10

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 157 ( 65 ) Table 41. Prevotella intermedia 10

158 ( 66 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 42. Prevotella spp. 17

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 159 ( 67 ) Table 43. Porphyromonas spp. 9

160 ( 68 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Table 44. Parabacteroides distasonis 11

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 161 ( 69 ) Streptococcus spp. 12 Streptococcus salivarius 3 Streptococcus oralis Streptococcus mitis 2 Streptococcus sanguis Streptococcus parasanguinis Streptococcus bovis 1 Streptococcus spp. 2 TEIC MIC 0.25 m g/ml CMX CPR IPM MEPM CFPM CZOP VCM LZD (Table 11) 3 Enterococcus spp. E. faecalis 46 TEIC MIC 0.5 mg/ml ABPC LZD VCM IPM TAZ/PIPC (Table 12) E. faecium 15 TEIC MIC 0.5 mg/ml VCM MIC 1 mg/ml LZD MIC 2 mg/ml MINO MIC 8 mg/ml (Table 13) E. avium 12 TEIC MIC 0.5 mg/ml VCM LZD CPFX LVFX MINO (Table 14) Enterococcus spp. 13 Enterococcus pseudoavium 3 Enterococcus gallinarum Enterococcus raffinosus 2 Enterococcus hirae Enterococcus mundtii 1 Enterococcus spp. 4 TEIC LZD VCM MINO LVFX CPFX (Table 15) 4 Corynebacterium spp. Corynebacterium spp. 11 Corynebacterium striatum 5 Corynebacterium minutissimum Corynebacterium argentoratense 1 Corynebacterium spp. 4 LZD TEIC VCM MINO (Table 16) 5 Escherichia coli E. coli 51 MIC 90 MEPM MIC 90 0.125 m g/ml CFPM CPR CZOP CMX FMOX CRMN 0.25 mg/ml IPM AZT LMOX MIC 128 mg/ml ABPC 12 CEZ CTM CMX CPR CZOP TAZ/PIPC 2 (Table 17 6 Klebsiella spp. K. pneumoniae 19 ABPC FOM (Table 18) K. oxytoca 8 K. pneumoniae CEZ (Table 19) 7 Enterobacter cloacae E. cloacae 13 FOM FMOX MIC 90 MEPM 0.125 mg/ml CPFX LVFX GM IPM CFPM AMK MINO CZOP CPR (Table 20) 8 Citrobacter spp. Citrobacter spp. 11 Citrobacter freundii 6 Citrobacter koseri Citrobacter amalonaticus

162 ( 70 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 2 Citrobacter braakii 1 MEPM CFPM CPR CZOP CRMN CPFX LMOX (Table 21) 9 Pseudomonas aeruginosa P. aeruginosa 23 MIC 90 CPFX CZOP LVFX 2 mg/ml GM CAZ 4 mg/ml (Table 22) IPM MIC 16 mg/ml 5 (21.7%) AMK CPFX CPFX MIC 4 mg/ml 1 (4.3%) IPM AMK AMK MIC 32 mg/ml 3 MIC 64 mg/ml CZOP MIC 4 mg/ml 10 Streptococcus constellatus S. constellatus 12 IPM CLDM MEPM TEIC CMX CPR MIC 0.25 mg/ml (Table 23) 11 Gemella morbillorum G. morbillorum 10 FOM CAZ (Table 24) 12 Finegoldia magna F. magna 7 TAZ/PIPC TEIC MEPM ABPC FMOX VCM IPM (Table 25) 13 Parvimonas micra P. micra 18 CLDM (Table 26) 14 Eggerthella lenta E. lenta 22 TEIC MIC 0.25 mg/ml LZD MEPM ABPC VCM IPM (Table 27) 15 Lactobacillus spp. Lactobacillus spp. 14 (Lactobacillus acidophilus 5 Lactobacillus casei 4 Lactobacillus gasseri 3 Lactobacillus fermentum Lactobacillus sp. 1 MIC 90 ABPC MIC 2 mg/ml TAZ/PIPC LZD MINO IPM (Table 28) 16 Bifidobacterium spp. Bifidobacterium spp. 5 MINO TEIC ABPC IPM MEPM LZD VCM (Table 29) 17 Propionibacterium spp. Propionibacterium spp. 8 Propionibacterium acnes 4 Propionibacterium granulosum 2 Propionibacterium thoenii Propionibacterium sp. 1 IPM ABPC MINO TAZ/PIPC MEPM CMX (Table 30) 18 Clostridium spp. Clostridium spp. 19 Clostridium clostridioforme 6 Clostridium perfringens 3 Clostridium difficile Clostridium symbiosum 2

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 163 ( 71 ) Clostridium bifermentans Clostridium paraputrificum 1 Clostridium spp. 4 TEIC MEPM LZD MIC 2 mg/ml VCM FMOX 4 mg/ml ABPC CTM CFPM CZOP CLDM LVFX FOM (Table 31) 19 Bacteroides spp. B. fragilis 37 MIC 90 TAZ/PIPC 0.5 m g/ml 1 mg/ml IPM 2 mg/ml MEPM 4 mg/ml MINO SBT/CPZ (Table 32) CPR CFPM CZOP CLDM B. thetaiotaomicron 27 MIC 90 IPM 1 mg/ml 2 mg/ml MEPM 4 mg/ml MINO 8 mg/ml TAZ/ PIPC SBT/CPZ (Table 33) CPR CFPM CZOP CLDM B. ovatus 19 MIC 90 MEPM 1 mg/ml 2 mg/ml IPM MINO 4 mg/ml TAZ/PIPC 8 mg/ml SBT/CPZ (Table 34) CPR CFPM CZOP CLDM Bacteroides uniformis 10 MIC 90 MEPM IPM 0.5 mg/ml 2 mg/ml MINO TAZ/PIPC 8 mg/ml SBT/CPZ (Table 35) CPR CFPM CZOP CLDM B. fragilis 37 B. thetaiotaomicron 27 B. ovatus 19 B. uniformis 10 Bacteroides vulgatus 8 Bacteroides caccae 8 Bacteroides splanchnicus 1 Bacteroides spp. 6 116 MIC 90 MEPM IPM 1 mg/ml 4 mg/ml MINO 8 mg/ml TAZ/PIPC SBT/CPZ (Table 36) CLDM MIC 50 1 mg/ml 44 (37.9%) MIC 128 mg/ml CFPM CZOP CPR 20 Bilophila wadsworthia B. wadsworthia 19 MIC 90 MINO 2 mg/ml MIC 2 mg/ml CPFX LVFX CLDM MIC 50 0.5 mg/ml 2 (Table 37) 21 Veillonella spp. Veillonella spp. 8 TEIC VCM CAZ CLDM MIC 0.25 mg/ml (Table 38) 22 Fusobacterium spp. Fusobacterium nucleatum 12 TAZ/PIPC MEPM MINO CLDM FMOX IPM CLDM 1 (Table 39) Fusobacterium spp. 10 Fusobacterium varium 5 Fusobacterium necrophorum 3 Fusobacterium spp. 2 MEPM

164 ( 72 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 MIC 0.5 mg/ml MINO CMX FMOX IPM TAZ/PIPC Table 40 23 Prevotella spp. Prevotella intermedia 10 TAZ/PIPC IPM MEPM SBT/CPZ LVFX CPFX MINO (Table 41) Prevotella spp. 17 (Prevotella melaninogenica 5 Prevotella oris 3 Prevotella denticola Prevotella corporis 2 Prevotella buccae Prevotella loescheii Prevotella bivia 1 Prevotella spp. 2 TAZ/PIPC MEPM IPM SBT/CPZ MINO (Table 42) 24 Porphyromonas spp. Porphyromonas spp. 9 Porphyromonas asaccharolytica 5 Porphyromonas gingivalis 1 Porphyromonas endodontalis 3 (Table 43) 25 Parabacteroides distasonis P. distasonis 11 IPM MEPM MINO (Table 44) III. phylotype 32,33) (Domain Bacteria) (Domain Archaea) 1 34) 35 38) S. aureus MRSA 80% VCM ABK TEIC LZD (CNS) 29 26 CNS VCM ABK TEIC LZD MRSA MRSA MRSA MRSA b- G MRSA

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 165 ( 73 ) E. coli 1990 CEZ 100 mg/ml MIC 10% 11,13 15) 2002 26) 2007 31) CEZ CEZ MIC 128 mg/ml 2 Extended spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) P. aeruginosa IPM MIC 16 mg/ml 5 (21.7%) AMK CPFX IPM D2 b- 39) IPM MIC 16 mg/ml 32 mg/ml IPM CPFX MIC 4 mg/ml 1 (4.3%) IPM AMK CPFX DNA AMK b- AMK MIC 32 mg/ml 3 IPM IPM CZOP Lactobacillus spp. Clostridium spp. Bacteroides spp. B. wadsworthia 40,41) E. lenta B. fragilis Bacteroides spp. B. wadsworthia C. gracilis Prevotella spp. MINO 2 CLDM MINO VCM ESBLs E. coli P. aeruginosa Bacteroides

166 ( 74 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 spp. B. wadsworthia Prevotella spp. b 1) 1 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 39: 2557 2578, 1986 2) 2 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 41: 361 389, 1988 3) 37: 731 743, 1989 4) (MRSA) 2: 232 240, 1990 5) 3: 103 108, 1991 6) 4: 43 49, 1992 7) MRSA 5: 105 111, 1993 8) Jpn. J. Antibiotics 47: 493 501, 1994 9) Jpn. J. Antibiotics 47: 1329 1343, 1994 10) 24: 40 45, 1995 11) Escherichia coli Jpn. J. Antibiotics 49: 456 464, 1996 12) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Jpn. J. Antibiotics 49: 544 554, 1996 13) 1994 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 49: 849 891, 1996 14) 1995 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 50: 143 177, 1997 15) 1996 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 52: 398 430, 1999 16) Bacteroides fragilis group 28: 48 54, 1998 17) 29: 104 111, 1999 18) 30: 36 43, 2000 19) 30: 141 147, 2000 20) 1997 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 53: 533 565, 2000 21) 1998 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 54: 497 531, 2001 22) 32: 94 102, 2002

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 167 ( 75 ) 23) 1999 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 55: 697 729, 2002 24) 2000 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 55: 730 763, 2002 25) 2001 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 56: 105 137, 2003 26) 2002 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 57: 33 69, 2004 27) 2003 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 58: 123 158, 2005 28) 2004 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 59: 72 116, 2006 29) 2005 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 60: 52 97, 2007 30) 2006 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 61: 122 171, 2008 31) 2007 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 62: 277 338, 2009 32) HEBB, J. K.; C. R. COHEN, S. G. ASTETE, et al.: Detection of novel organisms associated with salpingitis, by use of 16S rdna polymerase chain reaction. J. Infect. Dis. 190: 2109 2120, 2004 33) SIQUEIRA, J. F.; I. N. ROCAS, C. D. CUHA, et al.: Novel bacterial phylotypes in endodontic infections. J. Dent. Res. 84: 565 569, 2005 34) Jpn. J. Antibiotics 60: 206 220, 2007 35) 62: 1121 1128, 2001 36) 3: 101 105, 2006 37) SIRS PMX-DHP 3: 93 100, 2006 38) 8: 26 30, 2006 39) MDRP 34: 83 86, 2007 40) Clostridium spp. Jpn. J. Antibiotics 60: 171 180, 2007 41) Bilophila wadsworthia Jpn. J. Antibiotics 59: 452 458, 2006

168 ( 76 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Bacteria isolated from surgical infections and its susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents Special references to bacteria isolated between April 2008 and March 2009 NAGAO SHINAGAWA and MASAMITSU HASEGAWA Department of Surgery, NTT West Tokai Hospital KOICHI HIRATA, TOMOHISA FURUHATA and TOHRU MIZUKUCHI First Department of Surgery, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine HIROYUKI OSANAI Department of Surgery, Sapporo Gekakinen Hospital YOSHIYUKI YANAI Department of Surgery, Medical Corporation Teishinkai Shinsapporokeiaikai Hospital FUMITAKA HATA Department of Surgery, Sapporo Doto Hospital KAZUAKI SASAKI, TETSUFUMI SOMEYA, KEISUKE HARADA and KEISUKE OONO Department of Surgery, Otaru Ekisaikai Hospital SHOJI TOKITA and MASASHI NAKAMURA Department of Surgery, Noboribetsu Kosei-Nenkin Hospital HITOSHI SHIBUYA Department of Surgery, Muroran City General Hospital ITARU HASEGAWA, MASAMI KIMURA, HIDEKI OSHIMA and HIDEKI MAEDA Department of Surgery, Hokkaido Saiseikai Otaru Hospital MITSUHIRO MUKAIYA and CHIKASI KIHARA Department of Surgery, Hokkaidou Social Service Association Hakodate Hospital WATABE KOSHO Department of Surgery, Akabira General Hospital TSUYOSHI HOSHIKAWA and HITOSHI KIMURA Department of Surgery, Takikawa Municipal Hospital YASUHIDE USHIJIMA and YOO YAE-HOON Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Saitama National Hospital NAOKI AIKAWA and SHINYA ABE Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University JIRO YURA Digestive Disease Center, Matsunami General Hospital HIROMITSU TAKEYAMA and TAKEHIRO WAKASUGI Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery MASAAKI TANIGUCHI Department of Surgery, Ookuma Hospital ISAMU MIZUNO and TAKUJI FUKUI Department of Surgery, Nagoya Midori Municipal Hospital KEIJI MASHITA Department of Surgery, Bisai Hospital SYU ISHIKAWA Department of Surgery, Kariya Toyota General Hospital, Takahama Branch AKIRA MIZUNO Department of Surgery, Inabe General Hospital

Apr. 2010 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 12 169 ( 77 ) NORIAKI MOORI and NAOKI SUMITA Department of Surgery, Chita Kosei Hospital SHOJI KUBO and SHIGERU LEE Department of Gastroenterological and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine TORU OOMURA Department of Surgery, Fujiidera City Hospital YASUHITO KOBAYASHI and TAKESHI TSUJI Department of Surgery, Wakayama Rosai Hospital HIROKI YAMAUE and MANABU KAWAI Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical School YOSHIO TAKESUE Department of Infection Control, Hyogo Medical School NORIAKI TANAKA Dept. of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences HIDEYUKI KIMURA Department of Surgery, Okayama Saiseikai Hospital HIROMI IWAGAKI Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Fukuyama National Hospital TAIJIRO SUEDA, EISO HIYAMA, YOSHIAKI MURAKAMI, HIROKI OOGE and KENICHIRO UEMURA Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University HIROAKI TSUMURA Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Funairi Hospital TAKASHI YOKOYAMA Aki City Hospital HITOSHI TAKEUCHI and KOUJI TANAKAYA Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Iwakuni National Hospital YOICHI YASUNAMI and SHINICHIRO RYU Department of Surgery 1, Fukuoka University, School of Medicine Bacteria isolated from infections in abdominal surgery during the period from April 2008 to March 2009 were investigated in a multicenter study in Japan, and the following results were obtained. In this series, 712 strains including 18 strains of Candida spp. were isolated from 173 (80.5%) of 215 patients with surgical infections. Three hundred and sixty-six strains were isolated from primary infections, and 346 strains were isolated from postoperative infections. From primary infections, anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria were predominant, followed by aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, while from postoperative infections aerobic Gram-positive bacteria were predominant, followed by anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria. Among aerobic Gram-positive bacteria, the isolation rate of Enterococcus spp. was highest, followed by Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. in this order, from primary infections, while Enterococcus spp. was highest, followed by Staphylococcus spp. from postoperative infections. Among aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli was the most predominantly isolated from primary infections, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in this order, and from postoperative infections, P. aeruginosa was most predominantly isolated, followed by E. coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and K. pneumoniae. Among anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria, the isolation rate of Eggerthella lenta was the highest from primary infections, followed by Parvimonas micra, Streptococcus constellatus and Gemella morbillorum, and from postoperative infections, E. lenta was most predominantly isolated.

170 ( 78 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 2 Apr. 2010 Among anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, the isolation rate of Bacteroides fragilis was the highest from primary infections, followed by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatus and Bilophila wadsworthia, and from postoperative infections, B. fragilis was most predominantly isolated, followed by B. thetaiotaomicron, B. wadsworthia and B. ovatus, in this order. In this series, we noticed no vancomycin-resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and Enterococcus spp., nor multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa. We should carefully follow up B. wadsworthia which was resistant to various antibiotics, and also Bacteroides spp. which was resistant to many b lactam antibiotics.