02 Communication Model & Process

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<1> Introduction to <2> Lecture 2: Definitions, Models, & Process of 10 / 076/ 2017 2 1.1 Definition the transmission of information, ideas, skills, etc. by the use of symbols words, pictures, figures, graphs,etc. (Burleson & Steiner, 1964) the eliciting of a response through verbal symbols (Dance, 1967) 3 4

a source transmits a message to a receiver(s) with conscious intent to affect the latter s behaviors (Miller, 1966). Human communication has occurred when a human being responds to a symbol. (Cronkhite, 1976). CAJ ( Association Japan) The study of the nature, processes and effects of human symbolic interaction. (Macbath and Jefery, 1978) 5 6 occurs when humans manipulate symbols to stimulate meaning in other humans. (Infante, Rancer, & Womack, 2003) 7 8

9 10 occurs when humans manipulate symbols to stimulate meaning in other humans. (Infante, Rancer, & Womack, 2003) 1.2 Features (p.28) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 11 12

1) () Natural Sign Artificial Sign Icon Index Symbol 13 14 2) Comm と意図 We cannot NOT communicate communication One cannot not communicate!! (Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson, 1967) 15

& & Sender ( 意図 ) Sender Receiver Receiver ( 認識 ) Burgoon, Hunsaker, & Dawson (1994), p.21 Burgoon, Hunsaker, & Dawson (1994), p.21 & & Sender Sender Receiver Receiver Ascribed Ascribed Attempt Burgoon, Hunsaker, & Dawson (1994), p.21 Burgoon, Hunsaker, & Dawson (1994), p.21

& 3) Comm con text Sender Receiver Ascribed KY Attempt Behavior Burgoon, Hunsaker, & Dawson (1994), p.21 22 23 24

低コンテクスト文化 高 低コンテクスト文化における 文脈の利用 B 話者 回答者 回答 A 今日の私のプレゼンテーション 構成に少し難はあったけれど どうでしたか B 全体的には良かったと思いますよ 構成に少し難はあったけれど 全体的には 良かったと思いますよ 疑問 A聞き手 質問者 高コンテクスト文化 低コンテクスト文化 B 教授 上位 評価者 評価 回答 クラスの皆の前 面子価値観 構成に少し難はあったけれど 構成に少し難はあったけれど 全体的には良かったと思いますよ 全体的には良かったと思いますよ 前の人のプレゼン の出来 日本での プレゼン の価値 人間 社会関係 B 話者 回答者 教授の性格 温厚 確認 A 学生 下位 私 の こ れ ま で の 成 績 疑問 A聞き手 質問者

高コンテクスト文化 4) メッセージには内容面と関係面がある B 教授 上位 評価者 評価 教授の性格 温厚 内容面 = 記号的 言語的 論理的意味 関係面 = クラスの皆の前 面子価値観 構成に少し難はあったけれど 対人関係 心理距離 親密さ 全体的には良かったと思いますよ 前の人のプレゼン の出来 日本での プレゼン の価値 人間 社会関係 社会的役割 関係 私 の こ 対人感情 etc. れ ま で の 成 確認 A 学生 下位 内容面を修飾するメタ コミュニケーション 言語 vs. 非言語 績 30 5) Commを通じて個が出来る 1.3 コミュニケーションの主要機能 発達段階でのコミュニケーション(=他 Informing (情報伝達) 人とのインタラクション の重要性 Persuading/Influence (説得 対人的影響 Relational Development / Maintenance (対 Independent Selfconstrual 独立的自己観 Interdependent 人関係構築 維持) Selfconstrual 相互依存的 自己観 31 Entertaining 32

2.1. 2.2. (p.38) Context: Sender & Receiver Coding & Decoding Message Channel 33 Noise 34 1.5 Code Models Shannon & Weaver (1949) Shramm (1954) Berlo (1960) Shannon & Weaver (1949) Inference Models Grice (1975) Sperber & Wilson (1986)

SMCR (Berlo, 1960) A. (corresponding rules) Encode = Decode Rules / Rule system (not Principles) B. Noise Incompatible rules CodeModel Nonliteral Meaning ( (metaphor) (irony) (joke) Indirect Meaning (Inference Model) Signal Message (Comprehension is the process of inference beyond the information given) ( (Once communication occur, it is matter of

References Berelson, B., & Steiner, G. A. (1964). Human Behavior. New York: Harcourt Brace & World. Burgoon, M., Hunsaker, F. G., & Dawson, E. J. (1994). Human (3 rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cronkhite, G. (1976). and Awareness. Menlo Park, CA: Cummings. Dance, F. E. X. (1967). Toward a theory of human communication. In F. E. X. Dance (Ed.), Human Theory: Original Essays (pp. 288309). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Infante, D. A., Rancer, A. S., & Womack, D. F. (2003). Building Theory (4 th ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. McBath, J. & Jeffery, R. (1978). Defining Speech. Education, 27(3). 181188. Miller, G. (1966). On defining communication: Another stab. Journal of, 26, 8889. Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Schramm, W. (1954). The Process and Effects of. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Burlo, D. K. (1960). The Process of : An Introduction to Theory and Practice. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Grice, P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics (Vol. 3) Speech Acts (pp. 4158). New York: Academic Press. Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: & Cognition. Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J. H., & Jackson, D. D. (1967). Pragmatics of Human : A Study of Interaction Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes. New York: Norton.