3 3.1 [ ]< 85, 86 > ( ) ds > 0. (1) dt ds dt =0, S = S max. (2) ( δq 1 = TdS 1 =0) (δw 1 < 0) (du 1 < 0) (δq 2 > 0) (ds = ds 2 = TδQ 2 > 0) 39
3.2 [ ]< 86, 87 > ( ) T = U V,N,, du = TdS PdV + µdn +, (3) P = U V S,N,, µ = U N. (4) S,V,, ( ) ds = 1 T du + P T dv µ dn +, (5) T 1 T = P U V,N,, T = µ V U,N,, T =. (6) N U,V,, ( ) S(U, V, N) (thermodynamic potential) [ ] 2.3(44) [ ( )3/2 ( ) ] U V S(U, V )=S(U 0,V 0 )+Nk B ln U 0 V 0 U ( ) e (S S 0)/Nk B U 3/2 ( ) V = U0 V0 (7) ( ) 2/3 V0 U = U 0 e 2(S S 0)/3Nk B. (8) V T = U P = U V = V 2U 3Nk B (9) = 2U S 3V (10) 40
[ ]< 88 > (U, S, V, N, ) q p = L/ q L(q, q) H(q, p) H(q, p) = L(q, q) q q L(q, q) (11) (11) q p 41
3.3 [ ]< 88, 89 > x f(x) f(x) p(x) df = df dx p(x)dx (12) dx (Legendre transformation) x p(x) f (x) (x, f(x)) p y y g f xp (13) p g dg = df pdx xdp = xdp (14) p g p (13) g(p) =f(f 1 (p)) f 1 (p)p. (15) [ ]< 91, 92 > 2 df = f dx + f dy p(x, y)dx + q(x, y)dy (16) x y y x x g(p, y) f xp. (17) g p y dg = df xdp pdx = xdp + qdy. (18) y h(p, q) g yq. (19) h p q h = dg ydq qdy = xdp ydq. (20) 42
3.4 [ ]< 92 > (Helmholtz free energy) F (T,V,N) F = U U S = U TS. (21) df = SdT PdV + µdn + (22) S = F P = F µ = F. (23) T V,N,, V T,N,, N T,V,, F H F [ ]< 92 94 > ( T )? 2.1 (34) T δq TdS (24) 2.1 (1) δq δq = du δw W δw = PdV du + PdV TdS (25) (T = const. dv =0) d(u TS) 0 (26) ( ) df =0, F = F min (27) 43
[ ]< 95, 96 > (8) ( ) 2/3 V0 U(S, V )=U 0 e 2(S S 0)/3Nk B. V T (S, V )= U = 2U 0 V 3Nk B ( V0 V ) 2/3 ( ) 2/3 e 2(S S V0 0)/3Nk B = T 0 e 2(S S 0)/3Nk B V S [ ( )3/2 ( ) ] T V S(T,V )=S 0 + Nk B ln T 0 V 0 F (T,V )=U TS = 3 ( [ ( )3/2 ( ) ]) T V 2 Nk BT T S 0 + Nk B ln (28) T 0 V 0 S(T,V ) = F [ ( )3/2 ( ) ] T V = S T 0 + Nk B ln (29) V T 0 V 0 P (T,V ) = F = Nk BT (30) V T V 44
3.5 [ ]< 96, 97 > (enthalpy) H(S, P, N) H = U U V = U + PV. (31) V T = H [ ]< 97, 98 > dh = TdS + VdP + µdn +, (32) V = H µ = H. (33) P,N,, P S,N,, N S,P,, δw rev other dh P = d(u + PV) P = du P + PdV P = (δq P + δwother rev PdV P )+PdV P = δq rev P + δwother (34) δq P du V = δq V P ( isobaric, adiabatic) dh P = δwother rev irr δwother. (35) δw irr other =0 dh P 0 (36) [ ]< 100 > dh =0, H = H min (37) C V = δq = U, (38) dt V T V C P = δq = H. (39) dt P T P 45
3.6 ( ) [ ]< 102 > (Gibbs free energy) G(T,P,N) (free enthalpy) S = G T G = U U S U V V = U TS + PV = F + PV = H TS. (40) dg = SdT + VdP + µdn +, (41) V = G µ = G. (42) P,N,, P T,N,, N T,P,, (2 (83)) G = µn (43) 1 [ ]< 103 > (isothermal isobaric) T δq TdS (44) δq = du δw W δw = PdV du + PdV TdS (45) (T,P = const.) d(u + PV TS) 0 (46) ( ) dg =0, G = G min (47) 46
3.7 [ ]< 110, 112 > N N µdn µ U(S, V ) du = TdS PdV (48) T V = P (49) S V H(S, P ) dh = TdS + VdP (50) T P F (T,V ) = V (51) S P df = SdT PdV (52) G(T,P) V = P (53) T T V dg = SdT + VdP (54) P = V (55) T T P [ ](grand potential) N Φ=F µn = PV (56) 47
Φ(T,V,µ) F dφ = SdT PdV Ndµ (57) Φ(T,V,µ) 2 = P P, = N, V T,µ T V,µ µ T,V V T,µ N T = (58) V,µ µ T,V // //( ) (Gibbs, Josiah Willard 1839 1903) 1858 1863 Ph.D 1871 1873 34 1876 1878 10 1880 1901 [ ]< 118, 119 > ( ) (Jacobian) 2 (3 ) (u, v) J(x, y) = (x, y) = u v x x (59) u y v y 1. (u, y) (x, y) = u. (60) x y 48
2. 3. (v, u) v) = (u, (x, y) (x, y). (61) (u, v) (x, y) = (u, v) (s, t) (s, t) (x, y). (62) 4. (x, y) (u, v) = ( ) 1 (u, v). (63) (x, y) 5. d (u, v) ds (x, y) = ( du ds,v) (x, y) + ( ) u, dv ds (x, y). (64) [ ]< 113 116, 119 > U 2 = U 1 ( 1 U(T,V )=U(T 0,V 0 )+C V (T T 0 ) an 2 V 1 ) (65) V 0 U 1 = U 2 T 2 T 1 = an 2 ( 1 1 ) V2 V1 C v (66) (P 1,V 1 ) (P 2,V 2 ) U 2 U 1 = P 1 V 1 P 2 V 2 (67) (H 1 = H 2 ) ( dh = TdS + VdP = T dt + ) dp + VdP = 0 (68) T P P T 49
T T + V T V + V P = T T P H T = P C P T = V (Tα 1) C P (69) P (α ) ( ) (Tα 1) (v = V/N, k B T T ) (P + av ) (v b) =T (70) 2 v T P a Pv + b T P a T + b (71) T v T v = 2a T b (72) (70) ( v T = P a v 2 + 2ab ) 1 v 3 (73) (T ( v/ T )=v) (P a ) ( ) v 1 ( v 2 (v + b) =T = v = v P a T v 2 + 2ab ) v 3 P = 3k BT 2b + 2 2 ak B T b b (74) a b 2 (75) 50
3.8 [ ]< 119 > T bath P bath δu δs δv δq = δu + P bath δv (76) δq rev = T bath δs δq δq rev = T bath δs (76) δu + P bath δv T bath δs (77) δu T bath δs + P bath δv 0 (78) δu δu = U δs + U δv + 2 U V V S 2 (δs)2 +2 2 U V δsδv + 2 U V (δv 2 )2 + (79) U/ = T U/ V = P (78). (T T bath ) δs (P P bath ) δv + 2 U 2 (δs)2 +2 2 U V δsδv + 2 U V 2 (δv )2 0 (80) (80) δs δv 2 U 2 (δs)2 +2 2 U v δsδv + 2 U V (δv 2 )2 > 0 (81) 2 U 2 > 0 2 U V 2 > 0 2 U 2 ( U 2 ) 2 2 V U > 0 (82) 2 v 1 2 U = T 2 = T > 0 (83) V C V 2 2 U V = P 2 = 1 > 0 (84) V S Vκ S 3 ( U, ) U V = (T,P) (S, V ) (S, V ) = (T,V ) (T,P) (S, V ) (T,V ) = T P > 0 (85) C V V T 51
V > 0, < 0, T V P S V P < 0. (86) T [ - ]< 120 > - (Le Chaterier-Braun s principle) // //( ) (Le Chatelier, Henri Loius 1850 1936) 1877 1908 1884 U du = TdS PdV (+µdn) (87) H = U + PV dh = TdS + VdP (+µdn) (88) F = U TS df = SdT PdV (+µdn) (89) G = U TS + PV = µn dg = SdT + VdP (+µdn) (90) 52