Samuels & Shugart (2010) Samuels & Shugart (2010) party discipline Linz 1994 Cheibub (2007) Samuels & Shugart (2010) parliamentarized party presidentialized party
presidentialization of political partiessamuels and Shugart 2010: 6 Samuels & Shugart aliran Mietzner 2009b; Sherlock 2004; Ufen 2008a; Ufen 2008b Tan 2006; Tomsa 2010; Ufen 2009 Tomsa 2006; 2008 Slater 2004 Robison & Hadiz 2004 Ufen (2006; 2008a) presidential parties presidentialization of parties presidential parties Ufen presidentialization of parties
Ufen presidential parties Samuels & Shugart presidentialized party Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat: MPR Golongan Karya: Golkar Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat: DPR
Dewan Perwakilan Daerah: DPD... Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan: PDIP.. Partai Demokrat: PD. PD PDIP PKS PAN PPP PKB................................... KPU.....................
Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa: PKB Partai Keadilan Sejahtera: PKS Partai Amanat Nasional: PAN PAN Partai Persatuan Pembangunan: PPP. Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat: Hanura Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya: Gerindra PKI PPP Partai Demokrasi Indonesia: PDI
Tomsa 2008 PDI PDIP PPP NU PKB PAN PKS 2004; Hasan 2009 PD Setiawan and Nainggolan 2004: 172-174
Golkar PDIP PPP Golkar PDI/PDIP NU/PPP DPR DPR DPR MPR PPP DPR
PKB PAN PBB PKS NU/PPP DPR PK PAN PBB DPR MPR PKB DPR PK DPR PKB DPR MS. PBB PK DPR PAN DPR PK DPR
Hanura Gerindra PD PD PD PD DPR
Bulog Tomsa 2006, 6-12 NU Tomsa 2006, 12-17.. Mietzner 2000
. b
Vel 2005; Buehler and Tan, 2007; Choi 2007; Mietzner 2009a; Erb and Sulistiyanto, eds. 2009 Mietzner 2010 Buehler (2009) Hadiz, 2004; Choi 2007
Liddle & Mujani (2007) King (2003)Ananta et al. (2004) Baswedan (2004) a DPD DPR DPD
.....b Partai Nasional Indonesia: PNI Nahdlatul Ulama: NU Masyumi Partai Komunis Indonesia: PKI. Rinakit (2005) Mietzner (2010) Samuels & Shugart Samuels & Shugart 2011 a b
Ananta, Aris, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, and Leo Suryadinata. 2004. Indonesian Electoral Behaviour: A Statistical Perspective. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Baswedan, Anies Rasyid. 2004. Sirkulasi Suara dalam Pemilu 2004. Analisis CSIS 33(2): 173-189. Buehler, Michael. 2009. The Rising Importance of Personal Networks in Indonesian Local Politics: An Analysis of District Government Head Elections in South Sulawesi in 2005. In Deepening Democracy in Indonesia? Direct Elections for Local Leaders (Pilkada), eds. Maribeth Erb and Priyambudi Sulistiyanto. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 101-124. and Paige Tan. 2007. Party-Candidate Relationships in Indonesian Local Politics: A Case Study of the 2005 Regional Elections in Gowa, South Sulawesi Province. Indonesia (84): 41-69. Cheibub, José Antonio. 2007. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press. Choi, Nankyung. 2007. Local elections and democracy in Indonesia: The Riau Archipelago. Journal of Contemporary Asia 37(3): 326-345. Erb, Maribeth, and Priyambudi Sulistiyanto, eds. 2009. Deepening Democracy in Indonesia? Direct Elections for Local Leaders (Pilkada). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Hadiz, Vedi. 2004. Indonesian local party politics. Critical Asian Studies 36(4): 615-636. Hasan, Noorhaidi. 2009. Islamist Party, Electoral Politics and Da wa Mobilization among Youth: The Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) in Indonesia. RSIS Working Paper. King, Dwight Y. 2003. Half-hearted Reform: Electoral Institutions and the Struggle for Democracy in Indonesia. Westport, CT: Praeger. Liddle, R William, and Saiful Mujani. 2007. Leadership, Party, and Religion: Explaining Voting Behavior in Indonesia. Comparative Political Studies 40(7): 832-857. Linz, Juan J. 1994. Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make a Difference? In The Failure of Presidential Democracy, eds. Juan J Linz and Arturo Valenzuela. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 3-87. Mietzner, Marcus. 2000. The 1999 General Session: Wahid, Megawati and the Fight for the Presidency. In Indonesia in Transition: Social Aspects of Reformasi and Crisis, eds. Chris Manning and Peter Van Diermen. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 39-57.. 2009a. Indonesia and the Pitfall of Lawquality Democracy: A Case Study of the Gobernatorial Elections in North Sulawesi. In Democratization in Post - Suharto Indonesia, eds. Marco Bunte and Andreas Ufen. Oxon: Routledge, pp. 124-149.. 2009b. Indonesia s 2009 Elections: Populism, Dynasties and the Consolidation of the Party System. Sidney: Lowy Institute for International Policy.. 2010. Indonesia s Direct Elections: Empowering the Electorate or Entrenching the New Order Oligarchy? In Soeharto s New Order and its Legacy: Essays in honour of Harold Crouch, eds. Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy. Canberra: ANU E Press, pp. 173-190. Rinakit, Sukardi. 2005. Indonesian Regional Elections in Praxis. IDSS Commentaries No.65, Singapore: Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University. Robison, Richard, and Vedi R Hadiz. 2004. Reorganising Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oli-
garchy in an Age of Markets. London: Routledge Curzon. Samuels, David J, and Matthew Soberg Shugart. 2010. Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers: How the Separation of Powers Affects Party Organization and Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.. 2011. Party Capacity in New Democracies: How Regime Type Affects Executive Recruitment. Paper prepared for Ruling Politics: The Formal and Informal Foundations of Power in New Democracies, Harvard University, November 21-22. Setiawan, Bambang, and Bestian Nainggolan, eds. 2004. Partai-partai Politik Indonesia: Ideologi dan Program 2004-2009 Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas. Sherlock, Stephen. 2004. The 2004 Indonesian Elections: How the System Works and What the Parties Stand For. Canberra: Centre for Democratic Institutions, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University. Slater, Dan. 2004. Indonesia s Accountability Trap: Party Cartels and Presidential Power after Democratic Transition. Indonesia (78): 61-92. Tan, Paige Johnson. 2006. Indonesia Seven Years after Soeharto: Party System Institutionalization in a New Democracy. Contemporary Southeast Asia 28(1): 88-114. Tomsa, Dirk. 2006. The Defeat of Centralized Paternalism: Factionalism, Assertive Regional Cadres, and the Long Fall of Golkar Chairman Akbar Tandjung. Indonesia (81): 1-22.. 2008. Party Politics and Democratization in Indonesia: Golkar and the Post-Suharto Era. Oxon: Routledge.. 2010. Disdained but Indispensable: Political Parties in Post - Suharto Indonesia. In The Return to Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia, ed. Thomas Reuter. Victoria: Monash Asia Institute, Monash University, pp. 89-104. Ufen, Andreas. 2006. Political Parties in Post - Suharto Indonesia: Between politik aliran and Philippinisation. GIGA Working Papers 37.. 2008a. From Aliran to Dealignment: Political Parties in Post - Suharto Indonesia. South East Asia Research 16(1): 5-41.. 2008b. The Evolution of Cleavages in the Indonesian Party System. GIGA Working Papers 74.. 2009. Political Parties and Democratization in Indonesia. In Democratization in Post - Suharto Indonesia, eds. Marco Bunte and Andreas Ufen. Oxon: Routledge, pp. 153-175. Vel, Jacqueline. 2005. Pilkada in East Sumba: An Old Rivalry in a New Democratic Setting. Indonesia (80): 81-107.