(3) (1b) ( ( ) ) (1a) (1b) ( 2) (1a) (1b) (mutual exclusion fallacy) (4) : (4) : ( ) ) = (rules) ( de Saussure ) (5) : (5) ( ) (plays) 5) 6) (
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1 ?? Modified on 10/08, 02/09/2010, 08/15, 13, 08/10, 08/04, 07/12,05, 05/31, 04/24,19; 01/01/2009; 12/29, 11/08, 10/17,12, 05/25,05, 03/28,20, 02/28,26,25/2008; Created on 02/24/ ( ) ( ) (1a) (1b) : (1) a. : ( ) b. : ( ) (1a) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1b) (1b) (2) ( ( ) ): (2) (1b) (1b) (1a) 2.2 / 1) (1b) (1b) (1a) (1b) (3) (1b) : 1) L. Wittegenstein (language game) ) 1
2 (3) (1b) ( ( ) ) (1a) (1b) ( 2) (1a) (1b) (mutual exclusion fallacy) (4) : (4) : ( ) ) = (rules) ( de Saussure ) (5) : (5) ( ) (plays) 5) 6) ( ) ( ) ( ) 7) = ( : ) (1) ( ( ) ) (1) 3) Ludwig Wittgenstein 4) 2008/08/04 5) 2) play(s) (e.g, Wittegenstein Spiel ( play) / ) 6) (tactics) (strategy) 3) Möbius 7) J. Huizinga Homo ludens (35) 2
3 L. Wittenstein : ( ) 8) : / ( / ) ( ) (= ) ( ) = ( : ) ( 9) )? (langue) (parole)? (competence) (performance) ( )? (6) a.??? b.? ( ) : (7) (7) (4) (? ) ( ) 10) 8) XXX XXX 9) 10) 3
4 ) K. Lorentz N. Timbergen 14) 2.3 : (ritual) E. Goffman (11; 12) (8) ( ) 15) ) (skills) (techniques technology) ( ) 16) ( 17) ) (30) ( ) 12) Wittgenstein 13) 3.4 ( 11) 2008/08/10 12) 13) 17 (Antonio Stradivari) (stradivarius) ( (47) )? 14) M. Polanyi (20; 21) 15) ( ) T. Givón Syntax (9; 10) 16) 17) T. Deacon (5) = 4
5 2.3.2? 21) / (systematic) ( ( ) ) (30) ( )? 18) / ( ) (systematic) (system) (emergent) (linear systems) (nonlinear systems) 19) ( ) ( ) 20) 18) 2008/03/ /11/08 19) 20) 2.4 : (9) ( ) ( ) 22) ( ) 23)... 21) (complex networks) (28; 1) 22) 23) 5
6 :? ) ( ) (10) (11) : (10)? b.? (12a) ( ) (12b) (12a) (12b) (12a) 27) (10)?? (11) ( )? ( ) ( ) ( ) 25) ( ) ( ) 26) : (12) a.? 24) 2009/07/12 25) Wittgenstein 26) 7/ Wittgenstein (8; 24) (10) (11) (15; 16; 37; 39; 41) 28) 27) ( ) 28) 2009/01 6
7 3.3 29) X X : (13) X ( ) (i) X? (ii) X? : (43) (14) a. ( ) (i)? (ii)? b. ( ) (i)? (11) (ii) :? (15) (X ) (Y ) X (i) X Y 3.4? 30) (ii) X Y? (16) /? 29) 2009/04/19 30) 2008/10/12 (30) L. Wittegenstein : (15) (16) (16) (15) 7
8 (15) : (17) a. ( ) b. ( ) c. ( ) ( ) (18) : (18) p u u? ( ) (19) : (19) p s u u? (19) s (19) : (20a) u (20b) u (CPU Hz ) ( )? = (most satisfiable result) 31) ( ) ( ) ) (20) a. s u ( (26; 27) ) b. s =u / 31) (26; 27) 32) 01/01/2009 8
9 C(u) = C 1 = C((I i ),..., C n E(C(u) I i (u) ( ) u i(u) : (21) : (23) a. u I 1 (u),..., I n (u) C 1 (u),..., C n (u) ( ) b. (21) s t u(t,s) u(t) s (s = s or s s) u(t : 1,s ) u(t : 1,s ) s (s = s or s s ) u(t : 2,s ) u(t 0,s 0 ) u(t,s) a. H(s)= [u(t 0,s 0 ),..., u(t : 2,s ), u(t : 1,s )] b. H ū = { ū 1, ū 1,..., ū n } H C = { u, ū } u(t,s) i k (u,t,s) u C t s u ū ( ) : (22) a. C ( ) b. (C ) H ( ) 33) (22) 33) u s, s, ) 4.1 ( ) ( ) 34) University of California, San Diego Center for Research in Language (CRL) Jeff Elman connectionist models 9
10 f D( f ) M( f ) 35) T ( f ) M( f ) / f / 36) (i) D( f ) h (ii) D( f ) M( f ) / (= ) e M (iii) M h ( ) 37) (ii) D( f ) M( f ) / h : (A) [(i) (= ) e ] f D( f ) (B) D( f ) M( f ) ( e (A) (B) ( ) 38) ) D( f ) 39) M( f ) T (M( f )) D( f ) ( )? ( ) 43) 40) ( ). 35) (34) 36) (e.g., ) 37) ( / ) / ( ) 38) ( 39) 40) ) 42) f M( f ) f T ( f ) 4.1.3? (formalization) 41) 01/01/ ) = / () = / ( ) / 43) D( f ) / D( f ) M( f ) ( D( f ) T (M( f )) ) / 10
11 44) M( f ) = ( ) T ( ) 46) 47) ( ( ) ( ) ) (24) : ( ) 48) (24) : ( ) ( )?? = ( ) /? (24) (24) ( 44) 45) = 45) 46) (e.g., ) 47) 48) ( G. H. Hardy ) ( (31)) 11
12 4.2? 4 ( ): (25) a. (Natural Language Processing: NLP) b. ( ) ( ) c. d. 49) NLP 50) 51) : 52) T T ( ) ( ) : = ( ) 49) ( ) 50) NLP {True, False} ( {Good, Bad}) {True, False, Undecidable } 3 { True, False } True False NLP NLP 51) = ((48, 4 ) ) WordNet (6) ( ) (27) ( (27a) / (27b) ): (27) a. = b. = (= ) N p 1, p 2,..., p n (n N) k ( )? 52) 12
13 (a) (b) (a) (b) (F 53) ) (28) a. c = n k (k n) (recall) ( (coverage) ) b. p = k n k (n k) (precision) ( ) 54) p c 55) c ( ) p N ( n = N ) n N n 0 p c 56) (27a) ( wh 57) ) ( 53) F = 2 p c p+c (p = c = ) 54) (accuracy) = N(p)+N(n) N(p)+N(p )+N(n)+N(n ) (N(p) N(p ) N(n) N(n ) ) 55) 56) ( ) 57) = (18; 19) (syntactic mimicry) (grammaticalization) (13; 14) ) 58) ( ) ( )? fmri 59) ( ) (27b) R. Langacker (reference-point) (17) (dominion; ( ) )? ( )? ( 58) Lexical- Functional Grammar (LFG) (3) Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG) (7)/Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) (22) /parser ( GB-based parser Minimalist parser ) 59) PET ERP MEG fmri NIRS 50 0 ( (49) ) () 13
14 ) ( ( ) ) : ( ) ( ( ) general nonsense ) (27) / 4.3.7? 60) ( ) ( ) (25a) NLP (25b) (25a) (25b) (25b) (45) ( ) (25) ( ) 60) 2009/04/24 14
15 ) (descriptivism) : (prescriptivism) ( ) ) ( ) ( 63) ) (29) ( ) 64) ( ) ( ) u y ( y u u ) ( 68)?? ) 61) 2008/10/12 62) 2008/08/13 63) 64) 90 Minimalist Program (4) (23) (junk linguistics) 65) : (29) 66) 67) ( ) 65) (32) ( ) ((super) string theorists) 66) 67) 68)?? 15
16 : : (30) a. ( ) b. NLP (25c) M. Seligman (33) A. Ellis Rational Emotive Behavior Theory (REBT) (29) (25d) (44) 5? 69) ( )? 71) 5.2 ( )? : (31) a. b. (31a) () (31b) T T ( ) T 72) (31a) IT 73) ( ) ) 69) 2009/04/19 70) 2009/04/19 71) 72) 73) E. Nida ( ) 16
17 ( ) ) ( ) (10) (11) (25) (10) (11) 3.1 (10) (11) (10) (11) ( (10) (11) ) (10) (11) ( ) 75) 74) 2009/07/04 75) 2006 ( ) ( ) =? 5.3.1? 76) ( ) L. Hjelmslev Glossematics ) ( ) PACLIC, PACLING CLS, BLS 76) 2009/04/19 77) 2009/04/19 17
18 : : (data extraction) (data analysis) (32) 20 78) 82) 20 : 79)80) (32) a. (programming) 81) 78) 79) (2) (2) 80) 2010 André Wlodarczyk : Dear Dr Kuroda, How are you? Recently, I read a very interesting paper of yours which I could download from NICT:?? I think I share every tiny position you presented there. However, I would like to ask you the following question: When enumerating two main features of to-be-scientific-linguists, you mentioned (1) programming and (2) statistics. Since a few years here, at CELTA, we are showing that the analytical mining methods (as applied to the symbolical data) together with statistics are the important component of the future linguistic science. You may remember the note I published on this subject 3 years ago in Japanese. (36) We are now talking here about <Interactive Linguistics> which integrates in a way and avant la lettre your postulates. If you agree, I would be pleased to add a link to your paper on our web site (regretfully, your paper is only in Japanese). fr/anasem/papers/ As a matter of fact, since many years, I am collecting ideas (mostly using papers by Igor Mel cuk and Luc Steels) on the same subject. Incidentally, we could envisage to write together a similar paper in English. With my best regards, Andre Wlodarczyk Wldarczyk Wlodarczyk 81) 30 b. (statistical analysis) 20 (32) 83) : - (spectrogram) 84) : : GUI 82) Python ( ( Python Visual Basic for Application (VBA) Haskell ( ) Python Ruby ( Python C++ Java Python Ruby C++ Java 83) (38; 37; 39; 40; 42; 41) 84) ( ) 18
19 ( ) 5.4 ( )? : (33) (linguistics) (cognitive science of language) 4 : (34) a. = b. part-of c. part-of d. X (X part-of ) AND (X part-of ) AND not ( part-of ) AND not ( part-of ) (34b) ( (34a)) (34c) ( (34d)) (34b) ) N. Chomsky ) 86) (32) 2 IT 6 87) : 1) 2) ( ) 3) ( ) 4) ( ) 88) [1] A. L. Barabasi. Linked: How Everything is Connected to Everything Else and What it Means. Plume, [ :? ( 85) 2009/04/24 86) George Lakoff Gilles Fauconnier 87) 2009/07/05 88) (46) 19
20 A.-L.. : ( ), NHK ]. [2] Steven Bird, Ewan Klein, and Edward Loper. Natural Language Processing with Python. O Reilly, [3] J. Bresnan. Lexical-Functional Syntax. Blackwell, [4] N. Chomsky. The Minimalist Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA., [5] T. W. Deacon. The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain. W. W. Norton & Company, New York/London, [6] C. Fellbaum, editor. WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. MIT Press, [7] G. Gazdar, E. Klein, G. K. Pullum, and I. A. Sag. Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, [8] J. J. Gibson. Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, [ :. ( )..]. [9] T. Givón. Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction, Vol. 1. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, [10] T. Givón. Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction, Vol. 2. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, [11] E. Goffman. Frame Analysis. New York: Harper, [12] E. Goffman. Forms of Talk. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia,, [13] B. Heine, U. Claudi, and F. Hünnemeyer. Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. University of Chicago Press, [14] P. J. Hopper and E. C. Traugott. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, [15] K. Kuroda and H. Isahara. Proposing the MULTI- LAYERED SEMANTIC FRAME ANALYSIS OF TEXT. In Proceedings of The 3rd International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon, pages , [Revised version is available as: kkuroda/papers/msfa-gal05-rev.pdf]. [16] K. Kuroda, M. Utiyama, and H. Isahara. Getting deeper semantics than Berkeley FrameNet with MSFA. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC- 06), pages P26 EW, [Available at: http: //clsl.hi.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ kkuroda/ papers/msfa-lrec06-paper.pdf]. [17] R. W. Langacker. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vols. 1 and 2. Stanford University Press, 1987, [18] J. D. McCawley. The Syntactic Phenomena in English, Vol. I and II. University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London, [19] J. D. McCawley. The Syntactic Phenomena in English. University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London, 2nd edition, [20] M. Polanyi. Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. The University of Chicago Press, [ :. ( ) ]. [21] M. Polanyi. The Tacit Dimension: The Terry Lectures. Routledge and Kegan Paul, [ : :. ( ) ]. [22] C. J. Pollard and I. A. Sag. Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Studies in Contemporary Linguistics. Center for the Study of Language and Information/The University of Chicago Press, Stanford, CA/Chicago, IL, [23] P. M. Postal. Skeptical Linguistic Essays. Cambridge University Press, [24] E. S. Reed. Encountering the World: Towards an Ecological Psychology. Oxford University Press, [ :. ( )..]. [25] J. M. Sinclair. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford University Press, [26] D. Sperber and D. Wilson. Loose talk. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society LXXXVI, , 86: , Reprinted in Pragmatics, ed. S. Davis (Oxford University Press, 1991). [27] D. Sperber and D. Wilson. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell, 2nd edition, [28] S. H. Strogatz. Sync: How Order Emerges from Chaos in the Universe, Nature, and Daily Life. Hyperion, [ : S. SYNC: ( ), ]. [29] A..., [ : Ellis, A. The Practice of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, Springer.]. [30] R.. :., [ : R. Sugden. The Economics of Rights, Co-operartion and Welfare, 2nd edition, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004 [1986].]. [31] S.. (, )., [ : S. Singh. The Code Book: Howt to Make It, Break It, Hack It, Crack It, Delacorte Press.]. [32] L.., [Lee Smolin, The Trouble with Physics: The Rise of String Theory, The Fall of a Science, and What comex Next, Mariner Books, 2007 ]. [33] M. E. P..., [ : Seligman, M. E. P. Learned Optimism, Pocket Books.]. [34] N. N.. : (, )., [Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (2007). The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbale. Random House. ]. [35] J..., [ J. Huizinga. Homo Ludens, Beacon Press ]. [36]. (CELTA): CASK (Computer-aided Acquisition of Semantic Knowledge)., 21, [Available at: paris-sorbonne.fr/anasem/papers/ miscelanea/celta-cask-aw-j.pdf]. [37] and.., 104 (416):65 70, [ : http: //clsl.hi.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ kkuroda/ papers/linking-l-to-k-v3.pdf]. [38] and. : FrameNet. In 10, pages , [ : jp/ kkuroda/papers/jfn-nlp10-rev.pdf]. [39] and.. In 11, [http: //clsl.hi.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ kkuroda/ papers/sr-tagging-nlp11-paper.pdf]. [40] and. (MSFA) : 20
21 MSFA. In, volume 6, pages , Available as: ac.jp/ kkuroda/papers/kuroda-isahara: 06-jcla-paper.pdf. [41],,, and. ( ) :. In 14, [42],,,, and. :., 106(518):25 30, [43] and.. In 16, pages , [ : hi.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ kkuroda/papers/ kuroda-terasaki-nlp16-paper-rev.pdf]. [44].., 36(12):56 59, [45]. (1) (3).,, 1982,1984,1991. [46].., 6(5):4 10, [47].., [48]. :. PHP, [49]. :.,
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独立行政法人情報通信研究機構 Development of the Information Analysis System WISDOM KIDAWARA Yutaka NICT Knowledge Clustered Group researched and developed the infor
独立行政法人情報通信研究機構 KIDAWARA Yutaka NICT Knowledge Clustered Group researched and developed the information analysis system WISDOM as a research result of the second medium-term plan. WISDOM has functions that
Abstract Although physicalism is usually understood as an ontological thesis, it is not clear that what implications this position has on th
Title スーパーヴィーニエンス テーゼと存在論的コミットメント : 物理主義の存在論的含意の把握に向けて Author(s) 井頭, 昌彦 Citation 科学哲学, 42(2): 59-73 Issue 2009-10 Date Type Journal Article Text Version publisher URL http://hdl.handle.net/10086/22102
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Title < 書評 > コミュニケーション 意味 意図 ( 書評 : 柏端達也 (2016) コミュニケーションの哲学入門 ( 慶應義塾大学出版会, 105 頁 )) Author(s) 三木, 那由他 Citation Contemporary and Applied Philosophy Issue Date 2017-07-31 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/226626
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