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1 daisho@waseda.jp
2 NO2 SPM NOx PM PM10 PM2.5
3 3
4 IEA World Energy Outlook / WEO WEO t % 168 t 6 CO2 23%
5 CO2 / IPCC COP G CO2 50% % COP1 EU % %
6 < > 2015 < > < > IT 6
7 7 100 JC km/h 20 0 JE >3.5 km/h
8
9 NOx PM PM g/kwh WHDC 03 EU WHDC 04 (NOx+HC) 2010 NOx: 0.27 PM: EURO NOx:0.46? PM: 0.01 EURO NOx: EURO4 05 PM: NOx: NOx g/kwh 0
10 10 PM mg/km NOx PM (1994) (1997) (2002) Tier2,Bin5 (2009 NOx:0.044 PM:6.3 EURO4 ( ) NOx:0.25 PM: NOx:0.14 PM:13 NOx:0.08 PM:5 NOx:0.15 PM:14 EURO6 ( 15) G NOx:0.08 PM:4.5 PM:5 (2009) G NOx:0.05( 05) G NOx:0.05 (2000) /km 2014 EURO5 (2009) NOx:0.18 PM:5 NOx g/km
11 11 (UN) (ECE) (WP29) (GRSG) (GRSP) (GRRF) (GRPE) (GRB) (GRE) WTO
12 GRPE WMTC NRMM WHDC WWH-OBD WWH-OCE WLTP ECE PMP EFV FQ 12
13 L JE05,, Japan WHTC WHDC NRTC Torque (Nm) Engine Speed (rpm) Engine Speed (rpm) Engine Speed (rpm) Mean Exhasut Gas Temperature Cold: Hot: WHLTP
14 14 EGR E E E E E E ECU E E :
15 BDC TDC 15 HCCI ( LTC HTC NOx PM HC CO PCCI (Partially Premixed Charge Compression Ignition) EGR /
16 16 90 DPF DPF NSR EU /km (Dp>20nm) PM DPF
17 DOC: : : DPF : -SOF SCR :NOx DOC NSR :NOx LNT DOC DOC DOC -HC,CO -SOF -HC,CO -SOF -HC,CO -SOF -HC,CO DPF SCR DPF -PM -NOx -PM DOC SCR -NH3 -NOx -NH3 17 DOC DOC -SOF -HC,CO NSR -NOx DPF -PM DOC -HC
18 / (IEA World Energy Outlook 2009, 450ppm )) ppm IPCC 2 CO2
19 19 CO2 IEA World Energy Outlook 2009, 450ppm t/ ppm CCS ( t-co2) (
20 CO2 20
21 t % % 2010 ( % %
22 km/l ,081-1,195 1,311-1,420 1,531-1,650 1,761-1,870 kg : JC km/l (2015 ) 23.5% 13.6 km/l (2004 ) 1,991-2,100 2,271-
23 23 ICCT CO2 /km 100 International Council on Clean Transportation
24 24 : 10% 5 10% :5% G: D (G) HCCI(G), G VVT (CVT) MT DCT AT AT AT,, ( )
25 HCCI VVT VVL %
26 26 SPI MPI L
27 ( >3.5 ) < > % % % < > % % % 6.30
28 28
29 Heavy Vehicles U.S. Climate Change Technology Program Technology Options for the Near and Long Term, The st st Century Truck Partnership (U.S. DOE) 29 < Engine Efficiency Target > Year Base Present 2010 Engine efficiency 40% 42% 50% % Total Energy Used per Hour (66 mph, fully loaded, level road for one hour) Base = 400 kwh (6.6 mpg) Aerodynamic Losses Base = 85 kwh, 21.3% Engine Losses Base = 240 kwh, 60 % Engine Efficiency Base = 40 % Rolling Resistance Base = 51 kwh, 12.8 % Drivetrain Base = 9 kwh, 2.3 % Auxiliary Loads Base = 15 kwh, 3.8 %
30 1.2% 0.5% 10ppm 15ppm EU 10ppm 500ppm 50ppm 0.2% <10ppm 100ppm 50ppm <10ppm NOx CO2 NOx 2009 NOx?
31 JATOP(Japan Auto-Oil Program) JCAP, CO2 HP 31
32 32,,
33
34 34
35 35 km/l : 0% : 54% 100% kg
36 36 W/kg Wh/kg
37 PHEV EV NEDO
38 NEDO GS 38
39 imiev CO2 72% 200V 15A 7 1/9 100V(15A) 14 1/ V-50kW 80% 30
40 40 imiev (100V/200V) CAN EPS EV- ECU 100V/ 200V ECU CAN, 2009
41 EV LEAF 41 ( )) mm 140km/h FF 80kW 280Nm Li 24kWh 90kW (AESC 160km US LA %SOC 200V 8 2 IT ON
42 EV Tesla Roadster Tesla Motors 42 Lotus Elise , CFRP 120V,15A 37h 240V,70A 3.5h 3000
43 70 90 CO2 43
44 44 CO2 EU CO2 EV ZEV EV 2020
45 45 21 ( ) 6,290mm 2,080mm 3,100mm km ( ) 5 8 ( 60 )
46 ,
47 47 Micro Hybrid ISAD 42V PSA Citroen C2, C3 GM Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid BMW 1,3, 5 15% Mild Hybrid : 20 50% Full Hybrid Strong Hybrid : 2 Motor EV Motor Toyota THS THS GM DC BMW Two-Mode-Hybrid Series Hybrid %
48 48 : : PSA Citroen C2, C3 GM Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid, BMW 1,3,5, : CIVIC, HIMR, VW : THS,THS, GM, BMW Two-Mode-Hybrid
49 E 49 M: G: C C/I: / M/G T B: T: C B C/I Ps: Pi Pi: : / : 20-50% E B G M/G E Ps G C/I B C/I M/G Pi Pi % %
50 S Hybrid V 6 EV Li 75kg 160N m 15km ECO / S % % 100% 1,405 50
51 L 32Km/L % 2011 SKYTECH i-stop 100kg km/L 15% 5% 10% 5% 5% 32km/L 51
52
53 EV 75 kw, 400 Nm 100km 50 kw, 1.0L 330km 430km 20kWh 2, % 9 220VAC 10 SOC50% 1,800kg 160km/h Euro4 CO2 70g/km F6 $6, BYD 1995 Wang Chuanfu TI Tsinchuan Automobile Company R&D 300,000 / 53
54 54, , S PHV 4,460 1,745 1,490 2,700mm 5 57km/L CO2 41g/km EV 100km/h PHV JC08 EV 23.4km 100V V 100 EV PHV 230 PHV EU
55 PHEV SOC SOC 90 Blend mode CD mode CS mode (PHEV) t
56 CO Ah 310V kg JC08
57 57
58 (IEA, World Energy Outlook 2009) 58 TWh 450ppm
59 59
60 SUV GM CO2 CO2 60
61 2009 EV phv 61
62 62 Well-to-Wheel
63 kl 400 kl 10% 6900 kl 55% 200 kl E10 3% 8600 kl 50 kl 0.6% E3 97% E10 B5 3% 55% 45% 45% B
64 GBEP(Global Bioenergy Partnership 2005 G LCA CO2 CO2 EU CO2
65 65 Waseda Future Vehicle AW 660CC CFRP : 750kg : 35km/L
66 JHFC 2002 LPG COG FCV FCV Well to Wheel
67 Well to Wheel CO2 (JHFC )
68 FCV FCCJ, Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 JHFC-2 JHFC XX FCV FCV FCV FCV FCV FCCJ FC 2015 FCV
69 69 Well to Tank Tank to Wheel * * ** * : (GTL, CTL, BTL) **:
70 CdA0 =0.6 JC08 M0 = 1200kg 0 =0.01 CdA M 70 : M/M0, 0, CdA/CdA0
71 71 % JC08 : MJ/km M: 1,200 kg CdA: 0.6 m 3 r: % 28.4% 51.5% 27.5% ( )
72 72 Active safety Passive safety
73 FSV 1 2 CO2 WAS BEV PHEV 5 PHEV FCV FSV1 BEV PHEV FSV2 PHEV40 40 FCV 4 73
74 74
75 75
76 = EV 50% 20 40% 6 12% CO2 % HV HV EV 76
77 CO2 (IEA World Energy Outlook 2009, 450ppm )) % 14.6% 5.8% 0.7% %
78 % 45-55% 65-85% 100% , TDM, ITS,
79 IEA, World Energy Outlook EU
80 80 CO2 IEA, World Energy Outlook, 450ppm / ppm ppm
81 (IEA World Energy Outlook 2009, 450ppm )) ppm 450ppm
82 82 EV/ /FCV
2015 < ITS > 2
2010426 1 1 Email: daisho@waseda.jp 2015 < ITS > 2 3 SPM 050 g/m 3 51100 101200 201400 401600 601 2006125 19 2010 NO2SPM NOxPM 20099 PM10 PM2.5 NOxPM PM g/kwh 0.20 0.15 0.04 0.02 WHDC 03 EU 2015 2016 WHDC
WLTC WLTC WLTC JC0 WLTC 1 LPG CO NOx 1 LPG NMHC 1 LPG PM 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 WLTC WLTC WLTC JC0 WLTC 1 LPG CO NOx 1 LPG NMHC 1 LPG PM 1 CONMHC PM 1 NOx 1 1 1 LPG LPG 1 1 LPG LPG 1 1 1 1 1 1 WHDC-GTR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1kW 0kW LPG
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1 1 3 5 5 5 6 6 7 WLTC 7 WLTC 7 WLTC 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 JC08 WLTC 11 12 LPG CO NOx 12 LPG NMHC 13 PM 13 CONMHC PM 13 NOx 14 14 15 LPG LPG 15 15 LPG LPG 15 16 16 WHDC-gtr 16 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 20 20
PEFC 1 6 PEFC % CO FC FC 36 LHV 10 FC 1 DSS 8 8.5kW FC 342
19 9 11 13 30 15 30 PEFC 10kW PEFC 2005 6 6 3 10 10kW PEFC 1kW PEFC NEF 1kW FS NEDO FC PEFC 2005 317km LPG NEDO PEFC 341 PEFC 1 6 PEFC 1 1 24 90% CO2 30 3 2 FC FC 36 LHV 10 FC 1 DSS 8 8.5kW FC 342 2 PEFC
NASA MPa 2003 NEDO MPa 3 Type4 Type3 Type4 Type3 100% CNG
20 9 18 14 00 16 10 1913 1949 2 1989 9,500 275 127 2007 1 4 5 1996 1 4 2 3 2 3 69,600 11 4 5 JTEKT NTN GKN 345 1994 1996 1997 1999 2001 2001 NASA 5 2002 70MPa 2003 NEDO 2005 70MPa 3 Type4 Type3 Type4 Type3
EV Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan 2
2012 12 18 EV hirotat@aoni.waseda.jp Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan 1 EV Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan 2 EV PHV *EV:
1 VW EGR NOx NOx NOx (HC) SCR NOx (NH 3 ) 2L 2007 1,100 0 36 EA189 27 12 3L 2008 8.5 0 35 27 12 NO NO 2 NPO ICCT, International Council on Clean Transportation West Virginia University NOx EPA, Environmental
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1 14 17 1 (JHFC ) 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 12 13 15 15 17 18 19 FCV( 19 19 1015 25 FC 28 28 30 33 33 33 34 37 42 44 49 i 49 70 95 95 95 95 96 97 97 97 FCV 103 103 103 104 105 105 106 107 107 108 110 111 113
L kW/6000rpm 181Nm/4500rpm 100kW/3500rpm 310Nm/2000rpm /2 2/3 2 km 10km/L 12.5km 100 /L 75 /L 2 km CO2 1- -
50 82 87 77 70 2.0L 4 1 104kW/6000rpm 181Nm/4500rpm 100kW/3500rpm 310Nm/2000rpm 72 2 3 2 3 1/2 2/3 2 km 10km/L 12.5km 100 /L 75 /L 2 km 20 12 CO2 1- DaimlerChrysler 1 Mercedes-Benz E 2 2.7L 5 E270CDI 2.6L
FC EV FC EV R&D JFE JFE JFE 2
CS CS METI NEDO NEDO NEDO NEDO NEDO NEDO NEDO NEDO NEDO 1 FC EV FC EV R&D JFE JFE JFE 2 MB MB 2 Gr NEDO NEDO NEDO NEDO NEDO NEDO 27 A-1 A-2 (1) 3 (2) B-1 D-1 (1) (2) (3) B-2 (1) 70MPa (2) (3) D-2 (1) -
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World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations Regulation GTR Global Technical Regulation) Contracting Parties to the 1958 Agreement Contracting Parties to the 1998 Agreement ECE R83 R101 PMP
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2007 1. 2 1. 3 . kl 1400 kl 1200 800 24 700 1000 600 800 600 400 200 0 500 400 300 200 100 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 0 76 44 56 53 47 IEA Energy Statistics of OECD Countries 2006 57 OECD OECD 52 35 35 43
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() 5 8 80% 17 2 366 3,300 () CO2 17 10 1000kWh =0.257KL 1000 =1.16KL 80% 40% 30% 20% 278,000kWh ON 26 22 ON 2 1 1 1 4-2 OFF ON 2 1 1 kw \ \ 1 1 ( 1 1 ( 40) 2 10 ()10 ) 1 (100V) (200V) kwh kwh 1kWh 1kWh
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215 214 12 ENERGIZING THE FUTURE IIRC ver 1. CONTENTS 2 OUR ROAD 8 12 12 CEO 18 CFO 2 2 22 3 32 38 4 4 46 49 54 56 63 CSR Book WEB CSR http://www.showa-shell.co.jp/ csr/index.html 215 1 OUR ROAD 3 3 1985
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