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1 6
2 X Spring8 03
3 (N/m) (N/m) T() T() 03 M. J. McNallan, T. Debroy, Metall. Trans. 22B (1991) 557 P. Sahoo, T. Debroy, Metall. Trans. 18B (1991)
4 He-Ne Mo Ta Mo Ta 03 He-Ne Mo Ta 03
5 03 Direction 1 Direction 2 direction1 direction2 03
6 sus304(110ppms) 03 SUS304 S 03
7 γ Temperature: 1973K M. J. McNallan, T. Debroy, Metall. Trans. 22B (1991) Debroy Debroy 03
8
9 EB (a) (b) EB (c) 0.1 m/sec (d) 0.1~1 m/sec 0.01 m/sec After S.Kou and D.K.Sun:Metallurgical Transactions A,Vol.16A, (1985)
10 (EB) (100mm l 25mm w 3mm t ) Fe (3N) Fe-6%W (SKD4) Al (5N) Al-6%Cu (A2219) 18kV 11kV 18kV 3mm/sec 5mm/sec 04 3mm A B B A B A EPMA 04
11 Fe/SKD4 W 18kV (a) (b) (c) Fe (3t) 1 G 1 G 10-5 G Fe SKD4 Fe SKD4 Fe SKD4 1mm 04 Al (11kV) Al/A2219 Cu 11kV (a) 1 G (b) 1 G (c) 10-5 G Al A2219 Al A2219 Al A2219 1mm 04
12 Fe Al Fe Al Fe 3. Al Fe 04
13 (a) (b) 0.1 m/sec (c) (d) 0.1~1 m/sec 0.01 m/sec After S.Kou and D.K.Sun:Metallurgical Transactions A,Vol.16A, (1985) G Al/A2219 Cu Al 100A 3mm Ar 5l/min 5mm/s 60 A2219 1mm 04
14 04 04
15 3 mm Ar 5 l/min 1.7 After 68 (2000)p88 Ar P ½mv 2 100A 150A 200A 4.25mm 5.00mm 5.50mm After
16 100A Ar 5 l/min After 68 (2000)p mm 5mm 10mm 3mm 4.25mm 6mm After
17 Ar-He Ar He After 15 3 p He 100A Ar 4.25mm He 3.00mm 150A 200A 5.00mm 5.50mm 3.75mm 4.25mm 1.2 After (a) (b) 50~80 cm/sec 10 cm/sec (c) (d) 25~40 cm/sec 1 cm/sec After A.Matsunawa, S.Yokoya; Trans.JWRI, OsakaUniv.,Vol.16, No.2,1, (1987) 04
18 Al (150A) A2219 (6mm) 1mm He 100A 3mm Ar 5l/min 04 GTA 100A 3mmAr vs 04
19 2 - He Ar, 75 A τ = 4.0s 0G -2.5 Axial distance (mm) Max. 139 m / s Max. 26 cm / s 7 cm / s mm / s Ave. Vr= 1.8 cm/s Ave. Vz= 3.6 cm /s 10 Ave. ave V = 2.7 cm /s Aluminum Radial distance (mm) A 3mm Ar 04
20 Axial distance (mm) Ar, 50 A Ar, 100A τ = 10s τ = 2.5s G 0G Max. 69 m / s Max. 18 cm / s -15 cm / s -2.5 Axial distance (mm) Max. 218 m / s Max. 36 cm / s 9 cm / s mm / s Ave. Vr= 1.6 c m/s Ave. Vr= 2.6 c m/s 4.5 cm / s Ave. Vz= 5.7 cm /s Ave. Vz= 5.0 cm /s Ave. V = 3.7 cm /s 10 Ave ave. V = 3.8 cm /s Aluminum Aluminum Radial distance (mm) Radial distance (mm) 04 Axial distance (mm) Ar, 75 A τ = 3.5s Ar, 75 A 0G τ = 4.0s G Max. 140 m / s Axial distance (mm) Max. 30 cm / s 5-9 cm / s 7.5 Max. 144 m / s Max. 20 cm / s 13 cm / s mm / s 0.1 mm / s Ave. Vr= 1.8 c m/s Ave. Vr= 2.1 c m/s Ave. Vz= 5.3 cm /s Ave. Vz= 4.4 cm /s Ave. V = 3.6 cm /s ave Ave. V = 3.2 cm /s Aluminum Aluminum Radial distance (mm) Radial distance (mm) 04
21 He, 75 A τ = 1.0s -5 0G Axial distance (mm) 5 Max. 134 m / s -8 cm / s Max. 28 cm / s 7.5 Ave. Vr= 2.7 c m/s 3.1 mm / s Ave. Vz= 10.0 cm /s 10 ave Ave. V = 6.4 cm /s Aluminum Radial distance (mm) 04
22 (b) ( ) ( ) (, ) (c) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) DB 05-1 ( ) 05-2
23 Pure helium arc Helium arc during welding Cathode Interval 2000 K = Anode 5 mm
24 05-5 (1 ) 05-6
25 ( ) ( ) 05-7 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) 05-8
26 ( ) LS (10ppm) HS (220ppm) LS (10ppm) LS (10ppm) + Active flux HS (220ppm) 05-9 ( ) Ar100A LS HS ( ) ( ) HS LS: HS: 05-10
27 140 ms I=65A, V 7.2V (Ar), 9.4V(Ar+5%H2), 15.1V(He), Arc length 3mm 280 ms 5mm SUS304 TIG
28 TIG electrode Laser beam Arc? TIG torch Microfocused X-ray tube?? YAG laser head Work table Specimen X Fiber Image intensifier YAG laser High speed camera X G Shielding A gas S CRT TIG arc welder Recorder
29 RIO-DB
30 06 WG WG-2
31 06 WG-3 Tungsten Cathode Conduction Mass balance Ohmic heating Energy balance Radiation & Conduction Cathode jet Thermionic emission ofelectron Arc plasma Conduction, and Neutralizationof ion Ohmic heating Radiation & Conduction Drag of cathode jet Conduction, and Electronabsorption Surface tension j B Buoyancy Radiation Ohmic heating Conduction Anode 06 WG-4
32 ρv t 06 WG-5 ρ 1 + ( rρv r ) + ( ρv z ) = 0 t r r z r 1 2 P + ( rρv r ) + ( ρv z v r ) = j z B r r z r θ 1 v 2 r v r v z v + rη + η + η 2η r 2 r r r z z r r ρv z 1 2 P + ( rρv r v z ) + ( ρv z ) = + j r B t r r z z θ v z 1 v r v z + 2η + rη + rη + ρg z z r r z r ρ h 1 rκ h κ h + ( rρv r h) + ( ρv z h) = j r E r + j z E z U t r r z r r c r z c z p p 1 ( rj r ) + ( j z ) = 0 r r z 1 ( rb ) µ j z r r θ = 0 F K = εσt 4 je φk + ji Vi 4 FA = εσ T + j e φa Axial distance min Axial distance min Axial distance min Axial distance min 06 WG-6
33 Axial distance (mm) A K τ = 10 s K 1750 K 3000 K 3500 K 1000 K, Interval 2000 K K 1500 K 1000 K 500 K SUS 304 Axial distance (mm) K 2500 K 3000 K 3500 K 1500 K 150 A τ = 10 s 1000 K, Interval 2000 K K 1000 K 500 K SUS 304 Axial distance (mm) K 1500 K 2500 K 3000 K 3500 K 1000 K, Interval 2000 K K 1000 K 150 A τ = 10 s 500 K SUS Radial distance (mm) Radial distance (mm) Radial distance (mm) 06 WG-7 Low-S, SUS304 s Heat intensity (W/cm 2 ) Shielding gas: Ar Arc current: 150 A Cathode conical angle: 60 Anode: Cu (water cooled) Arc gap: 2.5 mm Arc gap: 5 mm Arc gap: 10 mm Experiments Radius (mm) 06 WG-8
34 (TIG,Ar, Low-S SUS304,τ=20s) Axial distance (mm) 150A, Low Sulfur Experiment τ = 20 s Calculation Axial distance (mm) Radial distance (mm) Radial distance (mm) 06 プロセス WG-9 y 40mm y T v = 0 = 0 z Welding direction Molten pool u = 0 T = 0 x T = 0 x z 計算モデルの基礎式 連続の式 ナビエ ストークスの式 エネルギー方程式 x Specimen 0 10mm T = 0 y z 20mm :Liquid :Solid x T = 293 u r = 0 r u r r 1 r 2 r r 1 + ( u ) u = P + η u + g + F t ρ ρ H r 1 + ( u ) H = ( K T ) t ρ (K) 06 プロセス WG-10
35 100mm/s S 10ppm ppm Ar 150A 3mm 2mm/ mm/s 06 WG mm/s S 250ppm ppm Ar 150A 3mm 2mm/ mm/s 06 WG-12
36 2mm/s LS(10ppm) HS(250ppm) D/W ratio LS HS Calculation : Experiment : Heat conduction only : 10mm/s 0.2 5mm Welding speed [mm/s] D/W 06 WG-13 40mm y T v = 0 = 0 z y u = 0 T = 0 x T = 0 x Arc :Liquid Specimen 0 10mm x :Solid z Molten pool x T = 0 y z 20mm T = 293 (K) 06 WG-14
37 06 WG-15 Surface tension (mn/m) Low sulfur (10 ppm) γ T = 0.13 High sulfur (250 ppm) γ T = 0.57 ( mn mk ) Temperature (K) ( mn mk ) Temp. coefficient of surface tension (mn/mk) High sulfur (250 ppm) Low sulfur (10 ppm) Temperature (K) Macnallan (a) (b) 06 WG-16
38 Surface tension data by Nogi Low sulfur High sulfur K 3000 K 3500 K Ar, 150 A τ = 20 s Max. 202 m/s Ar, 150 A τ = 20 s K 3000 K 3500 K Ar, 150 A τ = 20 s Max. 201 m/s Ar, 150 A τ = 20 s Axial distance (mm) K 1000 K, Interval 2000 K K Axial distance (mm) Max. 46 cm/s Axial distance (mm) K 1000 K, Interval 2000 K K Axial distance (mm) cm/s K K 1000 K 8 10 Max. 53 cm/s K 2000 K 500 SUS K 304 (LS) 12 SUS 304 (LS) K SUS 304 (HS) 12 SUS 304 (HS) Radial distance (mm) Radial distance (mm) Radial distance (mm) Radial distance (mm) 06 WG-17 Macnallan Surface tension data by Macnallan Low sulfur High sulfur Axial distance (mm) K 2500 K 3000 K 3500 K Ar, 150 A τ = 20 s 1000 K, Interval 2000 K K Axial distance (mm) Max. 202 m/s Ar, 150 A τ = 20 s Max. 49 cm/s Axial distance (mm) K 3000 K 3500 K Ar, 150 A τ = 20 s 1000 K, Interval 2000 K K Axial distance (mm) Max. 202 m/s Ar, 150 A τ = 20 s Max. 51 cm/s K K 1500 K K 2000 K SUS 304 (LS) 500 K SUS 304 (LS) K 1750 K SUS 304 (HS) SUS 304 (HS) Radial distance (mm) Radial distance (mm) Radial distance (mm) Radial distance (mm) 06 WG-18
39 : TIG / TIG 06 WG WG-20
40 (a) 06 WG-21 TIG torch CCD camera G Shielding A gas S TIG arc welder Materials used Type 304 plates ( 4 & 6 mm w ) Pt wire 6 mm Microfocused X-ray tube Bead welding Work table W particle Specimen %S %S 4 mm 4 mm Image intensifier (Fluorescent screen) Butt welding Moving stage High speed video camera (200~1000 f/s) TIG arc welding conditions Parameters Arc current, I (A) Arc voltage, E (V) Welding speed, v(mm/s) Shielding gas TIG arc (DCSP) Ar (15 l/min) He (20 l/min) Video set 06 WG-22
41 t = 60 ms (F=4025) t = 120 ms (F=4085) Welding direction W-2%La2O3 electrode mm t = 160 ms (F=4125) Type 304 (0.011%S) (6 mm t ) 100 A, 15 V, 3.33 mm/s, Ar (15 l/min) W particle dives downward near the central part below the electrode. X-ray transmission images and schematic representation of molten pool during TIG arc butt welding of Type 304 steel with 0.011%S, showing movement of W particle and liquid flow. 06 WG-23 v WM =0.1 m/s 06 WG-24
42 t=t n-1 Welding direction t=t n Electrode wire Metal transfer Weld metal t=t n t=t n Molten pool Arc 06 WG-25 W.D. W.D. 5mm 5mm 6mm 6mm (a) Pa=0 (b) Pa=1000Pa Influence of arc pressure on weld profile in horizontal fillet welding (I=230A, V=25V, v=40cm min -1,=65%, R q =4mm, R p =9mm) 06 WG-26
43 Calculated example 4.1 Calculated example 4.2 W.D. W.D. W.D. B C B C B C A A A 6mm 6mm 6mm (a) First pass (b) Second pass (c) Third pass 5mm 5mm 5mm B C B C B C A A A 6mm 6mm 6mm (a) First pass (b) Second pass (c) Third pass Calculated result in three passes welding (I=230A, V=25V, v=40cm min -1, Pa=800Pa, R p =4mm, R q =4mm) Temperature (K) A Time (s) Temperature history (I=230A, V=25V, v=40cm min -1, Pa=800Pa, R p =4mm, R q =4mm) B C 06 WG-27 (I=200A, V=25V, v=40cm/min) W.D. W.D. 6mm 6mm 10mm (a) D=20mm 10mm (b) D=30mm 06 WG-28
44 6mm 6mm 6mm Comparison between experiment and calculation in horizontal fillet welding (I=230A, V=25V,v=60cm/min, =90%, Ra=Rp=4mm, Pa=500Pa) 6mm 6mm (a)calculation 6mm 6mm (b) Experiment Comparison between experiment and calculation in fillet welding in vertical down position (I=230A, V=25V,v=60cm/min, =90%, Ra=Rp=4mm, Pa=500Pa) 6mm 06 WG-29 3mm 3mm 6mm 6mm (a) plate thickness: 3mm (b) plate thickness: 6mm Horizontal fillet welding (I=230A, V=24V, v=40cm/min) 06 WG-30
45 (a) First pass welding (b) Second pass welding (c) Third pass welding (I=210A,V=26V,v=40cm/min) (I=195A,V=26V,v=22cm/min) (I=190A,V=26.5V,v=25cm/min) Comparison between experimental and calculated cross sections in multi-pass welding 06 WG-31 (a) (b) T- 06 WG-32
46 Өπ Ө π Өπ Ө π Ө π Ө π Ө π Ө π Ө π Өπ Ө π Ө π 3mm V f = 20mm 3 /s (Mild steel, d1=20mm, d2=30mm, h=3.0mm, v=3.0mm/s) 06 WG-33 No.100_1 06 WG-34
47 No.100_ WG (K) No.113 0(K) 06 WG-36
48 3500(K) 0(K) MAG bead on plate 06 WG-37 MAG TIG MAG TIG TIG TIG TIG TIG 06 WG-38
49 NEDO/METI ORNL/Battelle DOE () Dilthey/Daimler-Chrysler Daimler-Chrysler TSIMprogramme) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) MAG TIG 06 WG-39 [ ] [ ] 06 WG-40
50 490MPa (1)490MPa (2)950MPa WG- ( ) + +MA MA + WG WG 07 WG-
51 07 WG- (2 ) (1) INPUT (2) OUTPUT (4) (3) CCT 07 WG-
52 07 WG- -EBSP(OIM - ND 07 WG-
53 mass% C Si Mn P S Ti O N BASE Low C Low Si High Si Low Mn WG- 50MPa Hv = Si[%] [%] Si 07 WG-
54 100µm 100µm 07 WG- R=0.79 ve 0 = [ (wt%)] 63.2[ (um)] 07 WG-
55 + + 50um 07 WG- MA MA, (1997) p µm 07 WG-
56 28 20µm µm 20µm WG- 07 MA 07 WG-
57 1 1 C C X = 1 exp 2S t 1 exp I St ( 1 2x + x ) dx C C (C C ) D D = yc ( 1 yc ) exp ( yc 26436) T T (C0 C)(C C ) John Agren:Scripta Met., vol.20 (1986) pp.1507 X I s parabolic rate constant = 07 WG- A W : A =A 0 constant W = 1/2 1 X = exp [ A 0 N 1/2 ] 4 m s -1/2 = t s 07 WG-
58 1992Umemoto 3 ( ) x 2 X P = 1 exp Sα / γ G t 1 exp π I gb G t x 1 x dx 0 Cahn Sα / γ = D 2π γ Dc (cγ cγθ ) 1 G = (c - c ) F F S αp θp 2 2 2σ αθ S = S0 = 3 3 dg p γ c α 1 S / I gb D C C C C C F p F p S S 0 dg p 07 WG- BASE C Si at 600 at 600 at 600 Si Mn at 600 at 600 = = = 1.0 J/m 2 07 WG-
59 Input < Ae3 C < Bs C < Acm C < 200 MA MA MA C C C Ae3(C) Bs(C) Acm Acm(C) 07 WG- Input > Ae1 = f (, 07 WG-
60 Ae3 Ae1 MA 50µm 07 WG- 07 WG-
61 07 WG WG-
62 WG Si% 07 WG- 07 WG-
63 1757
64 mm 380 mm 25 mm Q=533 J/mm v=1.5 mm/s 10 σ Y dt dt 200 o C / s 120
65 熱弾塑性理論による詳細解析 : 数万自由度の連立方程式を数千回解く計算の高速化 高精度化が必要 溶接時間 = 溶接長さ / 溶接速度 = 240/1.5= 160 秒温度増分を 10 とした時のステップ数 = /10=3600 ステップ dt dt 200 o C / s 冷却後の状態 ( 固有変形 ) に注目した弾性簡易解析固有変形データベースが必要 WG -a -b
66 1/5 1/4 50% ( ) 15%
![[ ] 15% (1) (2) (3) Material SM400 Flange plate Thickne Length Breadth ss 600 600 12 Rib plate Thickne Length Breadth ss 600 140 12 Leg](/docs-images/92/107940321/images/67-0.jpg "length 8 Welding Current Voltage Speed Heat input Shield gas Pass wire (A) (V) (cm/min) (J/cm) DW-100V 1 300 35 45 14000 CO 1.")
67 [ ] 15% (1) (2) (3) Material SM400 Flange plate Thickne Length Breadth ss Rib plate Thickne Length Breadth ss Leg length 8 Welding Current Voltage Speed Heat input Shield gas Pass wire (A) (V) (cm/min) (J/cm) DW-100V CO
68 T1 16 TT T 31 56mm (a) (b) Displacement w (mm) Experiment (x) mm y (mm) Analysis (x) mm
69 15%
70 (2) 150 y x Poisson's ratio(x10-2 ) Yield stress(x10 MPa) thermal expansion Young's modults (x10-6 ) (x10 4 MPa) y
71 (x10mpa) x=0 (x10mpa) x=0 y=-10 y=-10 y (mm) y (mm) y σ y Usual incremental method New method T / σ y / σ y u1600 c T c u1600 (Tc CPU Time) T / 1600 c T σ c u y / σ y u1600 ( σ y : σ y at x=0,y=-10mm) 1/10
![[ ] 1/4 15 ARC (mm) A V (cm/min) (%) (J/mm) 6 220 30 58 100 () 683](/docs-images/92/107940321/images/72-0.jpg "6 270 29 40 100 () 1175 9 mm 12 mm Model C ( 0 mm) Model D ( 10")
72 [ ] 1/4 15 ARC (mm) A V (cm/min) (%) (J/mm) () () mm 12 mm Model C ( 0 mm) Model D ( 10 mm)
73 L-S- T-S T-L FEM (C, D) (A, B) stiffener 1 stiffener 2 (Model-C, D) Line Line 1 1 Line 2 Gap (10 mm) Line-1 Line-2
74 (Model-A, B) Line 4 Line 2 Line 3 Line 1 Gap (10 mm) -A -B Line 3 Line 4 Line 2 Line A, Line B, Line A, Line B, Line-1
75
76 SOLVER
77 Trans-Varestraint Fish Bone ( 3D FCB () ZoomedView Heat input=1500 J/mm, P/W=1.45, Groove=5.0 mm ( ) ( ) ( )
78 5mm mm mm z Welding direction 200 mm 120 mm x=152 mm x=160 mm x=168 mm x=176 mm WG CO2 [ ] 15% 15% [ ] 50% [ ] [ ] 1/4
79 変形モデルの実用化 プロジェクトの成果と課題 熱弾塑性詳細解析 固有変形を用いた弾 性解析 プロジェ (1) 予測精度の検証済 クトの (2) 十倍程度の高速化 成果 (1) 固有変形データベース 作成法 逆解析法開発 (2) 大型構造物変形予測 各種構造物に対する 適用性検証 (1) 倍の高速化 実用化に (2) 曲げ加工などの前工程 向けての との連続解析 課題 (3) クランプ 逆ひずみなど の考慮 (4) 簡便なデータ入出力 (1) データベースの充実 (2) 実機への適用実績の 蓄積 (3) 実機からの固有変形 同定 (4) 適用限界の明確化 08 溶接変形予測 ３３ 変形シミュレーションの現状と今後の展開 複 雑 対象構造物の複雑さ 圧力容器 自動車 車両の 小型部品 ノズル部 高速化 メモリー低減 大型部品 多パス 熱弾塑性詳細解析 多パス 船のブロック 固有変形を 橋梁 用いた弾性解析 単純溶接継手 １パス 対象構造物の規模 08 溶接変形予測 ３４ 大
80 (a) { } (b) { }{ } (c) { }{ } + E ASTOM D A B C D F Virtual Weld ASTOM A B C D E F Virtual Weld E A B C ASTOM F ASTOM
81 09-1 Materials and its properties Joint type and groove geometry Shielding gas and wire, Process parameters Welding conditions, etc Input Virtual Welding System Output m
82 No.100_ D D 09-4
83 Temperature(K) 12mm Temperature(K) 12mm mm 30mm 50mm 80mm Time(s) (a) Experiment Time(s) (b) Calculation Comparison between experimental and calculated temperature histories in multi-pass welding
84 3500(K) No.115 0(K) A 28V 35cm/min 0.8mm -0.2mm 09-8
85
86 09-11 A V 09-12
87
88 09-15 (a) (b) (c) (d)
89 0.5mm No mm A 25V 40cm/min
90
91
92
93 T-S T-L ( ) 10-5 [ ] 100 3,100 1,800 17,000 17,400 7,300 17,200 2,600 8,200 74,700 [ ]
94 H16 user I/F DB Marketing A A ( >WG) PJ A or or or or A / H NEDO JST VirtualWeld SOF ASTOM TPS 10-8
95 (virtual weld) ASTOM (Virtual Weld) 10-9
1 158 14 2 8 00225 2 1.... 3 1.1... 4 1.2... 5 2.... 6 2.1...7 2.2... 8 3.... 9 3.1... 10 3.2... 16 4.... 17 4.1... 18 4.2... 20 4.3... 22 5.... 23 5.1... 24 5.2... 28 5.3... 34 5.4... 37 5.5... 39 6....
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SPring-8 RFgun JASRI/SPring-8 6..7 Contents.. 3.. 5. 6. 7. 8. . 3 cavity γ E A = er 3 πε γ vb r B = v E c r c A B A ( ) F = e E + v B A A A A B dp e( v B+ E) = = m d dt dt ( γ v) dv e ( ) dt v B E v E
[ 30 p. 1-8 (2012)] / ** *** Numerical Analysis of Metal Transfer Phenomena - critical condition between globular and spray transfer mode - by KADOTA
![[ 30 p. 1-8 (2012)] / ** *** Numerical Analysis of Metal Transfer Phenomena - critical condition between globular and spray transfer mode - by KADOTA](/thumbs/98/136870892.jpg "[ 30 p. 1-8 (2012)] / ** *** Numerical Analysis of Metal Transfer Phenomena - critical condition between globular and spray transfer mode - by KADOTA")
[ 30 p. 1-8 (2012)] / ** *** Numerical Analysis of Metal Transfer Phenomena - critical condition between globular and spray transfer mode - by KADOTA Keiji and HIRATA Yoshinori Metal transfer modes in
155 13 2 15 B97176 1 1.1. 4 1.2. 5 1.2.1. 1.2.2. 1.3. 7 2. 2.1. 9 2.2. 1 2.3. 13 2.4. 16 3. 3.1. 3.1.1. 18 3.1.2. 26 3.1.3. 33 3.2. 3.2.1. 34 3.2.2. 5 4. 4.1. 52 4.2. 53 54 55 2 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 3 4 Fig.
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GeoFem 1 1.1 1 1.2 1 1.3 1 2 2.1 2 2.2 3 2.3 FEM 5 (1) 5 (2) 5 (3) 6 2.4 GeoFem 7 2.5 FEM 16 2.6 19 2.7 26 3.1 33 3.2 35 3.3 GeoFem 36 3.4 48 3.5 49 A A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 GeoFem GeoFem CRS GeoFem GeoFem
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溶接現象のモデル化 NEDO プロジェクトから 大阪大学 大学院工学研究科 黄地尚義 WDS100 回記念セミナー (2005 年 1 月 ) 溶接現象のモデル化 NEDO プロジェクトから 大阪大学大学院知能 機能創成工学専攻 黄地尚義 宮坂史和 山本剛 辻陽子 0. はじめに技術者は 与えられた溶接構造物に対し 適切な溶接施工法 施工条件を選択 決定しなければならない この決定には高度な技術的判断が要求され
19 σ = P/A o σ B Maximum tensile strength σ % 0.2% proof stress σ EL Elastic limit Work hardening coefficient failure necking σ PL Proportional
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42 1 Fig. 2. Li 2 B 4 O 7 crystals with 3inches and 4inches in diameter. Fig. 4. Transmission curve of Li 2 B 4 O 7 crystal. Fig. 5. Refractive index
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43 Evaluation for Thermal Fatigue Life of Solder Joints in Electronic Components Haruhiko Yamada, Kazuyoshi Ogawa 2 63Sn- 37Pb 95Pb-5Sn Si Cu Si 63Sn-37Pb Since automotive electronic components are used
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