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1 II. Key The Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1992, Vol.32, No.2, Masculinity versus Femininity: An experimental demonstration to identify the basis of women's self-esteem YASUKI YAGI (University of Tokyo) Ninety-six female subjects in Experiment I, after exposed to the essay of a woman showing successfully either femininity or masculinity, read the criticism which was seemingly well-grounded or crudely negative against the way of life expressed in each essay, i.e., femininity or masculinity, and evaluated that woman along a variety of trait adjectives. At that evaluation, about half of Ss were told that they might take the criticism into consideration for their information and the form with the criticism was attached to the answer sheet, i.e., evaluations of Ss appeared to be grounded upon the criticism., but The rest of Ss read the criticism in the situation ostensibly unrelated to their evaluations and the answer sheet was independent of the criticism. Individual difference was assessed by a self-esteem inventory. From the viewpoint of self-evaluation maintenance or social-comparison jealousy, a woman who has desirable traits that Ss do not have is ego-threatening and Ss harbor the motive to derogate that woman but wish to conceal it. But in the situation where their evaluations appeared to be grounded upon the criticism, compared to Ss who read the crudely negative criticism, Ss who read the seemingly well-grounded one are, so to speak, provided with socially acceptable rationalization for derogation, so they can let out that motive. The results were as follows. Low self-esteem Ss had that motive toward a woman showing femininity and high self-esteem Ss had that motive toward a woman showing masculinity. These mean that women heighten self-esteem by acquiring femininity: Against popular view of fear of success, femininity is the most important as the basis of self-esteem. This reasoning was confirmed in Experiment words: self-esteem, rationalization, social-comparison jealousy, self-evaluation maintenance, femininity, masculinity, fear of success

4 Table1 Essays the essay of a woman showing femininity the essay of a woman showing masculinity

5 the criticism seemingly well-grounded against femininity Table2 Criticisms the criticism seemingly well-grounded against masculinity the criticism crudely negative against femininity the criticism crudely negative against masculinity

7 Fig. 1 Mean value of gfemininity h toward a woman showing femininity for each condition in experiment I at low self- esteem scale scores

8 Fig.2 Mean value of gmasculinity h toward a woman showing masculinity for each condition in experiment I at high self-esteem scale scores Note: see Fig.1. Fig.3 Mean value of gfemininity h toward a woman showing masculinity for each condition in experiment I at high selfesteem scale scores Note: see Fig. 1.

10 Table 3 The rewrited criticism which is seemingly wellgrounded against the way of life expressed in the essay of a woman showing masculinity

11 Fig. 4 Mean value of gfemininity h toward a woman showing femininity for each condition in experiment II at low selfesteem scale scores

12 Fig.5 Mean value of gmasculinity h toward a woman showing masculinity Fig. 6 Mean greal MOTIVE h ratings for each condition in experiment II Note: see Fig.4. for each condition in experiment II at high self-esteem scale scores

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Masculinity Versus Femininity ( ) Derogating Superior Others in Private Yasuki Yagi From the viewpoint of self-evaluation maintenance or social compar

Masculinity Versus Femininity ( ) Derogating Superior Others in Private Yasuki Yagi From the viewpoint of self-evaluation maintenance or social comparison jealousy, a woman who has desirable traits that