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1 =
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7 S it = 1 m (1) 2 it- f it i i f i 0 100
8 =1/2( ) =1/20 = 0 0 S=1/2( ) =1/2( ) =1/2200 = S=1/2( ) =1/2( ) = 25 (1)
9 Blau and Hendricks(1979) Mix Effect Composition EffectMix Effect Composition Effect Interaction Effect Mix Effect Composition Effect q it T it - p it T it sit = 1 2 i iq it T it ip it T it (1) MIX = 1 qi1ti2 pi1ti2 qi1ti1 pi1ti i i iqi1ti2 ipi1ti2 iqi1ti1 ipi1ti1 (2) COMP = 1 qi2ti1 pi2ti1 qi1ti1 pi1ti i i iqi2ti1 ipi2ti1 iqi1ti1 ipi1ti1 (3)
10 (2) Mix Effect it i it i it(=fit+mit) i it=fit/tit i it=(1-pit)=mit/tit i (2) 2 (3) Composition Effect (3) 2 Interaction Effect Mix Effect Composition Effect 2 Mix Effect Composition Effect Composition Effect =-1.79/ (=1.12/1.33) (=1.42/1.70)Composition Effect Mix Effect (=0.17/0.20) (=0.29/0.46) (=0.75/0.67)Mix Effect
11 (Employment Standardized Index) (2) Beller(1985) 1980 S. (4) it = 1 m.. 2 it - f it i m. Mit /Tit Tit it = i Mit /Tit Tit-1. fit = Fit /Tit Tit Fit /Tit Tit-1 i it i it i it(=fit+mit) i it i 9 (4)
12 2.3 Bergmann(1974) Crowding Lf0 25 m0 75 m0 md 0 md m0 75 md 60 f0 fd f0 25 fd 40
13 6 Blau, Ferber and Winkler(1998), p F W (5)
14 Filer(1989) 4 Ferber and Lowry(1976) 1992 (5) LnW= AGE AGE TEN TEN SCH FS PART INDi+9F 6 W AGE TEN SCH 10 PART IND F F W (6) 0 0
15
16 (6) F F F F Compensated Wage Differential Hypothesis
17 12 13
18 (3) (4) 223, , (5) , , ,
19 lnw= (7)
20 ln (7) lnwm= (8) lnwf = X (9) m 0 (8)(9) (8) (9) lnwmlnwf = (10) (10) Oaxaca Decomposition Oaxaca1973 Oaxaca Decomposition (1991) (1997) Oaxaca Decomposition lnwmlnwf = (11) (10) (11) Oaxaca Decomposition Oaxaca and Ransom(1994) lnwmlnwf =Xm X XmX (12)
21 (6) (12) 3 Xm X XmX 2000 LnW= AGE AGE TEN TEN SCH FS PART (13) W AGE TEN SCH 10 PART W
22 19 (13) (12)
23 19
24
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28 ln 14 ln 15 V 0 U ln 16 ln 17 ln ln V ln 20 V (15) V
29 ln 22 X V (22) (1990 ) (2000 )
30 ln ln (7) (13) (26)
31
32 (1) ( (3) , (4) (5) (6) Neumark(1988) (7)
33 11
34 Beller, Andrea H.(1985) Changes in the Sex Composition of U.S. Occupations, The Journal of Human Resources 20 (2) : Bergmann, Barbara (1974)Occupational Segregation, Wage, and Profits When Employers Discriminate by Race and Sex.Eastern Economic Journal 1(2): Blau, Francine D., and Wallace E. Hendricks (1979)Occupational Segregation by Sex: Trends and Prospects.The Journal of Human Resources 14(2) : Blau, Francine D., and Andrea H. Beller(1988),Trends in Earnings Differentials by Gender( ).Industrial and Labor Relations Review 41(4): Blau, Francine D., Marianne A. Ferber, and Anne E. Winkler(1998) The Economics of Women, Men, and Work, 3 rd. ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall. Ferber, Marianne A., and Helen M. Lowry (1976) Sex Differential in Earnings: A Reappraisal.Industrial and Labor Relations Review 29(3) : Filer, Randall(1989)Occupational Segregation, Compensating Differentials and Comparable Worth.In Pay Equity : Empirical Inquiries, ed. Robert Michael and Heidi Hartmann, , Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press. (1991) (1998) No.456,41-51 Johnson, George and Gary Solon(1986)Estimates of the Direct Effect of Comparable Worth Policy.American Economic Review 76(5) : Juhn, Chinhui, Kevin M. Murphy, and Brooks Pierce (1991) Accounting for the Slowdown in Black-White Wage Convergence.In Workers and Their Wages, ed. Marvin Kosters, Washington, D. C. : American Enterprise Institute Press. Macpherson, David A., and Barry T. Hirsh(1995)Wages and Gender Composition: Why Do Women s Jobs Pay Less Journal of Labor Economics 13(3) : Lewis, Gregory (1996)Gender Integration of Occupations in the Federal Civil Services: Extent and Effects on Male-Female Earnings.Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49(3): (1997) Neumark, David (1988) Employers Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination.Journal of Human Resources 23(3) : Oaxaca, Ronald (1973) Male-female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets. International Economic Review 14(3) : Oaxaca, Ronald and Michael R. Ransom (1994)On Discrimination and the Decomposition of Wage Differentials.Journal of Econometrics 61(1) : Sorenson, Elaine(1990)The Crowding Hypothesis and Comparable Worth Issue.Journal of Human Resources 25(1):55-89.
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