Studies on Period of Word Emergence in Infants Delayed in Mental Development, from Viewpoint of Symbolic Function Tadashi Koyama Abstract : This study
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1 Studies on Period of Word Emergence in Infants Delayed in Mental Development, from Viewpoint of Symbolic Function Tadashi Koyama Abstract : This study was designed to investigate development of behavior related to language acquisition in infants who were delayed in mental development, and to speculate the developmental correlation between such behavior and language development. The 25 cases which consulted our clinic were observed in terms of development of pointing behavior, manipulation of toys, symbolic play, exchange of objects, and vocal and gestural imitation tasks. In each case, the study analyzed data for the prelinguistic period and for the time when meaningful words emerged. The cases were divided into three groups by number of words which their mothers reported at the end of the study program : group A included 7 cases who spoke no words, group B included 9 cases who spoke 1 or 2 words, and group C included 9 cases who spoke more than 3 words. The results were as follows. 1. Comprehension of others pointing, conventional use of toy cars and dolls, exchanges of objects and conventional games were well developed in group A. However the develop-
2 ment of pointing and symbolic play were distinctly delayed. 2. In group B, noncommunicative pointing, symbolic play and conventional use of a toy telephone were developed from the prelinguistic period to the time that words emerged. 3. In group C, communicative pointing, combinatorial symbolic games, comprehension of others pointing, conventional use of dolls and imitation of words were developed from the prelinguistic period to the time that words emerged. In this group, it was thought that symbols were utilized at the inter-personal level. 4. A significant difference was found between the cases which spoke no words and those which acquired words in terms of the following behavior development : noncommunicative pointing, conventional use of a cup and spoon, symbolic play, imitation of words in their vocabulary, and gestures of bye-bye resulting from interchange with their mothers. These types of behavior related to language acquisition were thought to be closely linked to the emergence of language. Key words : symbolic function, behavior related to language acquisition, developmental correlation, prelinguistic period
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6 156 音 声言語 医学 III.結 果 児 童 相 談 所 で の 経 過 指 導 中 に25例 中18例 出 現 した.獲 得 語 彙 数 別 に み る と,A群 C群 が そ れ ぞ れ9例 に言語 が が7例,B群, で あ っ た.各 事 例 の 前 言 語 期 と言 語 出 現 期 の 言 語 獲 得 関 連 行 動 の 観 察 結 果 を群 ご と に ま とめ た も の が 表3で 表4に あ る(A群 は,B群,C群 は 前 言 語 期 の み),ま た で 前言語 期 か ら言語 出現 期 にか け て 各 項 目 の 獲 得 状 況 が 変 化 して い る とい え る か ど う か,McNemarの 変 化 の 顕 著 性 に対 す る 検 定11)に よ っ て 統 計 的 に検 定 した 結 果 を 示 した.そ れ ぞ れ の 項 目 に つ い て 観 察 した 結 果 を 以 下 に述 べ る. 1)指 さ し行 動:自 に,他 る7,12).ま ず,指 獲 得 のA群 図1本 研 究 で 使 用 し た,積 プ と ス プ ー ン,人 木,ボ 形,電 ー ル,車,カ 発 的 指 さ し行 動 が 出 現 す る以 前 者 の 指 さ し が 理 解 され る と一 般 に い わ れ て い さ し理 解 の 成 立 状 況 を み る と,言 語 未 で は,近 距 離 指 さ し理 解,遠 解 と も に,5例(71.9%)で ッ 距 離 指 さ し理 成 立 し て い る.B群 で は, 前 言 語 期 に 近 距 離 指 さ し理 解 は8例(88.9%)で 話,布 し,そ の う ち6例(66.7%)は 立 し て い る.言 成立 遠 距 離 指 さ し理 解 も成 語 出 現 期 で は,近 距 離 指 さ し,遠 距 離 告 あ るいは観 察場 面で初 めて有意 味語 の 出現が 確認 さ 指 さ し と もに,前 れ た 時 の 結 果 を 言 語 出 現 期 の 資 料 と し,有 意 味 語 らず 言 語 出 現 期 に は 両 指 さ し理 解 が 定 着 して い な い 事 が 出 現 す る ま で の 時 期 を<前 例 が2例(22.2%)あ 言 語 期>と して,言 語が 言 語 期 に は成 立 し て い た に もか か わ っ た た め,指 さ し理 解 が 成 立 し 出現 した面接 の直前 の面 接結 果 を前言語 期 の資 料 とし て い る事 例 が 占 め る 割 合 は,前 た.言 て い る(近 距 離 指 さ し理 解:6例,66.7%,遠 語 出 現 期 の 観 察 結 果 は,母 親 か ら報 告 さ れ た 表 出 語 彙 数 に よ って 分 類 した.そ の 時 に新 版K式 査9)の 検 査 項 目 に 入 っ て い る<語 発 達検 彙3語>と,先 行研 さ し理 解:5例,55.6%),語 前 言 語 期 で は,近 言 語 期 よ り も低 くな っ 彙 が3語 距 離 指 さ し理 解,遠 究5'10)の中 で発 達 的 指 標 と し て取 り上 げ られ て い る<語 と も成 立 し て い る事 例 は,A群,B群 彙10語>を べ て 少 な い(近 距 離 指 さ し理 解:5例,55 A群 一 応 の 目安 と して 使 用 した.そ れ に よ って, 言 語 未 獲 得 群(児 点 で,母 童相談 所 での経 過指 導終 了時 親 か ら有 意 味 語 あ り の 報 告 が な く,実 際 の 観 察 場 面 で も有 意 味 語 が 観 察 され な か っ た事 例),B群 語 彙3語 未 満 群(母 親 か らの 報 告 で 語 彙 が1語 2語 あ っ た 事 例),C群 報 告 で 語 彙 が3語 語 彙3語 以 上10語 以 上 群(母 ない し 親 か らの 未 満 の 事 例)に 対 象 児 を 分 類 し,言 語 獲 得 の 状 況 と言 語 獲 得 関 連 行 動 の 観 察 結 果 と の 関 係 を分 析 し た. そ の 手 順 と して,ま にB群,C群 言 語 期 か ら言 語 出 現 期 に か け て 獲 得 す る 事 例 が 増 加 し て い る 項 目 を調 べ た.最 群(A群)の の 前言語 期 に比 表4に 示 し た よ う に,C群.6%.遠 距 か し,言 語 出 現 期 に 距 離 指 さ し理 解 は 全 例(100%)で 離 指 さ し も8例(88.9%)で の 距 離 指 さ し理 解 成 立 し,遠 距 成 立 して い る. で は,近 距離 指 さ しにつ い て も遠 距 離 指 さ し に つ い て も,前 言 語 期 か ら 言 語 出 現 期 に か け て,指 さ し理 解 が 成 立 す る 事 例 が 増 加 す る 傾 向 に あ る(近 距 離 指 さ し 理 解:P=0.0625,0.05< 距 離 指 さ し理 解:P=0.0625,0.05<P 語 未 獲 得 群 と言 語 獲 得 群 との 間 に,指 さ し理 0.10).言 解 の 成立 状 況 に差 が あ る か どうか 統計 的 に検 定 し た が,有 意 差 は な か っ た(近 距 離 指 さ し理 解:P=0.887, 後 に言語未 獲得 結 果 と言 語 獲 得 群(B C群)の 現 期 の 結 果 を基 に,言 は,近 P<0.10,遠 ず各群 の前 言語 期の 言語獲 得 関 連 行 動 の 発 達 状 況 を 比 較 検 討 し た.次 に お い て,前 離 指 さ し理 解:4例,44.4%).し 距 離指 以 上 あ るC群 言語 出 語獲 得 の有無 によ って各項 目の 発 達 状 況 に差 が あ る か ど うか 検 討 した. 注1)言 語 未 獲 得 群 と言 語 獲 得 群 との 間 に 言 語 獲 得 関 連 行 動 の 各 項 目 の 獲 得 状 況 に差 が み ら れ る か ど う か の 検 定 に は,本 た. 研究 では フィ ッシャーの直接 確 率計算 法 を用 い
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Title 被 服 製 作 に 関 する 知 識 と 技 能 の 実 態 : 帰 国 生 と 一 般 生 と の 比 較 ( fulltext ) Author(s) 山 崎, 真 澄 ; 池 﨑, 喜 美 惠 Citation 東 京 学 芸 大 学 紀 要. 総 合 教 育 科 学 系, 64(2): 175-182 Issue Date 2013-02-28 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2309/132633
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