word S V O

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1 word S V O

2 傍擠 isolating language SVO a b

3 E. The simplest at least the most economical method of conveying some sort of grammatical notion is to juxtapose two or more words in a definite sequence without making any attempt by inherent modification of these words to establish a connection between them. Sapir : SVO a The children saw the gosling. b The gosling saw the children. Lehmann The children the gosling see saw seen foot feet goose geese case inflection I beat him *Him beat I

4 a femina hominem videt b hominem femina videt c hominem videt femina d videt femina hominem Sapir : femina hominem a em Vennemann SOV SVO Comrie : 214, 5 SOV Hawkins Early Immediate Constituent Hawkins drift processing

5 θ preference conventionalize SOV SVO SVO, Hawkins 2004 Vennemann Lehmann OV VO OV VO 擠 Lehmann1978 : Basic sentence pattern phom kin khâaw 傾 Adpositional pattern thîi b risàt Relative constructions ná s m thîi kháw kh ian 亟慕 m

6 Genitive constructions rót kh phom 概 Descriptive adjectives bâan mày 型 Name with title?aacaan bùtsabaa 弗 inconsistent Li and Thompson1989 : 23-6 SVO SVO SVO SOV SOV OV VO 鯰

7 adpositional pattern Li and Thompson SOV a b maa [càak yîipùn] c b SOV adpositon PP+V valence voice aspect tense mood 擠 clitic

8 causative : a b a kháw chìik kradàat khàat. b kháw ji nók taai kradàat nók a b yùu l o

9 a. kháw fa dontrii yùu. b ph om thaan khâao l o. a *kháw fa yùu dontrii. b *phom thaan l o khâao. demotion a b * c? b c

10 a b a b Li and Thompson ch.16 OV 装 Shibatani agent defocusing

11 a John broke the window b The window was broken a tamrùat càp phûráay. b phuuráay thùuk tamrùat càp. PAS b b thùuk thùuk a dèk tham naalikaa t k. b *naalikaa tham t k. c naalikaa thùuk dèk tham t k. a naalikaa b c thùuk dèk

12 ed be+p.p. thùuk b a 宝序扮 b 敬需 c 宸一 a b c VO OV

13 cross linguistic word sentence clause 斑公傾 constituent Sapir 1921 : 38 all languages have an inherent tendency to economy of expression Were this tendency entirely inoperative there would be no grammar OV VO Greenberg S

14 Comrie BS M 彑衰遊遊遊弗断 BEI Robins R H 装囂窃肆貿斑暦慕鋼装鯖嚔糞 13 査囂囂匡暦慕鋼

15 擠査囂囂煽蓑窟強鯰編胎査囂強炎芝恢囂強囂 Comrie Bernard.. Language Universals and Linguistic Typology. Second edition. Blackwell : Oxford. Greenberg, J. H.. Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements. in Greenberg (ed.), Universals of Language. MIT Press Hawkins, J. A.. A Performance Theory of Order and Constituency. Cambridge Studies in Linguistics. Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars. Oxford UP Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., and Svartvik, J.. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London Longman. Shibatani, M.. Passives and Related Constructions A Prototype Analysis. Language. Sapir, Edward.. Language : An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York Harcourt Brace. E. Lehmann, W. P.. A Structual Principle of Language and its Implications. Language.. Lehmann, W. P., ed.. Syntactic Typology. University of Texas Press. Li, C. N. and S. A. Thompson.. Mandarin Chinese A Functional Reference Grammar. University of California Press Berkeley. Vennemann. Analogy in Generative Grammar The Origin of Word Order, in Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Linguists. Mulino Bologna.

Grice (1957) S x p S A x 1. A p 2. A S 1 3. A S 1 p (intention-based semantics) S p x (Strawson 1964; Grice 1969; Schiffer 1972; Harman 1974; Bennett

2016/10/21 1 (implicature) (presupposition) (speech act) Sperber & Wilson (1986/1995) (inferential model) 2 Sperber & Wilson (1986/1995) (code model) (1) (2) (3) (5) 1 Grice (1957) S x p S A x 1. A p 2.