Saussure ( ) Glossematics function a presupposes b dependence Hjelmslev ( ) ( ) a. interdependence substance form b. determination sine c. constellati
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1 Saussure ( ) Glossematics function a presupposes b dependence Hjelmslev ( ) ( ) a. interdependence substance form b. determination sine c. constellation constellation spit sp caps, sit, pit ( a-c) ( b,c) ( ) determination, constellation ( : ), Whitfield( : ) Tesnière ( ) Tesnière Hjelmslev Tesnière Hjelmslev [ ] 35
2 Tesnière a Tesnière ( : ) ( )( ) stemma ( ) Mon vieil ami chante cette fort jolie chanson. ( ) chante ami chanson mon vieil cette jolie fort ( ) Tesnière ( ) Anderson (, ), Mel uk ( ), Hudson ( ) a Saussure ( ) behaviorism IC constituency grammar Chomsky ( ) Chomsky ( ) X Chomsky ( ) X N, A, V NP, AP, VP ( ) a X" [Spec, X'] X" b. X" X (where X can be N, A or V ) ( b) X N, V, A X' X X X complement ( a) X" X" X' specifier X' Chomsky ( ) ( ) S N" V" ( ) ( ) ( ) [Spec, N'][Spec, V] Chomsky ( ) 36
3 a:- X Jackendoff ( ) X X ( ) X X X ( ) lexical semantics word grammar Tesnière ( ) () a,b ( ) a. A B AB Good students write interesting essays. students good b. good students good students c. good students 37
4 essays write d. write Agent Goal e. f. (Good) Students write (interesting) essays. ( a) ( b-f) my mother and father (=my parents) ( a) X a: ( b-f) ( ) ( ) ( ) a. in August b. on August st ( ) c. at the beginning of August a. John is a doctor. b. They are doctors. ( ) a. He suggested a picnic on a bus. b. He suggested a picnic on a bus. 38
5 a. John almost swam. b. John almost painted a picture. ( a,b)( a,b) almost ( a) ( b) ( a) swim activity verb( b) paint a picture accomplishment verb almost ( ) Tesnière ( : ) Tesnière ( ) Tesnière ( ) ( ) ( ) - H M a. MH b. HM c. MM d. HH a. blackboard, fieldwork / b. tiptoe, way out / c. hangover, redcap / d. fighter-bomber, singer-songwriter / ( a) Williams ( ) ( a) ( b) ( b) looker (s) -on (<look on), passer (s) -by (<pass by) HM HM HM ( c) MM ( c) exocentric construction( a) ( c) hangover hang over 39
6 hang over redcap HM red cap ( d) ( d) ( d) base ( a) lexical cohesion a. - b. ( a) ( a) ( b) 40
7 : ( b) ( a,b) a: ( a,b) ( ) - ( ) - ( ) - 41
8 AB a. The large spider frightened Aunt Matilda. b. c. Magna Matildan perterruit amitam aranea. large Matilda frightened aunt spider ( a,b) The large spider, ( a) ( b,c) Aitchison ( : ) ( a) AB a. The thief has run away. 42
9 b. A thief has run away. a. He jumped up and down on the table. b. He jumped onto the table. a. He will come back in a few days. b. He lived in China for three years. a. He erased the letter on the blackboard. b. He wrote a letter on the blackboard. He lives in Peking. ( a,b)( a,b) definite indefinite ( a) ( b) ( a)( b) - iconicity principle HH a. MH 43
10 b. MH c. MH d. HM e. HH HH MH ( d) HM ( e) HH MM X ( ) N" X IC X Chomsky ( :) Hale ( ) configurational language VP VP X - 44
11 - to I believe him to be honest. a. John is easy to please. b. John is eager to please. a. I asked her what to eat. b. I told her what to eat. to believe to be him ( a) ( b) ( a) To please John is easy. is to ( a,b) please John John ( a) please ( b) John easy, eager ( a,b) eat I, her I her eat ask, tell 45
12 a. two tall boys vs *tall two boys c. vs a. *Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. b. * a. Mary will meet John at school tomorrow. b. c. ( a) ( b) ( a) ideas colorless, green colorless green ( b) ( a,b) ( a,b) at school, tomorrow ( c) a. [ ] auf dem Tisch b. [ ] auf den Tisch a. Ich bin gestern hier glücklich angekommen. b. I arrived safely here yesterday. 46
13 ( a,b) ( a) ( b) dog, cat [ ] [ ] - HH ( a-e) ( a,b) ( a,b) ( b) ( ) ( b:) 47
14 a. b. c. d. ( a) VO OV [ ] ( a) ( b) ( c) ( d) topic ( d) ( a-d) ( b,c) ( a,d) Hjelmslev ( ;:Whifield : ( b) sine ( ) Hjelmslev - 48
15 static dynamic Aitchison, J.. Linguistics (Teaching Yourself Books). London:Hodder and Stoughton. Anderson, J.A.. The Grammar of Case:Towards a Localistic Theory. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press... On Case Grammar: Prolegomena to a Theory of Grammatical Relations. London:Croom Helm. Chomsky, N.. Syntactic Structures. The Hague:Mouton... Remarks on nominalization. In R.A.Jacobs and P.S.Rosenbaum (eds.) Readings in English Transformational Grammar, -. London: Ginn... Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht:Foris. Hale, K.. On the position of Walbiri in a typology of the base. Mimeo. MIT. Hjelmslev,L.. Omkring sprogteoriens grundlœggelse. In Festskrift udgivet af Københavns Universitet i anledning af Universitetets Aarsfest, -. Whitfield F.J.Whitfield Prolegomena to a Theory of Language (Revised Edition), Madison :University of Wisconsin Press) Hudson, R.. Word Grammar. Oxford:Basil Blackwell. Jackendoff, R.. X-bar Syntax: A Study of Phrase Structure. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press... : -.. Constituency grammar and dependency grammar. : -. a. :.. b. :...a..b : a. Tesnière :.. b. :. Mel uk, I.A.. Studies in Dependency Syntax. Ann arbor: Karoma... A Comparative Study of Word Formation between English and Chinese. Doctoral Dissertation (Ritsumeikan University). Saussure, F. de.. Cours de linguistique générale. Paris: Payot. Tesnière, L.. Éléments de syntaxe structurale. Paris:Klinksieck. Williams, E.. On the notions lexically related and head of a word. Linguistic Inquiry :-. 49
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