Version 1.2 Parallax Inc.

Transcription

1 Version 1.2 Parallax Inc.

2 LM Troubleshooting Output Comparator Bit Output Parallel and Serial Transmission output) Potentiometer...33 ADC

3 Resolution Calibration Resistive Ladder Network Output Modify Voltage Follower Triangle Wave Sine Wave Pulse Width Modulation PWM

4 PWM Program it...98 Output...99 Duty A

5 etc. interface 2 Stamps in Class commands analog to digital converter A to D A/D support@microbot-ed.com Digital (Andrew Lindsay) I-Four of Grass Valley Russ Miller, Jeff Martin, John Barrowman Ken Gracey Parallax Inc. 1

6 1 analog and digital electronics What s a Microcontroller? Volt Voltage Volt 18 1/3 Allesandro 1/2 Volta Volts Voltage batteries 20 DC 60Km digital electronics electrons Binary positive What s a Microcontroller? negative terminals interface Binary electrons Volt V Volts LED voltage follower 2

7 I/O binary input PBASIC BASIC LED binary LED circuit Debug window P BASIC 101 binary value BASIC Stamp IBM PC Win95 Parts required 470 resistors LED Light Emitting Diode 100K potentiometer LM358 op-amp circuit schematics Circuit Schematic Schematic 1.1 LED LED 1.1 LED Parallax Inc. 3

8 1.1 ( For Your Information FYI Current Ampere A B 3 V I x R V V) I A) R Resistance Ohm Ohm s Law Volt Ampere Ohm V A O Volt Ampere Amp 18 (André Marie Ampère) Ohm 19 Georg Simon Ohm 4

9 Potentiometer Pot pot Carbon Vdd Vss wiper Vdd Vdd V Vss Vss V Vdd Vss 1.4 Vdd V Vss V 1.4 Parallax Inc. 5

10 LM358 Op-amp Operational amplifier 1.5 LM358 block diagram voltage follower follows LED 1.5 LM358 Block Diagram LM LM358 #1 Important 1.6 Vdd BS V 5 Vss Vdd Vdd Vss Vin V V V V Vin V Vin I/O Input/Output 16 I/O P0 15 6

11 Comparator / 7 pot Vdd LM358 Vss Parallax Inc. 7

12 1.7 4 LED I/O LED LM358 Vdd Vss 4 Vss LM358 4 LM358 4 Vss LM358 4 Vss LM358 8

13 Program it State_of_P7 PBASIC P P P low high P high P12 LED low P P BASIC 101 P State_of_P7.bs2 State_of_P7_1_1R0.bs2 State_of_P7_1_1R0 State_of_P7_1_1 Revision 0.bs2 DB ' Basic Analog and Digital State of P7.bs2 ' Check the state of P7 and shows it on the Debug Window ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} debug cls input 7 output 12 DO out12 = in7 debug home, "The state of P7 is ", bin in7 LOOP ' P7.bs2 ' ' CPU ' PBASIC2.5 ' ' P7 ' P12 ' DO LOOP ' in7 P12 ' ' DO apostrophe comment PBASIC command ' Basic Analog and Digital - State_of_P7.bs2 ' Check the state of P7 and shows it on the Debug Window. compiler instruction Parallax Inc. 9

14 Directive PBASIC SX $STAMP BS2} {$STAMP BS2SX} ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} debug window PBASIC debug DEBUG CLS I/O input output PBASIC P input 7 I/O P12 output output 12 DO LOOP DO DO LOOP LOOP DO DO LOOP GOTO loop goto loop P P12 LED P binary P12 1 P12 P out12 = in7 I/O commas debug home, "The state of P7 is ", bin in7 10

15 home home double quotation mark The state of pin P7 is bin in7 P bin binary P LED P DO DO LOOP Troubleshooting P12 P13 P12 LED P13 LED LED cathode anode LED LED Output LED LED P P P12 LED Parallax Inc. 11

16 1.9 State_of_P7_1_1R0.bs2 threshold FYI P DC Voltmeter 1.4V FYI For Your Information I/O 1.4V FYI low hi low hi low hi Threshold 1.4V 1.5V 1.4V 1.5V TTL RS232C low 1.4V 1.5V hi 1.4V 1.5V BS2 Comparator PBASIC P 1.4V P12 V P 1.4V P12 V 1.4V 1.4V comparator V V 12

17 What have I learned? block Parallax Inc. 13

18 Questions [ inverting non-inverting LED 2.5V 1.5V debug home P8 Challenge! LED P11 LED invert P11 State_of_P7 LED 0.5 flash pause pause State_of_P7 P LED P LED 14

19 Why did I learn it? LED LED LED 555 chip IC How can I apply this? capacitors Parallax Inc. 15

20 Bit 2 Bit binary number techniques keypad LED Parts Required K LED

21 open normally open open circuit 2.1 Building the Circuit 2.2 LED P 470 Vss LED PBASIC LED P LED P LED P LED P0 P V Vdd P P 10K Vss V P I/O P P1 Parallax Inc. 17

22 Bit 2.3 P 2.1 Program Listing LED Program it LED P P P P P P Program Listing 2.1 PL2_1R0.bs2 ' Basic Analog and Digital - PL2_1R0.bs2 ' Program Listing 2.1 Revision 0 ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} a var bit b var bit d var nib input 0 input 1 output 4 output 5 debug cls 2.1 ' a 1 bit ' b 1 bit ' d 4 bit ' P0 ' P1 ' P4 ' P5 ' DO a = in0 ' DO ' P0 a 18

23 b = in1 out4 = b out5 = a d = (2*b)+(1*a) ' P1 b ' b P4 ' a P5 ' d 4 debug home, "State of pin P0 is ", bin a, cr ' debug "State of pin P1 is ", bin b, cr, cr debug "2-bit binary number:", cr debug "P1 P0", cr debug " ", bin b, " ", bin a, cr, cr debug "Decimal equivalent: ", dec1 d, cr LOOP ' DO Output 2.4 LED 2.3 LED P 2.4 two-bit binary 1 ' Basic Analog and Digital - PL2_1R0.bs2 ' Program Listing 2.1 Revision 0. ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} define a b bit a b d Parallax Inc. 19

24 Bit FYI Memory and Food bit a var bit b var bit d var nib nibble Electrically Erasable nibble P BASIC 37 VAR(iable) statement 4 bits 1 byte 8 I/O input bits output word 16 declared bits input 0 Bits and input 1 Bytes output 5 bit, nibble, output 4 byte debug cls 16 dinner LED DO LOOP DO LOOP FYI DO P P RAM P RAM Random P Access Memory RAM I/O a = in0 32 b = in1 EEPROM P1 P Programmable Read Only Memory LED P EEPROM P PBASIC P EEPROM a b P P a b P BASIC out4 = b 32 out5 = a out4=in1 out5=in0 20

25 from binary to decimal b a d d = (2*b)+(1*a) PBASIC d (2 x b + 1) x a operators / debug home home double quote State of pin P1 is P1 bin a a cr carriage return P BASIC debug home, "State of pin P0 is ", bin a, cr home b home 1 debug home home home home cr debug "State of pin P1 is ", bin b, cr, cr cr debug "2-bit binary number:", cr, P P b a Parallax Inc. 21

26 Bit debug "P1 P0", cr b a carriage return debug " ", bin b, " ", bin a, cr, cr dec d decimal P BASIC 105 debug "Decimal equivalent: ", dec1 d, cr LED DO DO LOOP

27 .... Bit multipliers FYI Bit multipliers LSB Least Significant Bit MSB Most Significant Bit binary number. 8 x 1 = 8 4 x 0 = 0 2 x 1 = 2 1 x 1 = 1 Parallax Inc. 23

28 Bit = 11 Parallel and Serial Transmission 2.1 asynchronously parallel 16 I/O word size 16 Asynchronous serial data I/O synchronous serial data ready to receive ready to send P P1 Parallel Synchronous in sync Serial clock 24

29 2.2 PL2_2R0.bs2 ' Basic Analog and Digital - PL2_2R0.bs2 ' Program Listing 2.2 Revision 0. ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} n var nib ' n d var nib ' d input 0 ' P input 1 ' P for n = 1 to 4 ' for next 4 DO LOOP UNTIL IN1=1 ' in1 DO LOOP UNTIL IN1=0 ' in1 d=d<<1 ' d d=d+in0 ' d P0 debug home, "Shifting in bits: ", bin4 d ' next ' n for debug cr, cr, "Done shifting.", cr, cr debug "Decimal value: ", dec2 d, cr, cr output) P0 P Parallax Inc. 25

30 Bit for next RAM. timing diagram clock signal P1 P 26

31 information I/O P P 'Program Listing 2.2 debug cls n var nib d var nib input 0 input 1 for next shift for n = 1 to 4 FYI For Next for n = 1 to 7 PBASIC next PBASIC for next for next PBASIC for next PBASIC Parallax Inc. 27

32 Bit for next DO LOOP conditional loop P LOOP UNTIL IN1=1 DO P LOOP DO LOOP UNTIL IN1=1 P DO LOOP UNTIL IN1=0 d=d<<1 P BASIC 56 LSB Least Significant Bit P 4 LSB d P d=d+in0 LSB LSB P LSB d=d<<1 d=d+in0 n = 1 to 4 increment decrement debug home, "Shifting in bits: ", bin4 d next for next d modifier P BASIC 105 dec2 2 dec2 2 decimal digits debug cr, cr, "Done shifting.", cr, cr debug "Decimal value: ", dec2 d, cr, cr 1 digital DC voltmeter 28

33 What have I learned? word MSB LSB LSB PBASIC byte 6 I/O Parallax Inc. 29

34 Bit Questions d=d<<1 Challenge! 2.1 P2 P P Vdd Vss 2.2 P1 LED P 2.2 LSB LED P LSB LED 30

35 Why did I learn it? How can I apply this? Parallax Inc. 31

36 Digital DC Voltmeter DC DVM tool V V DC Voltage Digital VoltMeter DVM digit LED V V potentiometer sample Continuous range ADC0831 integrated circuit ADC0831 V V DVM Digital VoltMeter DVM DVM 1.234V V V 32

37 Parts Required ADC K 10 Potentiometer series R R R R R R R R FYI. V V R R R voltage divider.. V Parallax Inc. 33

38 ADC0831 The ADC0831 Integrated Circuit - An 8-bit Analog to Digital Converter ADC0831 A/D A/D converter integrated circuit integrated circuit IC silicon wafer IC chip IC A/D ADC0831 A/D resolution 255 ADC A/D ADC0831 ADC0831 Binary control signal DVM ADC0831 ADC ADC

39 3.2 ADC0831 ADC0831 Vin DO Bias Vref Vin IC bias Vcc GND IC Vcc Vdd GND Vss /CS chip select active low CLK clock /CS CLK ADC0831 /CS CLK. IC CLK DO data sheets IC ADC0831 National Semiconductor Parallax Inc. 35

40 Build it 3.3 IC 3.3 ADC0831 P ADC Vdd Vss ADC0831 Vss ADC0831 Vdd ADC0831 P1 P2 Program it 3.1 Program Listing 3.1 Revision 0 ADC P3_1R0.bs2 Revision source code version 36

41 ' Basic Analog and Digital - PL3_1R0.bs2 ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} 'Declarations. ' P BASIC 37 adcbits var byte ' adcbits 8 v var byte ' R var byte ' R v2 var byte ' 2 v3 var byte ' 3 ' -----[ Initialization ] ' con CS PIN 0 ' CS P0 CLK PIN 1 ' CLK P1 DataOutput PIN 2 ' DataOutput P2 debug cls ' 'Main routine. ' DO ' LOOP gosub ADC_DATA ' ADC_DATA gosub CALC_VOTS ' CALC_VOTS gosub DISPLAY ' DISPLAY LOOP ' DO ADC_DATA: ' ADCDATA high CS ' CS P0 low CS ' CS low CLK ' CLK P1 pulsout CLK, 210 ' P BASIC 70 shiftin DataOutput, CLK, msbpost, [adcbits\8] ' P BASIC 73 return ' gosub CALC_VOLTS: return ' CALC_VOLTS ' gosub DISPLAY: debug home debug "8-bit binary value: ", bin8 adcbits return ' DISPLAY ' ' ' gosub Parallax Inc. 37

42 Run/Debug/New ' Basic Analog and Digital - PL3_1R0.bs2 ' Program Listing 3.1 Revision 0. ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} variable declarations adcbits ' Declarations adcbits var byte v var byte R var byte v2 var byte v3 var byte 38

43 PIN pin directive directive CS CLK DataOutput ADC0831 I/O CS PIN 0 CLK PIN 1 DataOutput PIN 2 gosub DO LOOP ADC_DATA CALC_VOLTS DISPLAY Main routine gosub P BASIC 63 'Main routine DO LOOP gosub ADC_DATA gosub CALC_VOLTS gosub DISPLAY Subroutine Return gosub 3.5 flow diagram gosub ADC_DATA ADC_DATA ADC_DATA Return gosub ADC_DATA gosub CALC_VOLTS gosub 3.5 ADC_DATA return return gosub ADC_DATA ADC0831 P ADC0831 /CS P P CLK DO /CS high 0 high CS Parallax Inc. 39

44 high 0 P0 P high CS CS Chip Select CS I/O high CS ADC0831 /CS V low CS /CS V ADC_Data: high CS low CS CLK pulsout out0=1 out0=0 low CLK pulsout CLK, 210 ADC0831 CLK ADC0831 pulsout pulseout s e e pulsout CLK, 210 P BASIC 70 pulsout pulse width sec pulsout sec = 1/1,000,000 sec 210 x 2 ( sec) = 420 sec shiftin DataOutput, CLK, msbpost, [adcbits\8] ADC0831 CLK DO ADC0831 adcbits 8 msbpost P BASIC 73 shiftin DataOutput, CLK, msbpost, [adcbits\8] P BASIC 73 shiftin P BASIC 73 40

45 shiftin dpin, cpin, mode, [variable\bits] dpin data pin DataOutput P cpin clock pin CLK I/O P mode msbpost msbpost negative edge ADC0831 MSB Most Significant Bit [adcbits\8] adcbits CALC_VOLTS CALC_VOLTS: return DISPLAY ADC0831 bin8 adcbits debug home debug "8 bit binary value: ", bin8 adcbits home bin8 dec3 debug cls bin dec debug home debug cls return gosub DISPLAY goto main goto main main DISPLAY adcbits DVM ADC0831 V V Parallax Inc. 41

46 V V V 255 V ADC0831 V V V 256 combinations bits X 1 = X 0 = 0 32 X 1 = X 0 = 0 8 X 0 = 0 4 X 1 = 4 2 X 0 = 0 1 X 1 = = DISPLAY 42

47 DISPLAY: debug home, "8 bit binary value: ", bin8 adcbits debug CR, CR, "Decimal value: ", dec3 adcbits return debug CR, CR, Decimal value:, dec3 adcbits adcbits ADC0831 V ADC V A/D 255 Voltage Decimal A/D Output A/D Parallax Inc. 43

48 256 V = 165 ADC CALC_VOLTS DISPLAY PBASIC v = 5 * adcbits / 255 PBASIC. CALC_VOLTS: v = 5 * adcbits / 255 return DISPLAY: debug home, "8 bit binary value: ", bin8 adcbits debug CR, CR, "Decimal value: ", dec3 adcbits debug CR, CR, DVM Reading:, dec3 v, Volts return V Volts Revision 2 PBASIC

49 A/D 5 x ( A/D adcbits Voltage = 5 x ( A/D 255 = 5 x = ( 60 x 100 ) 255 = = algorithm Algorithm 23 PBASIC PBASIC / // P BASIC 50 Binary Operators PBASIC PBASIC R Remainder R 2 Parallax Inc. 45

50 PBASIC CALC_VOLTS CALC_VOLTS: v = 5 * adcbits / 255 R = 5 * adcbits // 255 v2 = 100 * R / 255 return DISPLAY display DISPLAY: debug home, "8 bit binary value: ", bin8 adcbits debug CR, CR, "Decimal value: ", dec3 adcbits debug CR, CR, DVM Reading: " debug dec1 v, ".", dec2 v2, Volts return Revision 3 CALC_VOLTS CALC_VOLTS: v = 5 * adcbits / 255 R = 5 * adcbits //

51 v2 = 100 * R / 255 v3 = 100 * R // 255 v3 = 10 * v3 / 255 if (v3 >= 5) then v2 = v2 + 1 if (v2 >=100) then ' v = v + 1 v2 = 0 ENDIF return ' ' ' ' ' '. DVM (Revision 4) P3_1R4.bs R 3 v3 = 100 x R // 255 v3 = 10 x v3 / Parallax Inc. 47

52 if (v3 >= 5) then v2 = v if (v2 >= 100 then v=v+1 v2=0 ENDIF DVM Resolution ADC A/D A/D A/D converter chip V) V 0.02 V 2 ADC V 0.01V

53 4095 V V Calibration V 4.963V Vdd Vss DVM What have I learned? A/D ADC0831 /D / / / DC DVM V Parallax Inc. 49

54 Questions A/D 6 A/D I/O ADC0831 A/D 3.6V Challenge! I/O I/O DVM threshold 1.4V 100K monitor 1.0V 2.0V safety zone LED blinks #3 2.0V LED 4.960V 50

55 Why did I learn it? A/D DC DVM How can I apply this? A/D simply because the world isn t black and white (binary), it s all the colors in-between as well (analog).) Parallax Inc. 51

56 Resistive Ladder Network D/A conversion Resistive Ladder A/D A/D Network A/D D/A D/A conversion D/A input binary number output A/D D/A steps D/A D/A D/A binary bits combinations equation D/A A/D integrated circuit D/A resistive ladder network D/A PBASIC DVM D/A voltage sweep DVM 52

57 PBASIC D/A Parts Required K K ADC0831 A/D Converter LED 270 LM358 op-amp( 4.1 Ladder D/A DAC 4.1 D/A D/A P4 P7 D/A A/D D/A ADC0831 A/D D/A IC Build it 4.2 P4 P7 DVM D/A Parallax Inc. 53

58 4.2 D/A D/A 4.2 Program it D/A DVM 16 D/A P3_1R4.bs2 PBASIC D/A 3.1 D/A DVM Revision4 DAC D/A ' '_ P _ R.bs2 4.1 ' -----[ Title ] ' Basic Analog and Digital - PL4_1R0.bs2 ' Digital Voltmeter (DVM) ' 54

59 ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} ' Declarations adcbits var byte v var byte R var byte v2 var byte v3 var byte n var nib '_ CS pin 0 CLK pin 1 DataOutput pin 2 'start display debug cls 'Main routine DO gosub DAC '_ gosub ADC_DATA gosub CALC_VOLTS gosub DISPLAY LOOP DAC: n = 11 output 7 output 6 output 5 output 4 out7=n.bit3 out6=n.bit2 out5=n.bit1 out4=n.bit0 return '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ ADC_DATA: high CS low CS low CLK pulsout CLK,210 shiftin DataOutput,CLK,msbpost,[adcbits\8] return Parallax Inc. 55

60 CALC_VOLTS: v=5*adcbits/255 R=5*adcbits//255 v2=100*r/255 v3=100*r//255 v3=10*v3/255 if (v3 >= 5) then v2=v2+1 if (v2 >= 100) then v=v+1 v2=0 ENDIF return DISPLAY: debug home, cr, cr, "Decimal value to DAC: ", dec2 n ' debug cr, cr, "Binary value to DAC: ", bin4 n ' debug CR, CR, "DVM Reading: ", dec1 v, ".", dec2 v2, " Volts" return Output 3.00V V

61 D/A DVM ' -----[ Title ] ' Basic Analog and Digital - PL4_1R0.bs2 ' Digital Voltmeter (DVM). D/A Converter Added ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} '. '. n declarations D/A n var nib gosub DAC gosub DAC DAC DAC n 16 n 11 DAC: n = 11 D/A I/O declarations section 1 I/O I/O PBASIC output 7 output 6 output 5 output 4 P7 P4 D/A P BASIC 39 out7 = n.bit3 P Parallax Inc. 57

62 P 11 P P5 P4 out7=n.bit3 out6=n.bit2 out5=n.bit1 out4=n.bit0 return gosub DAC return DISPLAY D/A debug home, cr, cr, "Decimal value to DAC: ", dec2 n debug cr, cr, "Binary value to DAC: ", bin4 n Modify D/A increment D/A 0.2V DAC n = 0 ' n = 1 ' n = 2 ' D/A V 3.3V K K 58

63 Program Listing 4.1 Revision 1 I/O LED I/O outp = value 15 value I/O P P Address 4 1 I/O RAM 1 I/O I/O register direction output input I/O V Parallax Inc. 59

64 PBASIC I/O 6 P P7 P BASIC Word $0 Word $1 Word $2 P P7 4 B 4 P P11 C 4 P12 P15 D 4.1 DAC DAC: return n = 11 dirb = 15 outb = n 4.5 DAC Program Listing 4.1 Revision 2 15 B DIRB DIRB B I/O P7 P6 P5 P4 60

65 DIRB I/O P7 P6 P P4 I/O P6 P P P DIRB 15 I/O 15 DAC count up and down I/O look up table) PBASIC D/A 4.1R 'start display debug cls 2 'Start display debug cls, "DAC Nibble Values", cr debug "Decimal Binary DVM", cr ' ' main 'Main routine for n = 0 to 15 gosub DAC gosub ADC_DATA gosub CALC_VOLTS gosub DISPLAY next stop DAC DAC: return dirb = 15 outb = n DISPLAY DISPLAY: debug dec2 n, " ", bin4 n, " " debug dec1 v, ".", dec2 v2, " Volts", cr Parallax Inc. 61

66 return DAC Program Listing 4.1 Revision 3 D/A 3 0.1V Voltage Follower D/A D/A LED D/A LED D/A LED 4.7 D/A LED LED D/A load

67 4.8 buffer 4.7 D/A LED LED unbuffered 4.1 D/A 4.8 D/A LED Parallax Inc. 63

68 4.2 D/A LED D/A D/A D/A V V V = I x R I/O 20 A I/O I R I 20 A R operational amplifier op-amp.8 64

69 What have I learned?.bit PBASIC I/O I/O D/A D/A D/A Parallax Inc. 65

70 Questions D/A D/A D/A D/A Challenge! D/A msec 66

71 Why did I learn it? / digitize / / How can I apply this? PBASIC PBASIC LED brightness D/A D/A A/D Parallax Inc. 67

72 Stamp-O-Scope Oscilloscope 3 4 A/D D/A Oscilloscope ADC D/A triangle wave pulse train LED D/A pitch volume Frequency sine wave Hertz Hz Hz

73 Parts Required LED piezoelectric K K ADC0831 A/D 10 LED 270 LM Program it 4.1 ' Basic Analog and Digital PL5_1R0.bs2 debug cls main DO LOOP START DISPLAY debug cls DO Parallax Inc. 69

74 for n = 7 to 15 gosub main next for n = 14 to 8 gosub main next LOOP main gosub CALC_VOLTS LOOP return main main: gosub DAC gosub ADC_DATA gosub CALC_VOLTS (Comment this line!) gosub DISPLAY return DAC DAC: dirb=15 outb=n pause 50 return DISPLAY DISPLAY: v3 = adcbits/8 debug rep " "\v3, "*", cr return Triangle Wave P5_1R0.bs2 5. LED * asterisk 70

75 counter-clockwise amplitude frequency DC offset horizontal vertical period DC 5. Parallax Inc. 71

76 T frequency Hertz Hz T seconds f 1 T 1 1 Hz / Hz amplitude DC offset peak-to-peak amplitude D/A V 1.6V V DC DC V 1.6V DC 1.6V DC V DC V main DO LOOP increment decrement D/A D/A DO LOOP for next main DO LOOP for n = 7 to 15 gosub main next for n = 14 to 8 gosub main next main CALC_VOLTS EEPROM 72

77 main: return gosub DAC gosub ADC_DATA gosub CALC_VOLTS gosub DISPLAY 4 DAC DAC: return dirb=15 outb=n pause 50 DISPLAY asterisk rep debug modifier rep P BASIC 105 adcbits/4 1/4 DISPLAY: debug rep " "\adcbits/4,"*",cr return DAC V adcbits ADC0831 V 255 V adcbits = (3/5) x 255 = 153 adcbits/ DO LOOP for next for next D/A loop: Parallax Inc. 73

78 DO LOOP for n = 1 to 15 gosub main next for n = 14 to 0 gosub main next pause DAC 1 3 CALC_VOLTS D/A V V P5_1R1.bs2 DO LOOP for v2 = 0 to 15 n = 15 _ gosub main next for v2 = 15 to 0 n = 0 _ gosub main next for next for next DC 15 for next for next pulse width 74

79 Pulse width for next duration duty cycle 2 Duty cycle ADC8031 LED D/A P5_2R0.bs2 ' Basic Analog and Digital - PL5_2R0.bs2 ' D/A Converter Making Sound, n changes volume, m changes frequency ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} n var nib m var word Parallax Inc. 75

80 dirb=15 n = 15 m = 500 DAC: outb = n pause m outb = 0 pause m goto DAC application membrane pitch Sine Wave Pulse Width Modulation PWM tuning fork LM P10 76

81 5. 5. charge discharge rechargeable battery pulse width modulation P 5. PWM 5. P 5.3 freqout ' Basic Analog and Digital - PL5_3R0.bs2 ' Charge!!! ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} C con 2093 C_Sharp con 2218 D con 2349 D_Sharp con 2489 E con 2637 F con 2794 F_Sharp con 2960 G con 3136 Parallax Inc. 77

82 G_Sharp con 3322 A con 3520 A_Sharp con 3729 B con 3951 debug cls freqout 10, 100,C Debug home, "Frequency of PWM sine wave output is ", dec4 C, " Hz.", cr freqout 10, 100,D Debug "Frequency of PWM sine wave output is ", dec4 D, " Hz.", cr freqout 10, 100,D_Sharp Debug "Frequency of PWM sine wave output is ", dec4 D_Sharp, " Hz.", cr freqout 10, 200,G Debug "Frequency of PWM sine wave output is ", dec4 G, " Hz.", cr freqout 10, 100,D_Sharp Debug "Frequency of PWM sine wave output is ", dec4 D_Sharp, " Hz.", cr freqout 10, 200,G Debug "Frequency of PWM sine wave output is ", dec4 G, " Hz.", cr

83 freqout freqout freqout, pin, duration, frequency_1, frequency_2 pin 15 I/O P P15 duration milliseconds ms msec frequency_1 frequency_2 frequency 1 dtmf What have I learned? period pitch frequency amplitude DC DC 2 DC V 1 PWM amplitude RC Parallax Inc. 79

84 Questions 1000Hz period 5.1 PBASIC Challenge! 5.3 P5_1R0 P5_1R1 P4_1R3 logic level Why did I learn it? How can I apply this? 80

85 Parallax Inc. 81

86 6 D/A duty cycle I/O 555 Parts Required 100K F 0.1 F Electrolytic Capacitor positive negative F 10 F MF 10MF 6.1 F F 0.1uF 82

87 F ADC index mark Build it 6.4 Astable-multivibrator 555 LED nc not connected nc Parallax Inc. 83

88 Hz 555 Vss FYI For Your Information 555 f = 1.45 / C x ( RA + RB ) 555 TH TH 0.69 C RA RB C RA RB 6.3 POT A POT B TL TL = 0.69 x C x RB Program it 6.1 logic level 555 V A/D ' Basic Analog and Digital - PL6_1R0.bs2 ' Stamp-O-Scope 2 ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} DEBUG CLS 'Start display DO DEBUG REP " "\IN0*20, "*", CR PAUSE 100 LOOP 84

89 debug rep \in0*20, *, cr P0 P POT B POT A POT A pause resume pause/resume P 90 POT B POT B POT A 6.5 Parallax Inc. 85

90 6.6 POT B POT B FYI aliasing aliasing sampling rate I/O 2 microseconds 5 f = 1 T 86

91 1 2 sec = 1 2/ = (Hz) = 500 (KHz) 500KHz 250KHz 20Hz 20KHz 50Hz 3.5KHz Program it count P 1.4V increment 6.6 cycle V 1 full cycle 1 2 P6_2R0.bs2 ' Basic Analog and Digital - PL6_2R0.bs2 ' Frequency Meter ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} f VAR Word DO COUNT 0, 1000, f DEBUG HOME, "Frequency: ", DEC4 f, " Hz.", CR, CR LOOP POT B 6.8 Parallax Inc. 87

92 Vss Vss POT A A K 2 series 10 F 0.1 F Astable Multivibrator Circuit POT A K K 2 POT B 60Hz 3.5KHz 6.2 POT B COUNT pin, period, variable pin I/O period variable ( P BASIC 75 88

93 ' Basic Analog and Digital - PL6_2R1.bs2 ' Frequency Meter ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} f VAR Word(10) n VAR Nib DO DEBUG CLS FOR n = 0 TO 9 COUNT 0, 1000, f(n) DEBUG HOME, "Frequency: ", DEC4 f, " Hz.", CR, CR NEXT PAUSE 1000 FOR n = 0 TO 9 DEBUG "Frequency at ", DEC1 n DEBUG " seconds was ", DEC4 f(n), " Hz.", CR NEXT PAUSE 5000 LOOP Program Listing 6.2 Revision 1 Parallax Inc. 89

94 6.2 array f var word(10) RAM f(0) f(1) f(9) 10 RAM n for next index (0) (1) (9) for n = 0 to 9 count 0,1000,f(n) debug home, "Frequency ", dec4 f(n), " Hz.", cr, cr next for n = 0 to 9 debug "Frequency at ", dec1 n debug " seconds was ", dec4 f(n), " Hz.", cr next

95 What have I learned? 20 20,000Hz 555 RAM for next 10 Parallax Inc. 91

96 Questions 3.5Hz 350Hz 3,500Hz 35,000Hz pitch KHz 6.8 KHz FYI nibbles array PBASIC Challenge! count # K #1 92

97 Why did I learn it? audio signals digital processing cellular phones telecommunications industry A/D D/A How can I apply this? Hz Parallax Inc. 93

98 PWM 7 PWM PBASIC 1 8 D/A 7.1 RC pulse width modulation PWM 7.1 RC D/A D/A 7.1 RC dielectric 1 1 leakage leakage current RC V 7.1 PWM 1 2.5V V 46.1 V 99 94

99 7.1 RC V R C K F Vinput = 5V Voutput 2.5V RC monitor V RC 1 Parallax Inc. 95

100 PWM D/A Parts Required ADC0831 A/D LM358 10K 1.0 F 470 LED photoresistor 50K Build it 7.5 ADC0831 #4 open circuit D/A ADC0831 Vin 7.5 PWM D/A RC ADC0831 Vin(+) ADC0831 D/A 96

101 D/A RC pwm pwm Pulse Width Modulation DVM ADC0831 pwm pwm pin, duty, cycles pin I/O 15 P8 duty 5 duty cycle duty cycle V 5V R C 99.3 duty 255 V 255 V V 3 V 255 A/D 255 V Voltage Decimal A/D Output A/D D/A V duty 255 D/A duty duty = 255 x ( D/A Output 5 ) Parallax Inc. 97

102 PWM D/A 3.25V duty = 255 x ( ) = duty 166 PWM cycles PWM 65,535 cycles = 4 x R x C R ( C F 1.0 F 10K cycles = 4 x x 10,000 = 0.04 = 40 / 1000 = 40 ms PWM cycles V PWM PWM 8, 166, 40 Let s try it. Program it 4.1 n ' -----[ Declarations ] adcbits VAR Byte v VAR Byte r VAR Byte v2 VAR Byte v3 VAR Byte n VAR Word. changed line ' -----[ Initialization ] CS PIN 0 CLK PIN 1 DataOutput PIN DAC DAC: n = 166 PWM 8, n, 40 RETURN 98

103 Display Display: DEBUG HOME, CR, "DVM Reading: ", DEC1 v DEBUG ".", DEC2 v2, " Volts" RETURN P _1R.bs2 Output High Input Impedance I/O ADC0831 Vin High Input Impedance 10K LED D/A D/A Parallax Inc. 99

104 PWM ADC0831 V(+) RC LED ( LED D/A Vss 10K F Vss 10K 7-7 D/A load 3.25V pause D/A PWM V PWM K voltage follower 7-8 D/A LED

105 7-8 PWM / LED K photoresistor DVM ADC K voltage divider LED 7-10 PWM RC LED LED LED 3 LED Declarations Main Display DAC n P7_1R1.bs2 Parallax Inc. 101

106 PWM ' -----[ Title ] ' Basic Analog and Digital - PL7_1R1.bs2 ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} ' -----[ Declarations ] adcbits VAR Byte v VAR Byte r VAR Byte v2 VAR Byte v3 VAR Byte n VAR Word ' -----[ Initialization ] CS PIN 0 CLK PIN 1 DataOutput PIN 2 DEBUG CLS '. ' -----[ Main Routine ] DO FOR n = 82 TO 199 STEP 9 'n 82 9 Step GOSUB DAC GOSUB ADC_Data GOSUB Calc_Volts GOSUB Display PAUSE 4000 NEXT LOOP ' -----[ Subroutines ] DAC: PWM 8, n, 40 RETURN ADC_Data: HIGH CS LOW CS LOW CLK PULSOUT CLK, 210 SHIFTIN DataOutput, CLK, MSBPOST, [adcbits\8] RETURN Calc_Volts: v = 5 * adcbits / 255 r = 5 * adcbits // 255 v2 = 100 * R / 255 v3 = 100 * R //

107 v3 = 10 * v3 / 255 IF (v3 >= 5) THEN v2 = v2 + 1 IF (v2 >= 100) THEN v = v + 1 v2 = 0 ENDIF RETURN Display: DEBUG HOME, "Decimal value to DAC: ", DEC3 n DEBUG CR, CR, "DVM Reading: ", DEC1 v DEBUG ".", DEC2 v2, "-Volts", CR, CR RETURN LED R2 R Vinput V Voutput R ADC0831 Parallax Inc. 103

108 PWM Duty Pulse Width Modulation PWM duty devices 7 A1 7 A1 ( PWM ) PWM 7 A2 PWM 7 A2 PWM accumulator PWM overflows carry PWM 104

109 What have I learned? RC Pulse Width Modulation D/A PWM duty duty cycle load PWM ADC0831 Parallax Inc. 105

110 PWM Questions PWM D/A PWM 14, 51, 50 execute PWM D/A resistive element 2.5V duty 7.1 PWM 10 F 47K DAC Digital to Analog Converter cycles V Challenge! D/A 1 LM358 LM358 dual op-amp DAC LED 7 10 DVM Calc_Volts Display 106

111 Why did I learn it? RC DAC 10 D/A How can I apply this? feedback shutter 8 light meter Parallax Inc. 107

112 I/O 8 1 RC time constant CR 8 1 CR C R 7 RC V P15 P15 I/O V Vdd V P15 V V V P15 increments P15 V P15 CR V 108

113 P15 P15 I/O V P15 1.4V V 1.4V P15 Exponential Decay Equation 8 2 CR V 1.4V 8 2 CR V 1.4V RCTIME PBASIC V 1.4V CR Exponential Decay Equation t t t1.4v t1.4v I/O P15 V 1.4V R C R C RC time constant Parallax Inc. 109

114 P15 1.4V P15 2 Parts Required 0.1 F F 10 F 220 Build it

115 PBASIC RCTIME RCTIME RCTIME pin, state, result pin 8 1 P15 I/O state state 8 1 CR CR RC result I/O 15 V RCTIME I/O P15 1.4V 2 increments result 8.1 RC P HIGH 15 P15 PAUSE RCTIME RCTIME 15, 1, light P15 1 light Program it 8.1 ' Basic Analog and Digital - PL8_1R0.bs2 ' Program Listing 8.1 Revision 0. ' {$STAMP BS2} ' {$PBASIC 2.5} light VAR Word dischargetime VAR Word sound VAR Word a CON 40 DO HIGH 15 PAUSE 100 RCTIME 15, 1, light Parallax Inc. 111

116 LOOP dischargetime = light * 2 sound = ( light) / a FREQOUT 7, 500, sound DEBUG HOME DEBUG "Discharge time = ", DEC5 dischargetime, " u-seconds." DEBUG CR, CR, "Sound Frequency = ", DEC5 sound, " Hz." PAUSE u seconds seconds

117 Overflow 65,536 light dischargetime light sound sound sound = ( light ) / 40 light sound ( ) / 40 = F 10.0 F 0.1 F Parallax Inc. 113

118 R C RC R C R C R C R C RC exponential decay t PBASIC VP15 Values Vdd = 5.0V P15 VP15 = 1.4V P15 e = e C R C t = R C R R C e R C 114

119 R C R C R nominal value 20 CR What have I learned? V CR CR Parallax Inc. 115

120 Questions K Challenge! Why did I learn it? 116

121 How can I apply this? D/A 8 RC A/D digital keypads Good luck! Parallax Inc. 117

122 A A Resistor Color Code 118

123 , 106, 35, 70, 2, 52, 11, 46, 91, 28, 9, 84, 22, 49, 6, 75, 35, 26, , 83, 56, 19 ADC0831, 32 A/D, 34, 88 LSB, 28, 46, 89, 39, 69, 88, 34, 106, 17, 98, 64, 69, 72, 6, 79, 3, 87, 11, 69, 5, 33, 4, 16, 106, 4, 28, 73, 32, 78, 72, 33, 46, 34, 72, 69, 89, 69, 45, 20 Parallax Inc. 119

124 , 36, 96, 26, 111, 72, 34, 20, 28, 53, 2, 32, 3, 22 DVM, 32, 35, 99, 76, 99, 76, 53, 96, 84, 24, 16, 20, 53, 17, 118, 39, 2, 52, 78, 53, 63, 24 pulsout, 40, 76, 69, 40, 78, 72, 85 PWM, 78 PBASIC, 3, 70, 70, 7, 78, 24, 35, 98, 102, 16, 7, 39, 6, 33, 34, 38, 78, 117, 75, 5 120

125 , 5, 6, 63, 102, 40, 39, 78, 28, 116, 61, 60, 96, 102, 86, 84, 72, 60, 24, 5, 96 Parallax Inc. 121