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1 2003 3
2
3 ADB Asian Development Bank APP Agriculture Perspective Plan BPEP Basic and Primary Education Project CAE Country Assistance Evaluation CAS Country Assistance Strategy CBN Cost-of-Basic-Needs method CBO Community-Based Organization CCF Country Cooperation Framework 1 CDF Comprehensive Development Framework CFA Country Financial Accounting CSP Country Strategy and Program ADB CSP Country Strategy Paper DfID DANIDA Danish International Development Agenci es DDC District Development Committee DfID Department for International Development DIP Decentralization Implementation Plan DTO District Technical Office ESAF Enhanced Structure Adjustment Facility FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GAO Gross Agricultural Output GIS Geographic Information System GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit HCSRN Household Consumption Survey of Rural Nepal HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative I-PRSP Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PRSP IMF International Monetary Fund INGO International Non-Government al Organization NGO IRDPs Integrated Rural Development Projects JCFD Joint Coordination Forum for Decentralization JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LSGA Local Self-Governance Act MC Microfinance Center MFIs Microfinance Institutions i
4 MLD Ministry of Local Development MOAC Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives MOF Ministry of Finance MOH Ministry of Health MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework NCASC National Center for AIDS and STD Control AIDS NDF Nepal Development Forum NGO Non-Governmental Organization NLSS Nepal Living Standard Measurement Survey NPC National Planning Commission NRB Nepal Rastra Bank PEDP Primary Education Development Project PER Public Expenditure Review PFP Policy Framework Paper PRGF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper SLTHP The Second Long-Term Health Plan SWC Social Welfare Committee UNCT United Nations Country Team UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework UNDP United Nation Development Programme USAID United States Agency for International Development VDC Village Development Committee WB World Bank WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization ii
5 PRSP PAF: Poverty Alleviation Fund NGO iii
6 GDP / GDP 1994/ GDP 1994/ / NDF / / GDP iv
7 / / / NLSS / / APP SLT HP SLT HP PRSP/ MFI ODA/OA ODA/OA ODA/OA v
8 NGO vi
9 i ii iii 3 1 Vulnerability 2 i ii 3 WFP: World Food Programme /96 NLSS: Nepal Living Standards Survey NLSS 2000/01 HCSRN: Household Consumption Survey of Rural Nepal NLSS II NLSS II NLSS World Bank, (2001), World Development Report 2000/2001, pp (1997)
10 1-1 NLSS i ii iii WB NLSS1995/96 HCSRN2000/ Survey of Employment, Income Distribution and Consumption Patterns in Nepal: SEIDCP 1976/77 National Planning commission 4,980 Multi-P urpose Household 1984/85 Budget Survey: MPHBS Nepal Rastra Bank 5, ,336 Rural Credit Survey: RCS Nepal Rastra Bank 1995/96 CBS 3,373 Nepal Living Standards Survey: NLSS Household Consumption Survey of Rural Nepal 2000/01 CBS 1,980 [ ]World Bank, (1999), Nepal: Poverty at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century World Bank, (2001), Well-being Measurement and Analysis: PRSP Handbook (draft for comments), pp (1997) WHOFAO 10 65kg ,000 kcal 2,0002,400 kcal 10 1,915 kcal10 2,080 kcal 2,235 kcal 2,780 3,490 kcal 2
11 ,124kcal WHO: World Health Organization FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization 1 1 2,0002,400 kcal 1995/96 NLSS 8 2,124kcal ,805kcal 10 NLSS 2, /96 * kcal 1, ,805.0 [ ] World Bank, (1999), Nepal: Poverty at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century. i 1 ii 5 iii ,404 7 CBN: Cost-of-Basic-Needs method 8 Living Standard Measurement Survey ,736kcal 1,805kcal 11 3
12 , , , , , ,404 57% 9% 34% 100% [ ] World Bank, (1999), Nepal: Poverty at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century (1) / / / / / / / /85 12 NLSS HCSRN i) ii iii iv Munoz 13 NLSS 14 UNDP Munoz, J., ( ), Sampling: what you don t know can hurt you. 14 3, ,201 4
13 1-4 % 1976/77 *11995/96 *2 i 1976/ ii 1996( ) /85 *31995/96 i 1984/ n.a ii 1995/96NLSS n.a [ ] World Bank, (1999), Nepal: Poverty at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century. [] *1 Survey of Employment, Income Distribution and Consumption Patterns in Nepal: SEIDCP *2 NLSS *3 Multi-Purpose Household Budget Survey: MPHBS 5
14 1995/96 *1 1-5 % /01 *2 1995/96 *1 2000/01 *2 1995/96 *1 2000/01 *2 42 n.a. 12 n.a. 5 n.a. 23 n.a. 7 n.a. 3 n.a n.a n.a. 10 n.a. 4 n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. 4 n.a. [ ] *1 CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/96 *2 CBS, (2002), Household Consumption Survey of Rural Nepal 2000/ / /96 33% 42%1984/ / % 44.6% 1995/96 12%5% 2000/
15 1-6 [] n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a [ ] UNDP, (1999, 2002), Human Development Report (2) / / % 44.0% 22.0% 23.0% 1984/ / % 46.6% 19.2% 17.8% 1995/ /01 HCSRN
16 88% 37 (3) 1984/ /96 50% 34.5% 36.7% 44.1% 62.4% 1995/96 63% 65% 36% 34% 39% 2000/01 14%5% 20%8% 1995/ % 70% i ii iii iv /01 8
17 HCSRN WFP Vulnerability Analysis i Vulnerability ii Availability iii iv 1-7 kcal , , , , , , , , , , , , , [ ] WFP, (2001), Nepal Food Security and Volnerability Profile Rapid Rural Appraisal: RRA 16 WFP, (2001), Nepal Food Security and Vulnerability Profile. 9
18 1-1 10
19 / / / / / / / / / % 10% 1ha 11
20 %10 % / / / / / / (0.284)* 32 n.a n.a n.a. 3.1 n.a n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a n.a n.a. 3.3 n.a n.a. [ ] *1 CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/96 *2 CBS, (2002), Household Consumption Survey of Rural Nepal 2000/01 [] *2000/1 1995/96 12
21 / /96 45 [ ] CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/96 CBS, (2002), Household Consumption Survey of Rural Nepal 2000/
22 (1) % % 8.3% 21.2% 46.4% 5.3% % 32.3% 27.4% 36.0% % % % 68.5% 29.0% % 16.9% 15.1% %15.1% CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey. 14
23 /1996 % n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a * n.a. n.a n.a. n.a Q1020% n.a. Q22040% n.a. Q34060% n.a. Q46080% n.a. Q580100% n.a. [ ]CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/96 [] *1 *2 *3 *4 *5 15
24 1-10 % [ ]NPC, CBS, (2002), Report on the Situation of Women, Children and Households: Between Census Household Information, Monitoring and Evaluation System (BCHIMES) [ ] NPC, CBS, (2002), Report on the Situation of Women, Children and Households: Between Census Household Information, Monitoring and Evaluation System (BCHIMES). 16
25 (2) NPC: National Planning Commission i ii (3) 20 42kWh kWh World Bank, (----), Staff Appraisal Report: Nepal Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, p.2 19 World Bank, (----), Staff Appraisal Report: Nepal Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, p.2 20 World Bank, (1999), Nepal: Poverty at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century, p World Bank, (2001), Nepal Proposed Power Sector Development Strategy, p. i 22 World Bank, (2001), Nepal Proposed Power Sector Development Strategy, p. i 23 1kWh US0.043 US0.065 US
26 (4) ,000km ,867km % 24.9% % % %32.7% % 86.1% % 76.0% GDP % % 1990 GDP GDP 6.5% GDP 9.49% 24 60% 25 World Bank, (2000), Nepal Public Expenditure Review Vol.I, p Sharma, S., (2000), Poverty Situation in Nepal. 27 NPC, (2001), Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP). 18
27 * 3 * 4 * 5 [] * n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [ ] CBS, NPC, (1999), Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey 1998/99. *4 /15 *5 / [ ] CBS, (1996), NLSS 1996: Main Findings Vol.II, p % % 47.1% 19
28 GDP % [ ] ADB, (2002), Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries, pp CBS, (1996), Household Living Standard Survey. 29 NPC, (2001), Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP). 30 UNDP, (1999), Human Development Report
29 ( ) 2,389 1,368 2,143 2,827-2,827 1,949 3,543 2,073 2,867 1,292 2,567 3,370 3,427 3, ,408 2,298 2,333 2,310 2, ,014 2,754 2,988 2,922 3,722 2,950 4,557 3,866 4,468 3,420 3,310 3,310 3,092 2,921 3,078 2,944 2,505 2,844 2,941 2,971 2,948 2,578 2,459 2, ,404 [ ] CBS, NPC, (1999), Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey 1998/99. [] % % % [ ] World Bank, (1999), Nepal: Poverty at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century. 21
30 1-17 % 1 020% % % % % / n.a. / n.a n.a. [ ] CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/96 i ii iii7 iv ha 1.09ha NPC, (2001), Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP)
31 1-18 ha, ha, ha, % % [ ] World Bank, (1999), Nepal: Poverty at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century, pp [] *Agriculturel Input Cooperation * Kg % % [ ] World Bank, (1999), Nepal: Poverty at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century, p % % [ ] World Bank, (1999), Nepal: Poverty at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century, p.16 23
32 % % [ ] World Bank, (1999), Nepal: Poverty at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century, p. 17 Chhetry % 80% 91.7% 34 i % 79.4% ii 67% 88% 57% 90% iii Occupational caste Chhetry, D., et al., (1998), Poverty and Labor Particpation in Nepal: A Macro-Micro Interface
33 % 1995/ i ii 1971 The National Education System Plan iii [ ] UNDP, (1999), Human Development Report UNDP, (1999), Human Development Report
34 1-22 % ( ) ( ) ( ) * n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. * Q1020% Q22040% Q34060% Q46080% Q580100% [ ]CBS, (1996), National Living Standard Survey 1995/96. [] 26
35 / i ,500 32,600 46,484 82, ii i ii iii iv v vi vii [ ] MoE, (1997), Education Statistics UNDP, (1999), Human Development Report 1998, p UNDP, (1999), Human Development Report
36 Q1020% Q22040% Q34060% Q46080% Q580100% [ ] CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/ , , % 8.3% 9.9% 5.2%
37 % 71% % 9.6% UNDP, (1999), Human Development Report Ministry of Health Service, (1997), Family Health Survey UNDP, (2002), Human Development Report Ministry of Health Service, (1997), Family Health Survey
38 HIV/AIDS (1,000 1,000 % * 2 * 2 % ) * 1 % % % * 3 %* * * * * * * * * /96* * n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a n.a n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4.9 n.a n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a * 3 Q1020% n.a n.a n.a. n.a. Q22040% n.a n.a n.a. n.a. Q34060% n.a n.a n.a. n.a. Q46080% n.a n.a n.a. n.a. Q580100% n.a n.a. 4.4 n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. [ ] *1 UNDP, (2002), Human Development Report *2 MoH, (2002), Nepal Demographic and Health Survey *3 World Bank, (2000), Socio-Economic Differences in Health, Nutrition, and Population in Nepal. [] *1 BDGDP T *2-2SD 5 % *3 4 *4 30
39 % % 1, % 1, , , [ ] World Bank, (1999), Nepal: Poverty at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century Q1020% Q22040% Q34060% Q46080% Q580100% [ ] CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/
40 / / / / / / / / / / / / / /01 [ ] CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/96 (2002), Household Consumption Survey of Rural Nepal
41 [ ] CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/96 (2002), Household Consumption Survey of Rural Nepal 1-5 [ ] CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/96 (2002), Household Consumption Survey of Rural Nepal
42 Coefficient of Variation / /01 NLSS HCSRN 1995/ / /01 NLSS 1995/96 HCSRN 2000/01 Q1020% Q21020% Q32030% Q43040% Q54050% Q65060% Q76070% Q87080% Q98090% Q % [ ] *1 CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/96 *2 CBS, (2002), Household Consumption Survey of Rural Nepal 2000/ i ii NLSS1996 Correlation Coefficient 46 coefficient of variation relative variation relative standard deviation (2000)
43 (1) p< p< p< p< p<0.01 p< p< p< p<0.01 p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.01 p<0.05 p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.05 p< p<0.05 p< p< p< p<0.01 p<0.05 p<0.05 p<0.05 p<
44 (2) y 1 x 1 x y 1 = x x x x x x x 34 R 2 = 66 y 1 x 2 x 3 x 8 7 x x 23 x 25 x % x 2 x x x R R 2 2 R X 2 X 25 X
45 x
46 y 1 y 2 y 3 y 4 x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10 x 11 x 12 x 13 x 14 x 15 2 (30 (7 (7 (7 ( ) ) ) ) ) (7 ) ( ) ** * * 0.53* ** ** 0.16** 0.953** 1** 0.97** -0.16** * * 0.55* * * 0.13* 0.877** 0.97** * * 0.53* * * 0.14* * ** * ** * -0.70** ** * * * ** 0.76** * * 0.03* (30 ) * (7 ) 0.464* 0.50* 0.48* ** -0.98** 0.98** 0.89** -0.40** ** -0.46** (7 ) * ** * -0.54* -0.35** 0.85* 0.35** -0.53* 0.87* (7 ) * -0.55* ** 0.54* ** -0.92* 0.32** 0.92* -0.92** 0.38** (7 ) * ** ** * -0.32** -0.92* 0.92** -0.38** ( ) 0.684** 0.63* 0.54* * ** -0.35** -0.92* 0.92* ** * ** 0.85* 0.32** -0.32** ** 1 ( ) ** -0.63* -0.54* * ** ** ( ) 0.684** 0.63* 0.54* * ** ** 0.92** ** ** ** ** -0.38** ** * -0.59* -0.62* * 0.64* * ** ** 0.63* ** * * ** ** 0.17** ** -0.67** -0.58* -0.58* * * -0.62* ** ** 0.16** * ** 0.55* ** * * -0.60* -0.74** ** 0.20** ** -0.69** -0.61* * * ** -0.71** ** ** 0.16** * * 0.76** * -0.46* ** -0.55* * 0.51* ** * * -0.56* * * 0.04* * * * * -0.53* * * 0.09* * * * * ** -0.71** ** ** 0.34** * -0.66* -0.55* * ** ** -0.81** ** ** 0.03** * * 0.23* * * * * -0.55* * * -0.06* ** -0.59* -0.48* 0.54* 0.60* ** * * -0.56* * * 0.09* * * ** * -0.63* * * 0.34* ** -0.68** -0.59* * ** ** -0.90** ** ** 0.11** * * * 0.23* ** * * [ ] CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/96 [] Peason *p < 0.055% ** p < 0.011% 38
47 x 16 x 17 x 18 x 19 x 20 x 21 x 22 x 23 x 24 x 25 x 26 x 27 x 28 x 29 x 30 x 31 x 32 x 33 x * -0.63* -0.77** -0.58* -0.79** ** -0.57* -0.52* -0.72** * -0.77** -0.61* ** * ** ** * * * ** * * * * * * * 0.70** 0.59* 0.65** * 0.48* 0.50* * * * * ** 0.51* * ** ** * * * 0.55* ** 0.68** 0.69** 0.56* 0.64* 0.65** 0.60* * * 0.73** 0.52* * (30 ) * * (7 ) -0.49* -0.47* -0.55* -0.56* -0.64* * * -0.73** * -0.46* ** -0.83** (7 ) (7 ) * 0.62* 0.60* 0.71** * 0.53* 0.71** 0.81** * 0.56* * 0.90** (7 ) * -0.62* -0.60* -0.71** * -0.53* -0.71** -0.81** * -0.56* * -0.90** ( ) ** -0.71** -0.74** * -0.60* -0.67** -0.93** * -0.63* * -0.95** -0.54* ( ) ** 0.71** 0.74** 0.77** * 0.60* 0.67** 0.93** * 0.63* * 0.95** 0.54* ( ) ** -0.71** -0.74** -0.77** * -0.60* -0.67** -0.93** * * -0.95** -0.54* * ** 0.55* * 0.66** * ** 0.98** 0.83** 0.88** 0.88** 0.61* 0.70** 0.64* ** * 0.58* 0.57* 0.63* * ** ** 0.95** 0.75** 0.90** 0.61* 0.79** 0.72** ** * 0.62* 0.68** 0.64* ** ** 0.87** ** 0.82** 0.88** 0.70** 0.74** 0.69** ** 0.81** 0.56* 0.71** 0.63* 0.69** * 0.83** 0.95** 0.82** ** 0.87** 0.71** 0.87** 0.79** ** 0.85** 0.56* 0.68** 0.78** 0.62* ** ** 0.74** * ** 0.90** 0.88** 0.87** 0.78** ** 0.71** 0.60* ** 0.94** 0.72** 0.63* 0.57* 0.55* * * 0.61* 0.70** 0.71** ** ** 0.64* * 0.83** 0.79** 0.73** 0.69** ** 0.70** 0.79** 0.74** 0.87** ** 0.81** ** * 0.75** ** 0.74** 0.49* * 0.64* 0.72** 0.69** 0.79** * 0.64* 0.66** * 0.56* 0.60* 0.96** 0.62* * 0.64* 0.69** 0.62* * * 0.62* * ** 0.69** 0.74** 0.73** 0.67** 0.90** 0.63* 0.55* ** 0.58* 0.46* * 0.85* 0.81* 0.85* ** 0.83** 0.75** 0.64* ** ** 0.55* 0.64* * -0.25* 0.49* 0.54* 0.56** 0.56** ** 0.79** ** * 0.73** * 0.52* ** 0.58* 0.62** 0.71* 0.68** * 0.73** 0.76** 0.60* * 0.62* * 0.59* * 0.68* 0.63** 0.78* * 0.69** 0.74** 0.96** * * ** 0.63* 0.64** 0.69* 0.62** * * 0.62* * * * [ ] CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/96 [] Peason *p < 0.055% ** p < 0.011% 39
48 (1) i ii iii % / 852, ,378 1,760, Kami 432, , , Damai 188, , ,305 12,88 3 Sarki 153, , ,989 10,53 4 Badi 2,152 2,290 4, Gaine 2,857 3,030 5, Sunar 72,331 72, , Chunar n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 563, ,984 1,096, Bantar 18,139 17,700 35, Chamar 138, , , Chidhimar 6,516 5,780 12, Santl/Sattar 21,515 21,183 42, Doom 4,631 4,300 8, Dushuadha/Paswa 82,173 76, , Dhobi 38,350 35,063 73, Halkhor 1,848 1,773 3, Jhangar 20,892 20,872 41, Khatwe 38,643 36,329 74, Lohar 42,270 40,367 82, Mushar 88,041 84, , Sattar 21,515 21,183 42, Tatma 39,606 36,906 76, n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 22 Chyame n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 23 Kasai n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 24 Kuche n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 25 Kusule n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 26 Pode n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 85,063 88, , ,500,367 1,529,700 3,030, [ ]
49 Dalit Limbu: 71 Sarki: 68 Damai: 67 Kami: , (1-33) 56 21% Chhetri Brahaman Magar* Tharu* Newar* Tamang* Kami* Yadav* Muslim* Rai* Gurung* Damai* Limbu* Sarki* Other [ ] CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/96. [] *1 * ADB, (2002), Poverty Reduction in Nepal: Issues, Findings, and Approaches. 41
50 PPP / % ,673 1, Brahmin ,921 1, Chhetri ,744 1, Newar ,953 1, Gurung, Magar, Sherpa, Lai, Limbu ,607 1, Muslim Rajbansi, Yadav , Tharu, Ahir ,911 1, , ,312 1, [ ] CBS, (1996), Nepal Living Standard Survey 1995/96. (2) ,435 25, DangBankeBardiyaKailaliKanchanpur ,000 Dang 3,032 3,824 1,253 5,581 4,542 Banke 1,066 2, ,313 3,709 Bardiya 5,119 9,617 2,071 6,039 2,916 Kailali 6,245 7,902 4,184 19,260 4,603 Kanchanpur 1,973 2,382 1,362 11,939 8,766 17,435 25,762 9,224 44,132 4,784 [ ] UNDP, MoL, (1995), Report on the Social and Economic Conditions of Kamaiyas UNDP, (1999), Human Development Report 1998, p
51 , ha 59 BHN: Basic Human Needs NGO Lumsalee, R., (2002), Land Issues in Nepal. 60 ADB, (2002), Poverty Reduction in Nepal: Issues, Findings, and Approaches. 43
52 1 44
53 (1)
54 IMF GDP GDP 1989 GDP GDP 5% ,900 2, , p.47 (2) 63 46
55 ADB, (2002), Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries, pp GDP IfDS, (2001), New Policy Initiatives for Trade and Investment, p.31, Table
56 / ADB, (2002), Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries, pp ADB, (2002), Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries, pp /
57 Kathmandu Valley % Cockburn, J., (2001), Trade Liberalization and Poverty in Nepal: A computable General Equilibrium Macro Simulation Analysis, p.9, Table 2 (2)
58 2 Local Contents ADB, (2002), Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries,pp
59 2-5 ADB, (2002), Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries,pp , pp
60 2 ADB, (2002), Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries,pp , p.p NLSS: Nepal Living Standard Survey
61 2.1.2 (1) %
62 2 ADB, (2002), Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries, pp GDP 1994/ ADB, (2002), Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries, pp GDP 1994/
63 GDP 1990 GDP GDP GDP 65 (2) NLSS HCSRN: Household Consumption Survey of Rural Nepal 9 NLSS1996 HCSRN Adhikari, J., (----), Foreign Employment and Remittance Economy of Nepal. 66 HCSRN 55
64 NLSS 1996 HCSRN % 2.4% 1.6% % % NLSS
65 2.1.3 (1) a. GDP ADB: Asian Development Bank 20 APP: Agriculture Perspective Plan / / / / / / / / / /99 3, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , CBS, (2001), Statistical Year Book of Nepal 2001, p.178,
66 2 2-5 NLSS1996 ( ) GAO GAO ,420 3,030 3,210 7, GAO 1,606 2,103 1,503 1,882 1,945 4,744 WB, (1999), Nepal: Poverty at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century, Background Studies, Part II, pp GAO: Gross Agricultural Output GAO GAO GAO
67 1 1, , GAO IMF 68 ADB 69 b i) ii) 2ha ha 20 2ha IMF, (2002), Nepal Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix. 69 Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, ADB, (2002), Agriculture Sector Performance Review, Vol1, Main Report 70 Chhetry, D., (2001), Understanding Rural Poverty in Nepal. 59
68 ha ha 2.0ha CBS, NLSS 1996: Mine Findings Vol. II, p.29, Table 3.1 2ha
69 (2) a / CBS, NPC, (1999), Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey 1998/99, p.59, Table
70 2 CBS, NPC, (1999), Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey 1998/99, p.35, Table / ,
71 ,463 1, ,768 4, , ,848 3, , CBS, NPC, (1999), Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey 1998/99, p.35, Table 6.6 1* /99 * ,246 1, ,567 2, ,298 2, ,331 2, CBS, NPC, (1999), Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey 1998/99, p119, Table
72 2 b. GDP CBS, NPC, (1999), Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey 1998/99, p.51, Table 5.1 NLSS1996 Fafchamps & Shilpi Fafchamps, M., and Shilpi, F., (2002), The Spatial Division of Labor in Nepal. 64
73 c
74 , , , , , , , CBS, NLSS 1996: Main Findings Vol. II, pp.65-67, Table 7. 1, Table 7.2, Table
75 (1) 1991 NPC: National Planning Commission
76 Financial Resource Mobilization WID NGO NPC, (1992), The Eighth Plan ( ) (1998), The Ninth Plan ( )
77 1995 APP NGO NPC, (1998), The Ninth Plan ( ) 10 PRSP: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PRSP/ PRSP/ /0304/05 MTEF: Medium Term Expenditure Framework PRSP/
78 2 5 (2) NPC MOF: Ministry of Finance MOAC: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives the District Development Committee Act the Village Development Committee Act the Municipality Act 1996 High Level Decentralization Coordination Committee 1999 LSGA: the Local Self-Governance Act 2000 MLD: Ministry of Local Development DDC: District Development Committee VDC: Villeage Dvelopment Committee i) JCFD: Joint Coordination Forum for Decentralization : ii) iii) DIP: the Decentralization Implementation Plan 70
79 Public Expenditure Review Commission DTO: District Technical Office UNDP: United Nation Development Programme DfID: Department for International Development GT Z i) ii) iii) PRSP / (1) a. Regular Budget Development Budget
80 World Bank, (2000), Nepal Public Expenditure Review Volume I: PER Overview- The Main Report % 13% NPC IMF WB 72
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