, ICT ICT Co-opetition (Co-operation Competition ) ( ) (Flexible learning) 2

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まなかやぬま
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1 ICT ( ) 1. ICT 2. ICT 3. ICT ICT ,. 450,295km 2 338,145 km 2 323,802 km 2, 103,300 km 2. 43,376 km

2 , ICT ICT Co-opetition (Co-operation Competition ) ( ) (Flexible learning) 2

3 (32.5 ), i) 35 ii) Web 2002 (CFL) ( ) folkbildning 3

4 , , ,000 1, ,000 CFL CFL ( ) CFL( ). ICT 1 1 Carl Holmberg Hansson, H. & Holmberg, C. (2006). Sweden: Distance Education Development and Competing Paradigms. In Zhang, Weiyuan (Ed.) (Forthcoming) Global perspectives: philosophy and practice in Distance Education (Volume Three), Beijing: China Central Radio & Television University Press. (In English and Chinese) Hansson, H. & Holmberg, C. (2005). Sweden: Distance Education Development and Competing Paradigms, Journal of Distance Education in China. Vol. 2, pp (In Chinese) 4

) (Forthcoming) Global perspectives: philosophy and practice in Distance Education (Volume Three), Beijing: China Central Radio & Television

5 .... B-learning Distance education E-care E-learning Flexible education Just-in-time-learning Lifelong learning New media education Open and distance learning Open learning Recurrent education Blended learning Borderless education C-learning Computer supported learning Flexible delivery Flexible learning M-learning Net-based learning Online learning Telematic learning Virtual learning Collaborative learning Edutainment Digital Game based learning Games2Train Games that teach Individualised learning Interactive education Learning Games Learning labs Policy games Serious Games Technology enhanced learning Virtual university Web based learning B- C- B- (A )B. 5

learning Online learning Telematic learning Virtual learning Collaborative learning Edutainment Digital Game based learning Games2Train Games that teach

6 6.C- e- e- (EC) e- e- e-, (M-learning) e- e-, e- CD-ROM. e- 1)e- 2) e- 3) 4) 5) (m- ) (output) (input) e- e- 2000

7 . ICT ( ) 7

8 2 3 a) b) a) b) c) 8

9 e- ip web (EU) e- (technology enhanced learning) IT 9

10 1960 (flexible delivery) Web ( ) e- a) b) c) Lev Manovich 1. a) b) 2. ( ) ( ) 5. a) 10

11 b) Marc Prensky ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (MIT)

12 The role of the state None Support structures -knowledge dissemination -projects -infrastructure Funding Private Public Education providers Correspondence schools single mode Focused concept Correspondence teaching Flexible learning Required competence of Content, writing, methodology provider All educational institutions dual mode Content, writing, methodology, new media skills, organizational skills Delivery Postal (physical transport) Internet (electronic) Language Swedish Swedish, increasingly English Educational design One Many different Information source Books Books, mediated lessons, databases, practice Interaction Letters Multimodal, but mainly Dialogue mode One to one (teacher to student dialogue) One to many (teacher to students) Many to many (students to students) One to one (teacher to student) Study place Home, library Home, library, workplace, study centre, on the move Social environment Single students a) organised groups b) informal groups c) single students Scope National National, but increasingly international Research None Small, but increasing Status Low Increasing 1950 IT 12

skills, organizational skills Delivery Postal (physical transport) Internet (electronic) Language Swedish Swedish, increasingly English Educational design One Many different Information source Books

13 10 Web PhDs Hansson van de Bunt-Kokhuis 13

14 100 14

15 15

16 References 1. Norden. Official co-operation in the Nordic region. Facts about the Nordic countries URL (Retrieved ) 2. (Retrieved ) 3. (Retrieved (Retrieved ) 5. (Retrieved ) 6. Quine, W., O,(1960) Word and object. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 7. Paul, R.H. (1990) Open learning and open management: Leadership and integrity in distance education. London: Kogan Page. 8. Manovich, L. (2001). The Language of the New Media. The MIT Press: London. 9. Prensky, M (2001). Digital game- based learning. Mc Graw-Hill: New York. 10. Tapscott, D. (1998) Growing up digital. The Rise of the Net Generation. New York: McGraw-Hill. 11. Hansson, H & van de Bunt Kokhuis, S. (2004). E learning and language change Observations, tendencies and reflections. First Monday - Peer-reviewed journal on the Internet. Available at: Hansson, H & Holmberg, C. (2004). A European and Swedish perspective on ICT policies and strategies in education. National and institutional pathways: crossings, blind alleys and uphill slopes. Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics. Available at: 16

se (Retrieved 2006-10-25) 6. Quine, W., O,(1960) Word and object. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 7. Paul, R.H. (1990) Open learning and open management: Leadership and integrity in distance education.

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untitled E- Blended Learning * ** Maritime English Training for Practical Communicative Competence ~Blended Learning of Onboard Training through English and E-Learning~ Masahiro SUGIMOTO, Fumio YOSHIDOME Abstract