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1 LBR Swami & Furnham, 2007 Buss, 1989; Singh, 1993 Waist-to-hip ratio: WHR Braun & Bryan, 2006; Dixson, Grimshaw, Linklater, & Dixson, 2011; Henss, 1995, 2000; Marlowe, Apicella, & Reed, 2005; Marlowe & Wetsman, 2001; Singh, 1993, 1995a, b; Sugiyama, 2004 BMI Puhl & Boland, 2001; Smith, Cornelissen, & Tovée, 2007; Swami, Caprario, Tovée, & Furnham, 2006; Tovée & Cornelissen, 2001; Tovée, Reinhardt, Emery, & Cornelissen, 1998Guéguen, 2007a, 2007b; Swami & Tovée, 2013 Singh, 1995a; Dixson, Halliwell, East, Wignarajah, & Anderson, 2003Dixson et al., 2003; Frederick & Haselton, 2007 = 2 1 Donohoe, von Hippel, & Brooks, 2009 leg-to-body ratio: LBR Benslimane, 2012 WHR BMI Bertamini & Bennett, 2009; Bogin & Varela-Silva, 2010; Davey Smith, Greenwood, Gunnell, Sweetnam, Yarnell, & Elwood, 2001; Fielding, Schooling, Adab, Cheng, Lao, Jiang, & Lam, 2008; Kim, Stewart, Shin, Kim, Yang, & Yoon, 2008; Sorokowski, 2010; Wadsworth, Hardy, Paul, Marshall, & Cole, 2002 Wadsworth et al Davey Smith et al Bogin & Varela-Silva, 2010
2 LBR Frederick, Hadji- Michael, Furnham, & Swami, 2010; Sorokowski & Pawlowski, 2008; Swami, Einon, et al., 2006 Swami, Einon, et al. 2006LBR LBR LBR LBR Swami, Einon, et al LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR Swami, Einon, et al., 2006 Sorokowski & Pawlowski 2008 LBR LBR -15% +15% 7 LBR Swami, Einon, et al % LBR +5% LBR U Sorokowski & Pawlowski 2008 Swami, Einon, et al Swami, Einon, et al LBR1.3 Sorokowski & Pawlowski 2008 LBR Sorokowski et al. (2011) Sorokowski & Pawlowski Sorokowski & Pawlowski 2008 Sorokowski & Pawlowski % LBR LBR U Frederick et al CG LBR LBR U LBR Sorokowski et al. (2011) LBR Swami, Einon, et al CG Frederick et al Swami, Einon, et al Sorokowski & Pawlowski 2008 LBR LBR LBR LBR Sorokowski & Pawlowski 2008 LBR LBR LBR LBR Research Institute of Human Engineering for Quality Life, 2011 LBR -15% +15% LBR LBR
3 Hosei University 均 LBR の -10% から +10% までとする また Sorokowski & Pawlowski (2008) では 5% ずつ異なる刺激が用い られたが LBR の細かい変化に対してどのような魅力判断がなされるのかを検討するために 本研究では 2% ずつ異なる刺激を用いる Sorokowski & Pawlowski 2008 の結果から +5% の LBR が男女刺激に関わらず最も魅力的であると判断さ れると考えられる しかし Fielding et al Davey Smith et al Wadsworth et al の知見 から LBR が高いほど魅力的であると判断される可能性も同時に考えられる 本研究では シルエットを刺 激として用いた場合に 平均仮説 超平均仮説 どちらが当てはまるのかを検討することを目的とする また 超平均仮説においても ある LBR が最も魅力的でそこから逸脱するほど魅力が下がるのか または長ければ 長いほど魅力的であるのかを検討する 2.0. 方 法 2.1. 参加者 法政大学の学生 40 名 男性 17 名 女性 23 名 に対して実験を行った 年齢は 18 から 23 歳 平均 歳 SD = 1.06 であった 2.2. 刺 激 LBR を身長に対する股下高の比と定義した LBR が の男性シルエットと LBR が の女性シルエ ット それぞれ 20 代の平均 LBR Research Institute of Human Engineering for Quality Life, 2011 を Poser7.0 と Adobe Photoshop Elements を用いて作成し これをベースシルエットとした 次にそのベースシルエットを男 女ごとに 胸の下部から上を① 胸の下部から腰を② 腰から股を③ 股から踝を④ 踝から下部を⑤として 5 つに分割した Fig. 1 そして 男女それぞれの 20 代平均 LBR の②の長さを基準の LBR 100% とし こ れを -10% 90% から +10% 110% まで 2% 刻みで伸縮させた この編集によって生じる②と③ ③と④の 接合部の空白又は重複は ④の伸縮によって調整した ① ③ ⑤は視覚的な不自然さを回避するために伸縮 はせず固定した この手続きに従って 男女各 11 シルエットを作成し これを刺激とした Appendix Fig. 1. 刺激の分割領域 胸の下部から上を① 胸の下部から腰を② 腰から股を③ 股から踝を④ 踝から下部を⑤とした 15
4 SuperLab LBR 2 rs.20 2 Table % 1 =.94 2 =
5 2 Table % 1 =.92 2 = Table 3 LBR Fig. 2 LBR 3 LBR LBR
6
7 LBR LBR % LBRTable 4 LBR LBR ** * -.10 * 1.11 *.23 **.33 ** * ** 2 LBR 11 90% 110% 2 LBR Table 5 LBR LBR 108% 110% LBR90% 92% LBR96% LBR94% LBR100% 102%
8 LBR98% 104% LBR108% 110% 102% LBR108% LBR100% LBR η 2 =.022 LBR η 2 = LBR = LBR90% 11 = LBR110% 4 LBR 1 LBR 2 LBR Table 6 Adj R 2 =.31 LBR LBR Fig. 3 LBR 0.1 3
9 SE (Adj R 2 =.31) 95% 4.09 *** LBR 0.20 *** LBR (Adj R 2 =.01) 3.07 *** LBR ** LBR (Adj R 2 =.06) 3.75 *** * LBR 0.10 *** LBR (Adj R 2 =.02) LBR LBR * *: p <.05, **: p <.01, ***: p <.001 LBR LBR
10 1 2 LBR Table 7 LBR 95% SE *** LBR *** LBR ** LBR * LBR *: p <.05, **: p <.01, ***: p <.001 LBR Swami, Einon, et al. (2006) Sorokowski & Pawlowski (2008) 5% LBR LBR 90% -10% LBR 110% +10% LBR LBR LBR Swami, Einon, et al. (2006) LBR LBR Fielding et al., 2008 LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR
11 LBR LBR LBR LBR Dunn & Searle, 2010 LBR LBR LBR LBR e.g., CG LBR Sorokowski & Pawlowski (2008) 5% LBR LBR Benslimane, F. (2012). The Benslimane s artistic model for leg beauty. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 36, doi: /s Bertamini, M., & Bennett, K. M. (2009). The effect of leg length on perceived attractiveness of simplified stimuli. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 3, Retrieved from Bogin, B., & Varela-Silva, M. I. (2010). Leg length, body proportion, and health: A review with a note on beauty. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Heath, 7, doi: /ijerph Braun, M. F., & Bryan, A. (2006). Female waist-to-hip and male waist-to-shoulder ratios as determinants of romantic partner desirability. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23, doi: / Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, doi: /s x Davey Smith, G., Greenwood, R., Gunnell, D., Sweetnam, P., Yarnell, J., & Elwood, P. (2001). Leg length, insulin resistance, and coronary heart disease risk: The Caerphilly Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 55, doi: /jech Dixson, A. F., Halliwell, G., East, R., Wignarajah, P., & Anderson, M. J. (2003). Masculine somatotype and hirsuteness as determinants of sexual attractiveness to women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, doi: / A: Dixson, B. J., Grimshaw, G. M., Linklater, W. L., & Dixson, A. F. (2011). Eye Tracking of Men s Preferences for Female Breast Size and Areola Pigmentation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, doi: /s Donohoe, M. L., von Hippel, W., & Brooks, R. C. (2009). Beyond waist-hip ratio: Experimental multivariate evidence that average women s torsos are most attractive. Behavioral Ecology, 20, doi: /beheco/arp051 Dunn, M. J., & Searle, R. (2010). Effect of manipulated prestige-car ownership on both sex attractiveness ratings. British Journal of Psychology, 101, doi: / x Fielding, R., Schooling, C. M., Adab, P., Cheng, K. K., Lao, X. Q., Jiang, C. Q., & Lam, T. H. (2008). Are longer legs associated with enhanced fertility in Chinese women? Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, doi: /j.evolhumbehav
12 Frederick, D. A., & Haselton, M. G. (2007). Why Is Muscularity Sexy? Tests of the Fitness Indicator Hypothesis. Personality and Psychology Bulletin, 33, doi: / Frederick, D. A., Hadji-Michael, M., Furnham, A., & Swami, V. (2010). The influence of leg-to-body ratio (LBR) on judgments of female physical attractiveness: Assessments of computer-generated images varying in LBR. Body Image, 7, doi: /j.bodyim Guéguen, N. (2007a). Bust size and hitchhiking: A field study. Perceptual and motor skills, 105, doi: / pms Guéguen, N. (2007b). Women s bust size and men s courtship solicitation. Body Image, 4, doi: / j.bodyim Kim, J-M., Stewart, R., Shin, I-S., Kim, S-W., Yang, S-J., & Yoon, J-S. (2008). Associations between head circumference, leg length and dementia in a Korean population. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, doi: /gps.1833 Marlowe, F., Apicella, C., & Reed, D. (2005). Men s preferences for women s profile waist-to-hip ratio in two societies. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, doi: /j.evolhumbehav Marlowe, F., & Wetsman, A. (2001). Preferred waist-to-hip ratio and ecology. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, doi: /s (00) Puhl, R. M., & Boland, F. J. (2001). Predicting female physical attractiveness: Waist-to-hip ratio versus thinness. Psychology, Evolution & Gender, 3, doi: / Research Institute of Human Engineering for Quality Life (2011). Japanese body size data book (4th ed.). Osaka: Author. Singh, D. (1993). Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: Role of waist-to-hip ratio. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, doi: / Singh, D. (1995a). Female health, attractiveness, and desirability for relationships: Role of breast asymmetry and Waistto-Hip Ratio. Ethology and Sociobiology, 16, doi: / (95) Singh, D. (1995b). Female judgment of male attractiveness and desirability for relationships: Role of waist-to-hip ratio and financial status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, doi: / Smith, K. L., Cornelissen, P. L., & Tovée, M. J. (2007). Color 3D bodies and judgements of human female attractiveness. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, doi: /j.evolhumbehav Sorokowski, P. (2010). Did Venus have long legs? Beauty standards from various historical periods reflected in works of art. Perception, 39, doi: /p6621 Sorokowski, P., & Pawlowski, B. (2008). Adaptive preferences for leg length in a potential partner. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, doi: /j.evolhumbehav Sorokowski, P., Szmajke, A., Sorokowska, A., Cunen, M. B., Fabrykant, M., Zarafshani, K., Fang, T. (2011). Attractiveness of leg length: Report from 27 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42, doi: / Sorokowski, P., & Sorokowska, A. (2012). Judgments of sexual attractiveness: A study of the Yali Tribe in Papua. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, doi: /s x Sorokowski, P., Sorokowska, A., & Mberira, M. (2012). Are preferences for legs length universal? Data from seminomadic Himba population from Namibia. Journal of Social Psychology, 152, doi: / Sugiyama, L. S. (2004). Is beauty in the context-sensitive adaptations of the beholder? Shiwiar use of waist-to-hip ratio in assessments of female mate value. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, doi: /s (03) Swami, V., Caprario, C., Tovée, M. J., & Furnham, A. (2006). Female physical attractiveness in Britain and Japan: A cross-cultural study. European Journal of Personality, 20, doi: /per.568
13 Swami, V., Einon, D., & Furnham, A. (2006). The leg-to-body ratio as a human aesthetic criterion. Body Image, 3, doi: /j.bodyim Swami, V., & Furnham, A. (2007). The Psychology of Physical Attraction. the USA, Canada: Routledge. Swami, V., & Tovée, M. J. (2013). Resource security impacts men s female breast size preferences. Plos One, 8, e doi: /journal.pone Tovée, M. J., Reinhardt, S., Emery, J. L., & Cornelissen, P. L. (1998). Optimum body-mass index and maximum sexual attractiveness. Lancet, 352, 548. doi: /s (05) Tovée, M. J., & Cornelissen, P. L. (2001). Female and male perceptions of female physical attractiveness in front-view and profile. British Journal of Psychology, 92, doi: / Wadsworth, M. E. J., Hardy, R. J., Paul, A. A., Marshall, S. F., & Cole, T. j. (2002). Leg and trunk length at 43 years in relation to childhood health, diet and family circumstances; evidence from the 1946 national birth cohort. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31, doi: /ije/
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10 September 2014 法政大学大学院人文科学研究科心理学専攻喜入暁 かどうかについての問題があるため, 自身にちゃんと投資してくれる男を探す 2. 身体的魅力の規定因としての脚の長さ 2.1. 世間的には anan No. 1700(20
日本心理学会第 78 回大会 長い脚は魅力的か? 企画シンポジウム 魅力的に見える相貌とは?: 進化論 化粧 撮影方法からの実験心理学的考察 長い脚は魅力的か? 法政大学大学院人文科学研究科 喜入暁 (s.kiire0518@gmail.com) 1. 身体的魅力の規定因 1.1. 女性 WHR(Waist-to-hip ratio): くびれの程度の指標 ヒップに対するウエストの比率 低 WHR
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