Ricoeur, Edie, Johnson Ricoeur ; Edie ; : Johnson ; :

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1 Daniel Jones a

2 Ricoeur, Edie, Johnson Ricoeur ; Edie ; : Johnson ; :

3 ; Jakobson

4 : - Emerson Poet Language is fossil poetry.

5 , Daniel Jones i,e,, a,,,o,u IPA Jones

6 i e,,a,o,u IPA IPA Jones Jones Jones i,e,,o,u Jones : roundness Jones Jones Radifoged: high lowfront back rounded spread Jones :Radifoged Jones Jones

7 Linljencrants Lindblom, Bart de Boer Crothers : -Maddieson: - Stanford Phonology Archiving Project SPAUCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database UPSID L&L Crothers Maddieson i,,a,,u Jones Maddieson de Boer:

8 .. a i u e o i, a, u i, e, a i, e,, a Maddieson Maddieson : Maddieson:.. i, a,, u UPSID : - i, a,, u

9 /a, i, u/ Maddieson /i/. /a/. /u/. Crothers /i, a, u/ /u/ Crothers /u/ / / /o/ /u/ /u/ /u/ Maddieson UPSID. /u//e/ /o/ /a,i/>/e,o/>/u/ /a, i, u/ /e, o/ /a/>/i/>/u/>/e/>/o/ u u a i Maddieson u u u Maddieson

10 Maddieson u e u i a u e u e e o u u e Maddieson Maddieson : i u y y i u i u u Maddieson u /a, i, u/ IPA IPA Maddieson : u

11 /i, e,a,o,u/ /a/ /i/ /u/ F, F F F F F i F F u F i FFi af i u F i u Ladefoged : e o a i a u Ladefoged: a, i, u a, i, u

12 u u u u u u F Fi /u/ u IPA u u u F Fa u a a a a - a /a, i, u/

13 u a a a a a a F F F F Borden et al ; :

14 a /a/ /a/ /a/ /u//u/ /a/ /u/ + /a/ /a/-/u/ /i/ /e/ :

15 : : - : /e/ a-u o-i/i/ /o/ u a u o o u uo, u o, /a/-/u/ /o/ /u/ /o/ /a/-/u/a a e, e, e. :.:

16 /a/ /u/ /o/ /i/ /a/ /o/ /i/ ii /o/ /i/ /o/ /o/ /i/ /o/ /o/ u /u/ /o/ /i/ /a/ /i/ /i/

17 /i/ /o/ /o/-/i/ /o/ /i/ /a/-/u/ a /a,u/ /u/ u /o/ o o /o/ IPA o Jones u u a o, a o /o/ : - Jones,o,u Jones /o/ o /o/ /o/ o o, /o/ /o/ : -

18 /o/ /o/ /o/ /o/ Received Pronunciation hot,topo Jones: IPA Jones ibid. No. o, a, /o/ : /o//o/ /o/ /o/ /o/ u Jones /o/

19 /o/ /o/ o o /o/ IPA /u/ kumo tuno o o o o o o e e o o o o o o o : o o /o/

20 /o/ /o/ /o/ /o/ /o/ /o //o / ko so /o/ : - o,o,o..o

21 /o/ /o/ /o/ /o/ /o/ o o > o o o /o/ o

22 /o/ o /o/ /o/ /o/ /e/ okuiku

23 iku iki ikasi osu osofuosoru ososi osu isu isa, iza iso is-os- iso isogu isosimu osu otu tu tuku oto o odu odo orut oru otu itu i itu itu idu

24 ita ituitasi ita ita idu iru otu itu idu inu /t/ /d/ /n/ /t/ /d/ iru itu idu idasu

25 ofu ifu ofu fu afu kafu tofu fu ofu ofu ofo ifu ifu a a a

26 aku uku aku a uku /u/ uku asu asu asu

27 usu asu /u/ usureru asu usu usu uso atu ataru utu atu atafu atuata utu

28 uturo utugi utu, uti afuufu ufa ufe ufu ufu afuofuifu afu a fu afu ufu u fu ::

29 akuotu aku ita kua tai mi ma i ja ni na

30 aku aki a ku ki aku : : syntax syllable Carstairs-McCarthy Tallerman : -, Bickerton:

31 Bickerton, Derek Language evolution: A brief guide for linguists, Lingua pp. - Borden, Gloria J.et al Speech Science Primer Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception of Speech th ed. Lippincott Williams&Wilkins Inc.,USA. Carstairs-McCarthy, A. The origins of complex language: an inquiry into the evolutionary beginnings of sentences, syllables, and truth. Oxford: Oxford University Press., : :

32 Crothers, John Typology and universals of vowel systems. In Joseph H. Greenberg et al eds Universals of Human Language, Vol., Phonology, pp. -. Stanford: Stanford University Press. de Boer, Bart The Origins of Vowel Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Edie, James M. Speaking and Meaning:The Phenomenology of Language. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Emerson, Ralph Waldo Emerson s Essays. London: Everyman s Library. Jakobson, Roman The Sound Laws of Child Language and their Place in General Phonology. In Baraba C. Lust & Claire Foley eds First Language Acquisition, The Essential Readings, pp. -. Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Johnson, Mark THE BODY IN THE MIND: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination and Reason. Chicago: The University of Chicago. Jones, Daniel An Outline of English Phonetics. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. : Ladefoged, Peter Vowels and Consonants. Malden: Blackwell Publishers Inc. Ladefoged, Peter A Course in Phonetics. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. Liljencrants,L.,and Björn Lindblom Numerical simulations of vowel quality systems:the role of perceptual contrast, Language,, pp. -. Maddieson, Ian Patterns of sounds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ricoeur, Paul La Métaphore Vive. Paris: Édition du Seuil.,, Tallerman, Maggie Initial syntax and modern syntax: did the clause evolve from the syllable?. In Maggie Tallerman ed Language Origins. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

33 Abstract: The most widely known model of vowel system is probably Daniel Jones s Cardinal Vowels. The primary eight cardinal vowels are represented in a quadrilateral diagram, with the highest tongue position of each vowel plotted on the circumference of the figure. Vowel systems of this kind divide and utilize very efficiently the phonetic space assumed in the buccal cavity, distributing the vowels evenly within this space. This type of vowel system, a refined means of communication without doubt, is, however, very exceptional among languages throughout the world. The most widespread type is that of vowels which is represented in a reversed triangle with a at the bottom and i and u at the upper corners. The five vowel system does not make full use of the phonetic space, leaving some part of this space untouched and unexploited. Natural languages have not evolved so as to achieve the most effective means of communication. The sounds of language are primarily not intended to be a means of communication, but they are, like bodily gestures, expressions of human effort to understand and represent the external world grasped in its phase of change and movement. The representative function of sounds, called sometimes phonosemantics or sound symbolism, must have been eminent on the early stage of natural language development. Metaphor, product of arbitrary and unrestrained imagination, has its origin in this representative function of sounds and has played a great role in the development of vocabulary of natural languages. The polysemy of natural language is the effect of metaphor. This paper pursues, through a study of a natural language, Japanese the possibility to trace back the development of language up to the origin of vowel system to show how vowel articulation as a bodily movement resonated with the movement and change in the external world in order to grasp and represent as a conception the essence of the latter, generating thus the meaning of sounds and accordingly of words. Key words triangular vowel systems, quadrangular vowel systems, polysemy, metaphor, phonosemantics sound symbolism

null element [...] An element which, in some particular description, is posited as existing at a certain point in a structure even though there is no

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