I_112 土木学会論文集 B2( 海岸工学 ),Vol. 70,No. 2,2014 NCEP/CFSR Saha et al 2010 ETOPO5 Amante and Eakins 図 -1 pdf FETCH Mistral events 18m/s 図 -1 a 図 -1
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1 土木学会論文集 B2( 海岸工学 ) Vol. 70, No. 2, 2014, I_111-I_115 短波重力波領域におけるスペクトル形状とソースバランス Spectral form and source term balance of short gravity wind waves William M. Drennan Erik Sahlee Hans C. Graber Hitoshi TAMURA, William M. DRENNAN, Erik SAHLEE and Hans C. GRABER We investigated the spectral structure and source balance of short gravity waves, based on in situ observations of wavenumber spectra retrieved by air-sea interaction spar (ASIS) buoys. The observed wavenumber spectra showed the spectral power laws described by Toba [1973] and Phillips [1958] in addition to the characteristic nodal point at ~10 rad/ m. The wave model reproduced the spectral form in the higher wavenumber domain using the nonlinear dissipation term. In the equilibrium range, nonlinear transfer played a major role in maintaining equilibrium conditions. On the other hand, in the saturation range, which starts at the upper limit of the equilibrium range, nonlinear transfer did not keep up with other source terms, and the dissipation term was in balance with wind input. 1. QuikSCAT SG 1-50 rad/m 200 rad/ m Elfouhaily et al 1997 Hwang and Plant 2010 B k SG Mean square slope SG FFT Wavelet Ph.D Ph.D SG Equilibrium range Saturation range 2. SG ASIS air-sea interaction spar buoy 20Hz cm Donelan et al 1996 Wavelet Directional Method WDM FETCH DOGEE rad/m WAVEWATCH-III TM ver 3.14 WW3 Tolman and Chalikov 1996 TC96 60 rad/m ~ 4Hz tail WW3 TC96 DIA Hasselmann et al 1985
2 I_112 土木学会論文集 B2( 海岸工学 ),Vol. 70,No. 2,2014 NCEP/CFSR Saha et al 2010 ETOPO5 Amante and Eakins 図 -1 pdf FETCH Mistral events 18m/s 図 -1 a 図 -1 b 3m DOGEE 図 -1 d FETCH young windsea u 10 /c p 2.5 DOGEE mature sea u 10 /c p 図 -2 k rad/m 10m B k F k elevation Y k q 2h 1 rad/m B k Toba 1974 g u * 4 2 rad/m B k 10 Phillips 1958 Phillips 図 rad/m 図 rad/m 図 -3 a 図 -4 a rad/m Toba Phillips Forristall 1981 SG 1-10 rad/m Banner et al 1989 B k ~k 0.09±0.09 WDM 図 -3 b 図 -4 b SG B k Elfouhaily spectrum 図 -3 c 図 -4 c Hwang spectrum 図 -3 d 図 -4 d 図 -1 pdf a 10m b c d 図 -2 FETCH DOGEE
3 短波重力波領域におけるスペクトル形状とソースバランス I_113 図 rad/m Saturation spectrum B(k) 10 2 (a) ASIS obs B(k)~k 0 B(k)~k m/s 12m/s 10m/s 8m/s 6m/s 4m/s (b) WW3: no diagnostic tail B(k)~k (c) E spectrum: Fetch unlimited (d) H4 spectrum: swell Saturation spectrum B(k) Wavenumber (rad/m) Wavenumber (rad/m) 図 rad/m Hwang and Plant rad/m 図 -4 d 4. F k k -2.5 k -3 Forristall 1981, Hwang and Wang 2001, Resio et al 2004 WW3
4 I_114 土木学会論文集 B2( 海岸工学 ),Vol. 70,No. 2,2014 図 -5 Donelan 2001 SG Donelan 2001 Donelan et al 2012 S ds 6 6 A 2 A 3 mss Mean square slope 7 l TC96 6 図 -5 図 -4 k:1-2 rad/m u 10 : 4-6 m/s Banner et al 1989 B k ~k 0.18 :1-2 rad/m u 10 : m/s :10-20 rad/m B k ~k 0 SG 8 図 -6 S f S nl a 1-2 rad/m b rad/m 図 -6 :1-2 rad/ms nl S f = S in +S ds Tamura et al 2010 S nl 8 F k S f u 10 : m/s k -3 u 10 : 4-6 m/s k -2.5 :10-20 rad/m S nl S f 8 S in S ds S nl 5. SG
5 短波重力波領域におけるスペクトル形状とソースバランス I_ rad/m WW3 SG F k k -3 k -2.5 F k k -3 No 参考文献 Amante, C. and B.W. Eakins (2009) : ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi: /v5c8276m Banner, M. L., I. S. F. Jones, and J. C. Trinder (1989) : Wavenumber spectra of short-gravity waves, J. Fluid Mech., 198, 321? 344. Donelan, M. A. (2001) : A nonlinear dissipation function due to wave breaking, paper presented at Workshop on Ocean Wave Forecasting, Eur. Cent. for Med.-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, U. K., 2-4 July. Donelan, M. A., M. Curcic, S. S. Chen and A. K. Magnusson (2012) : Modeling waves and wind stress, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C00J23, doi: /2011jc Donelan, M. A., W. M. Drennan, and A. K. Magnussen (1996) : Nonstationary analysis of the directional properties of propagating waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, Elfouhaily, T., B. Chapron, K. Katsaros, and D. Vandemark (1997) : A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind driven waves, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15,781-15,796, doi: /97jc Forristall, G. Z. (1981) : Measurements of a saturated range in ocean wave spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 86, Hasselmann, S., K. Hasselmann, J. H. Allender, and T. P. Barnett (1985) : Computations and parameterizations of the nonlinear energy transfer in a gravity-wave spectrum. Part II: Parameterizations of the nonlinear energy transfer for application in wave models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, Hwang, P. A. (2008) Observations of swell influence on ocean surface roughness, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C12024, doi: /2008 JC Hwang, P. A., and D. W. Wang (2001) : Directional distributions and mean square slopes in the equilibrium and saturation ranges of the wave spectrum, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, Hwang, P. A., and W. J. Plant (2010) : An analysis of the effects of swell and surface roughness spectra on microwave backscatter from the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C04014, doi: / 2009 JC Phillips, O. M. (1958) : The equilibrium range in the spectrum of wind generated waves, J. Fluid Mech., 4, Resio, D. T., C. E. Long, and C. L. Vincent (2004) : Equilibriumrange constant in wind-generated wave spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C01018, doi: /2003JC Saha, S., Moorthi, S., Pan, H.-L. et al (2009), The NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis. Bull. Amer. Meterol. Soc. 91, Tamura, H., T. Waseda, and Y. Miyazawa (2010) : Impact of nonlinear energy transfer on the wave field in Pacific hindcast experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C12036, doi: / 2009JC Toba, Y. (1973) : Local balance in the air-sea boundary processes III. On the spectrum of wind waves, J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 29, Tolman, H. L., and D. V. Chalikov (1996) : Source terms in a thirdgeneration wind wave model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26,
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