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1 Euclid Minkowski ( U: R n, u =(u 1,,u n U, f : U R n+1 : g := Σg ij du i du j : f U (ie g(x, Y := f X, f Y f : U R n+1 Vol(f Vol(f := dv, dv := dv f U det(g ij du 1 du n 3 C F : I U R n+1 (I := ( ε, ε f (U ( f (1 t I f t := F (t, :U R n+1 (2 f 0 (u =f (u ( u U (3 f t (u =f (u ( t I, u U ( 1 / 38 ( 2 / 38 1 f : U R n+1 :, F : I U R n+1 : f (f t = F (t,, ν t : f t U, H t : f t, dv t : f t d dt Vol(f t= n t =0, f 1 d dt Vol(f t = n ν := ν 0, H := H 0, dv := dv 0 U U (f t t, H tν t dv t (f t t, Hν f f t d dt Vol(f t =0 f H 0 dv ( 3 / 38 2 f f f t Vol(f Vol(f t = f f t d dt Vol(f t =0 H 0 ( H 0? d dt Vol(f t = 0 (ie H 0 d 2 dt 2 Vol(f t d 2 dt 2 Vol(f t = U n H t t (f t t, ν dv ( 4 / 38

2 2 β := (f t t, ν, n H t t = g β + β A 2 A f 2, g g f 2 d 2 dt 2 Vol(f t = β ( g β + β A 2 dv U ( = g β 2 β 2 A 2 dv g g β 0 U ( 5 / 38 f : U R n+1 1 (ie H 0 f 2, f f : U R n+1 : H 0 ν : U S n R n+1 : f U U ν, f g ν + A 2 ν + n g H =0 ( ( 6 / 38 H 0 U: R n, u =(u 1,,u n U, ϕ : U R ϕ H ( ϕ nh = div 1+ ϕ 2 Möbius ( ϕ div =0 1+ ϕ 2 n =2, (u 1, u 2 =(x, y, ( 1+ϕ 2 y ϕxx 2ϕ x ϕ y ϕ xy + ( 1+ϕ 2 x ϕyy =0 Enneper (order 3 Schwarz D Meeks superman ( 7 / 38 (J Lagrange, 1760 ( 8 / 38

3 Bernstein (S Bernstein, 1915 R 2 ϕ R n ϕ, n =2 S Bernstein (1915, n =3 E de Giorgi (1961, n =4 F J Almgren (1966, n 7 J Simons (1968, n 8 E Bombieri, E de Giorgi, E Giusti (1969 (n 5 R Schoen, L Simon, S-T Yau (1974, n =2 L Euler (1744, J Meusnier (1776, H Scherk (1835 Gauss (O Bonnet, 1860 (E Catalan, 1842 Scherk 2 (H Scherk, 1835 ( 9 / 38 ( 10 / 38 Scherk (Weierstrass Weierstrass doubly periodic singly periodic f : U (x, y (f 1 (x, y, f 2 (x, y, f 3 (x, y R 3 :, (x, y: f (ie f x = f y, f x, f y = 0 ν: f U, f xx + f yy =2Hν f f j (j =1, 2, 3, z = x + iy, ϕ j = f j dz (j =1, 2, 3, z f ϕ j (j =1, 2, 3 1 ( 11 / 38 ( 12 / 38

4 Weierstrass 1, 2, Gauss ϕ j ϕ ϕ ϕ 2 3 =0, ϕ ϕ ϕ 3 2 > 0 f z dz =(ϕ 1, ϕ 2, ϕ 3, f =2Re (ϕ 1, ϕ 2, ϕ 3 ϕ 3 0, G = (ϕ 1 + iϕ 2 /ϕ 3, G U (( ( 1 1 f = Re G G, i G + G, 2 ϕ 3 Weierstrass (K Weierstrass 1866, R Osserman 1964 f 1 ds 2, 2 A, ( 1 2 ds 2 = G + G ϕ 3 2, A = 2 Re Q, Q := ϕ 3dG G ν : U S 2 f U, σ : S 2 C { }, G = σ ν,, G f Gauss ( 13 / 38 ( 14 / 38 1 Per(f ={0}, f : M R 3 M well-defined M Riemann G M, ϕ 3 M 1, ( G 1 + G 2 ϕ 3 2 M Riemann, M, f = Re (( 1 G G, i ( 1 G + G, 2 ϕ 3 well-defined { } Per(f := Re (ϕ 1, ϕ 2, ϕ 3 : γ H 1 (M, Z γ ( 15 / 38 2 v R 3 \{0} st Per(f Λ 1 := {nv : n Z}, f v f R 3 /Λ 1 = R 2 S 1, f well-defined 3 v 1, v 2 R 3 (1 st Per(f Λ 2 := { 2 j=1 n jv j : n j Z}, f v 1, v 2 f R 3 /Λ 2 = T 2 R, f well-defined 4 v 1, v 2, v 3 R 3 (1 st Per(f Λ 3 := { 3 j=1 n jv j : n j Z}, f v 1, v 2, v 3 f R 3 /Λ 3 = T 3, f well-defined, f well-defined, 1 AlMS, 2 SPMS, 3 DPMS, 4 TPMS ( 16 / 38

5 (Algebraic Minimal Surfaces f : M R 3, c : I M M Q := ϕ 3 dg/g (Q f Hopf Q M 2 Schwarz, c Q(c, c ir, c f, f (M c Q(c, c R, c f R 3, f (M Enneper Chen-Gackstatter Jorge-Meeks Lopez-Ros Xu Berglund-Rossman Costa-Hoffman-Meeks Wohlgemuth ( 17 / 38 ( 18 / 38 (Singly Periodic Minimal Surfaces (Doubly Periodic Minimal Surfaces Riemann Karcher Hoffman-Karcher-Wei ( 19 / 38 Scherk Karcher Karcher-Meeks-Rosenberg ( 20 / 38

6 (Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Schwarz P, Schwarz D M a := { (z, w (C { } 2 ; w 2 = z 8 +(a 4 + a 4 z 4 +1 }, (0 < a < 1 Schwarz P G = z ϕ 3 = zdz w a =01 a =( 3 1/ 2 a =09 Schwarz P Schwarz H Schwarz CLP Schwarz D G = z ϕ 3 = i zdz w a =01 a =( 3 1/ 2 a =09 ( 21 / 38 ( 22 / 38 Schwarz P, Schwarz D : a 0 M a := { (z, w (C { } 2 ; w 2 = z 8 +(a 4 + a 4 z 4 +1 }, (0 < a < 1 Schwarz P, Schwarz D : a 1 M a := { (z, w (C { } 2 ; w 2 = z 8 +(a 4 + a 4 z 4 +1 }, (0 < a < 1 Schwarz P = Schwarz P = a =01 a =01 catenoid a =09 a =09 Scherk S Schwarz D = Schwarz D a =01 a =01 helicoid a =09 Scherk D ( 23 / 38 ( 24 / 38

7 Osserman 不等式 Algebraic Minimal Surfaces (AlMS 以後, AlMS f : M R3 は完備かつ全曲率が有限な極小曲面とする 定理 (Osserman, 1964 定理 (Huber, 1957 f : M R3 が AlMS = M γ : 種数 γ の閉 Riemann 面, such that M = M γ \ {p1,, pn } AlMS f : M R3 は以下の不等式を満たす:! 1 KdA χ(m n = χ(m 2n = 2(1 γ n 2π M さらに, = 各エンドが十分先では自己交叉をもたない (Jorge-Meeks, 1983 p1,, pn M γ (双正則 注意 M が閉 Riemann 多様体ならば,! 1 KdA = χ(m (Gauss-Bonnet, π M さらに G, ϕ3 は M γ 上に有理型に拡張される 除かれた点 p1,, pn は曲 面 f のエンドに対応する 本講演では, 特に断らない限り M = M γ \ {p1,, pn } (γ = 0, 1, 2,, n = 1, 2, 藤森 祥一 (岡山大学 とする M が非コンパクトで有限全曲率をもつな完備 Riemann 多様体ならば,! 1 KdA χ(m (Cohn-Vossen, π M 極小曲面と極大曲面 阿蘇研究集会 25 / 38 Osserman 不等式 藤森 祥一 (岡山大学 極小曲面と極大曲面 阿蘇研究集会 26 / 38 等号を満たす例 (n 3 の場合 注意 極小曲面の Gauss 曲率 K は常に零以下であるから, M の絶対全曲 率 τ (M は! τ (M = ( K da M である 注意 ( K ds 2 は, G による C { } 上の Fubini-Study 計量の引き戻し を与える 即ち, 4 dg 2 ( K ds 2 = (1 + G 2 2 (γ, n = (0, 7 (γ, n = (1, 4 (γ, n = (14, 3 (γ, n = (0, 6 (γ, n = (2, 4 (γ, n = (3, 3 よって τ (M = 4π deg(g であり, Osserman 不等式は deg(g γ + n 1 と書くことができる 藤森 祥一 (岡山大学 極小曲面と極大曲面 阿蘇研究集会 27 / 38 藤森 祥一 (岡山大学 極小曲面と極大曲面 阿蘇研究集会 28 / 38

8 n 2 n =1 AlMS ( n =2 AlMS (R Schoen, 1983 Hoffman-Meeks γ n AlMS γ +2 n genus 1 catenoid genus 1 wevy-catenoid genus 1 fournoid Wohlgemuth (γ, n = (1, 4 (P Romon, 1993 ( 29 / 38 ( 30 / 38 G G, 2 (H Fujimoto, 1988 Gauss (R Osserman, 1964 Gauss 3 (R Osserman, 1964 Gauss ( 31 / 38 ( 32 / 38

9 M : f : M R 3 : : M f : M R 3 : 2 π : M M (M:, f := f π : M R 3 Weierstrass (G, ϕ 3 : X Weierstrass data I : M M: π, f I (p =f (p ( p M f I = f G I = 1 G I ϕ 3 = ϕ 3 ( 33 / 38 Gauss f : M R 3 : G : M C { }: f = f π Gauss π : M M :2, I : M M: π, G I = 1/G, 1 Ĝ : M RP 2 st : M π M G C { } p 0 Ĝ RP 2 p 0 : C { } RP 2 =(C { }/ I 0 :, I 0 (z := 1/ z Ĝ, f : M R 3 Gauss deg(π = deg(p 0 =2, deg Ĝ : deg Ĝ = deg G ( 34 / 38 deg Ĝ (Meeks, 1981 f : M R 3 : Ĝ: f Gauss, : Möbius (deg Ĝ = 3 M = C {0}, I (z = 1/ z, M = M/ I = RP 2 {π(0}, G = z 2 z +1 z 1, ϕ 3 = i z2 1 z 2 dz (Meeks, 1981 deg Ĝ χ(m (mod 2 f : M R 3 : Ĝ: f Gauss, deg Ĝ 3 ( π : M M :2 deg Ĝ =1 M = S 2 {p, q} (embedded ends M: catenoid deg Ĝ =2 M = T 2 {p, q} (embedded ends ( 35 / 38 (Meeks, 1981 deg ĝ =3 deg ĝ 5, Möbius ( 36 / 38

10 : Klein {1 } (deg Ĝ = 4 M = { (z, w (C { } 2 ; w 2 = rz 1 z + r (r R + {1}, I (z, w = (, 1 z 1 w } {(0, 0, (, },, G = w z +1 z 1, ϕ 3 = i z2 1 z 2 dz Ĝ f : M R 3 Gauss Ĝ : M RP 2 2 f Ĝ 1, Gauss (López, 1996 deg ĝ =4 ( 37 / 38 doubly periodic, 2 ( 38 / 38

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