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1

2 Louis Hartz Samuel P. Huntington Linda J. Medcalf Kenneth M. Dolbeare Alonzo L. Hamby

3

4 voting referee Lowenstein, p. States Rights Party Strom Thurmond

5 Russell B. Long NAACP NAACP SNCC SNCC CQWR, No., March,,p. Lowenstein,pp. -

6 .. Guinn v. United States White Primary

7 NAACP registrar examiner a Civil Service Commission

8 Lowenstein,p. Robert B. Mckay

9 Harper v. Virginia state Board of Elections, U.S. William O. Douglas

10 William Greider SDS Students for a Democratic Society Todd Gitlin SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinationg Committee SCC= SNCC

11 SNCC SNCC SNCC SNCC SNCCSNCC

12 OEO Office of Economic Opportunity SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference CORE Congress of Racial Equality James Farmer

13 freedom rides Floyd McKissick NAACP SCLC Stokely Carmichael SNCC Huey Newton Bobby Seale

14 governance Samuel P. Huntington, et al., The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission,, p.. Linda J. Medcalf and Kenneth M. Dolbeare, Neopolitics - American Political Ideas in 1980, Alonzo L. Hamby, Liberalism and Its Challengers,. Robert Booth Fowler, Enduring Liberalism : American Political Thought since the 1960s,, pp. -. Daniel H. Lowenstein, Race and Representation in the Supreme Court, in Mark E. Rush ed., Voting Rights and Redistricting in the United States,, p.. Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era Origins and Development of National Policy,, p.. CQWR ( Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report ), No., February,. A Report of The United States Commission on Civil Rights - Voting in Mississippi, Files of Lee White, box, LBJL( Lyndon B. Johnson Library ). D.H.Lowenstein, op.cit., p.. Steven F. Lawson, Black Ballots-Voting Rights in the South ,, p.. Discriminatory Purpose in the Enactment and Administration of Poll Tax Requirement, April,, Files of Lee white, box, LBJL. Graham, Civil Rights and the Presidency, p..

15 Alexander M. Bickel, Politics and the Warren Court,, p.. The Gallup Poll : Public Opinion , p.. Report to the President from the Attorney General and the Chairman of the Civil Service Commission on Implementation of the Voting Rights Act of, Legislation Background: Voting Rights Act of, box, LBJL. Robert B. McKay, Racial Discrimination in the Electoral Process, in Paul Finkelman ed., African Americans and the Right to Vote,, p.. Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States,, pp. -. Bruce E.Cane and Kenneth P. Miller, Voting Rights Mismatch : The Challenge of Applying the Voting Rights Act to Other Minorities, in Mark E. Rush ed., p.. David Zarefsky, President Johnson s War on Poverty: Rhetoric and History,, pp. -. John Frederick Martin, Civil Rights and the Crisis of Liberalism,, pp. -. Booker T. Washington Rhoda Lois Blumberg, Civil Rights : The 1960s Freedom Struggle,, p.. SNCC SNCC Jack M. Bloom, Class,Rase,and the CivilRights Movement,, p..

16 Historical Meaning of the Voting Act of 1965 The problem of voting rights was critical for creating a liberal and pluralistic society in the United States as well as for advancing the civil rights of African Americans. This paper examines the development of voting rights after the Reconstruction Era and discusses the historical meaning of the 1965 Voting Act in terms of the transformation of the American liberalism in the 1960s. This paper is concerned with the principal reasons why the culmination of the American liberalism led to the beginning of the neo-conservative era. In conclusion, four dimensions with respect to the historical meanings were drawn out of the analysis. First is the change from the farm to urban problem. Second is the change from the race to class problem. Third is the change from racial merger to black power. Fourth is the breakup of the civil rights movement and the movement against the Vietnam War in the late 1960s.

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