TCI Kitamura Institute of Mental Health Tokyo
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1 TCI Kitamura Institute of Mental Health Tokyo
2 Big Five theory (Costa & McCrae) Lexicological approach (mail research tool = factor analysis) NEO-PI Psychobiology theory (Cloninger) Division of temperament and character (main research tool = theory derived from animal experiments and philosophical consideration) Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI)
3 personality temperament character Psychobiology theory of personality (NATURE) (NURTURE) Temperament Character Professor C. Robert Cloninger, Washington University, St. Louis
4 Temperament Character (NS) anger (SD) hope (HA) fear (C) charity (RD) (P) love (ST) faith TCI Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire
5 novelty seeking dopamine
6 harm avoidance serotonin
7 reward dependence noradrenalin/norepinephrine
8 persistence
9 temperament NS, HA, RD harm avoidance [] reward dependence novelty seeking
10 self-directedness
11 co-operativeness
12 self-transcendence
13 character SD, C. ST personality maturation self-directedness [ ] selftranscendence co-operativeness TCI SD C
14 psychometric properties
15 TCI TPQ (1993) TPQ 450 General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) Social Desirability Scale (SDS) 2 2 Takeuchi, M., Yoshino, A., Kato, M., Ono, Y., & Kitamura, T. (1993). Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire among university students. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34,
16 TCI 1 TCI GHQ SDS 555 TCI Cloninger GHQ SDS TCI TCI TCI 2 4 Kijima, N., Tanaka, E., Suzuki, N., Higuchi, H., & Kitamura, T. (2000). Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Temperament and Character Inventory. Psychological Reports, 86,
17 TCI VERSION Version 9 TCI 125 TCI 125 with 5-item scale Reference Cloninger et al., 1994 Cloninger et al., 1994 Kijima et al., 2000 N of questions N of answer items 2 (True/False) 2 (True/False) 4 (strongly disagree strongly agree) NS HA R D P SD C ST Kijima, N., Tanaka, E., Suzuki, N., Higuchi, H., & Kitamura, T. (2000). Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Temperament and Character Inventory. Psychological Reports, 86,
18 TCI 2 TCI 383 Cloninger Tomita, T., Aoyama, H., Kitamura, T., Sekiguchi, C., Murai, T., & Matsuda, T. (2000). Factor structure of psychobiological seven-factor model of personality: A model revision. Personality and Individual Differences, 29,
19 TCI TCI (exploratory factor analysis: EFA) (confirmatory factor analysis: CFA) NS HA P, SD, C SD HA, RD RD, C Takeuchi, M., Miyaoka, H., Tomoda, A., Suzuki, M., Lu, X., & Kitamura, T.: (2010). Validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the temperament and character inventory: A study of university and college students, Comprehensive Psychiatry (in the press)
20 (exploratory factor analysis) (confirmatory factor analysis) Confirmatory factor analysis of temperament subscales Takeuchi, M., Miyaoka, H., Tomoda, A., Suzuki, M., Lu, X., & Kitamura, T.: (2010). Validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the temperament and character inventory: A study of university and college students, Comprehensive Psychiatry (in the press)
21 (exploratory factor analysis) (confirmatory factor analysis) Confirmatory factor analysis of character subscales Takeuchi, M., Miyaoka, H., Tomoda, A., Suzuki, M., Lu, X., & Kitamura, T.: (2010). Validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the temperament and character inventory: A study of university and college students, Comprehensive Psychiatry (in the press)
22
23 TCI profile 1 Cloninger TPQ A B A 1 B B Yoshino, A., Kato, M., Takeuchi, M., Ono, Y., Kitamura, T. (1994). Examination of the tridimensional personality hypothesis of alcoholism using empirically multivariate typology. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 18,
24 TCI profile 90 CAGE (Ewing) TCI (Cloninger) (1) Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI: Parker) (2) (3) (4) 15 = low explorative excitability (novelty-seeking component 1). 15 explorative excitability Kitamura, T., Kijima, N., Sakamoto, S., Tomoda, A., Suzuki, N., & Kazama, Y. (1999). Correlates of problem drinking among young Japanese women: personality and early experiences. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 40,
25 Request to participate in the study all universities in Japan 615 universities Presidents responded affirmatively questionnaire returned 4,226 students eligible students 33,779 students 110 universities NS NS + low HA questionnaire usable 4,064 students 20-item version TCI data Chen, Z., Tanaka, N., Uji, M., Hiramura, H., Shikai, N., Fujihara, S., & Kitamura, T. (2007). The role of personality for marital adjustment of Japanese couples. Social Behavior and Personality, 35,
26 high HA, low SD, high ST low SD, low C Temperament Zung s Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) Character NA DEPRESSSION SD HA RD P ANXIETY State Trait Anxiety Inventory (SATI) C ST Tanaka, E., Kijima, N., & Kitamura, T. (1997). Correlations between the Temperament and Character Inventory and the self-rating depression scale among Japanese students. Psychological Reports, 80,
27 low RD, low P, low SD, low C, low ST high NS, high HA, high P, low SD, high ST TCI 541 HA HADS high NS + high HA = borderline profile NS DEPRESSSION low SD, low C, & low ST = melancholic profile SD Temperament HA Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale C Character RD ANXIETY ST P Matsudaira, T., & Kitamura, T. (2006). Personality traits as risk factors of depression and anxiety among Japanese students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62,
28 Temperament Character Structural equation modelling
29 low SD low SD, high ST -.27 Sex Age 218 (structural equation modelling) low SD low SD high ST SD e1 e2 e3 e4 NS HA RD P SD e5 e6 C ST e e8 HAD-D HAD-A Matsudaira, T., Fukuhara, T., & Kitamura, T. (2011). Differences in temperament, character, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among Japanese psychiatric outpatients. (submitted) e9.59 NA.69
30 high HA low SD Temperament Character
31 TCI Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS: Zung) HA SD (SDS) Time 2 SDS Time 1 SDS TCI Time 1 TCI Time 2 Naito, M., Kijima, N., & Kitamura, T. (2000). Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) as predictors of depression among Japanese college students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56,
32 TCI+SDS-1 SDS-2 TCI: Temperament and Character Inventory (Cloninger et al., 1993) SDS: Self-rating Depression Scale (Zung, 1965) Participants: 167 University students Naito, M., Kijima, N., & Kitamura, T. (2000). Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) as predictors of depression among Japanese college students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56,
33 R 気質性格 * Time 2 SDS Time 1 SDS TCI SDS Naito, M., Kijima, N., & Kitamura, T. (2000). Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) as predictors of depression among Japanese college students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56,
34 SD HA Temperament Character low
35 Low SD Depression
36 Temperament Character mediate
37 Participants 437 university students; Mean (SD) age 19.0 (1.3) years Bartholomew s Relationship Questionnaire Liu, Q., Nagata, T., Shono, M., & Kitamura, T. (2008). The effects of adult attachment style and negative life events on daily depression: A sample of Japanese university students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65,
38 (N = 4226) NO ANXIETY Secure: no anxiety; no avoidance High C + low HA NO AVOIDANCE High RD + low SD 1 (no anxiety) C HA, 2 (no avoidance) RD SD Dismissing: no anxiety; avoidance AVOIDANCE Fearful: anxiety; avoidance Preoccupied: anxiety; no avoidance ANXIETY Bartholomew s Relationship Questionnaire Tanaka, N., Hasui, C., Uji, M., Hiramura, T., Chen, Z., Shikai, N., Kishida, Y., & Kitamura, T. (2008). Correlates of the categories of adolescents attachment style: personality, family function, perceived rearing, and early life events. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62,
39 0.4 * * -0.4 NS HA RD P SD C ST 97 Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI: Henderson et al.) SD HA Kitamura, T., Kijima, N., Watanabe, K., Takezaki, Y., Tanaka, E., & Takehara, S. (1999). Precedents of perceived social support: Personality and early life experiences. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 53,
40
41 SD C (NATURE) (NURTURE) Psychobiology theory of personality Temperament Character
42 SUBSCALE: OVERPROTECTION overprotection Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI: Parker) 1 0 OPTIMAL REARING respecting child s autonomy low care -1 high care SUBSCALE: CARE
43 P <.001 P <.001 P <.001 P <.001 (N = 1329) SDS 49 (n = 179) SDS 38 (n = 343) Kitamura, T. et al. (1996). Psychosocial study of depression in early pregnancy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168,
44 Low care overprotection
45 Low Care + Overprotection Depression
46 PBI (high Care) (low Overprotection) SD C social desirability social desirability *** * * * NS HA RD P SD C ST 98 TCI (Parental Bonding Instrument) Kitamura, T., Tomoda, A., Kijima, N., Sakamoto, S., Tanaka, E., & Iwata, N. (2002). Correlates of retrospective early life experience with personality in young Japanese women. Psychological Reports, 91,
47 TCI 4064 TCI short version very short version of the TCI Father's care Father's OP Mother's care Mother's OP Father's care Father's OP Mother's care Mother's OP NS HA RD P SD C ST -0.2 NS HA RD P SD C ST Male students Female students Kitamura, T., & Kishida, Y. (2005). Early experiences and development of personality: A study of the Temperament and Character Inventory in 4000 university students in Japan. In (ed.) L. V. Kingler, Trends in Lifestyle and Health Research, pp. 1-20, Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers.
48 Low SD Low Care + Overprotection
49 Temperament Character Structural equation modelling
50 Takeuchi, T. S., Miyaoka, H., Suzuki, M., Tomoda, A., Yokoo, A. I., Tsutsumida, R., & Kitamura, T. (2010). The relationship of temperament and character dimensions to perceived parenting styles in childhood: A study of a Japanese university student population. (submitted)
51 Low Care + Overprotection Direct effect or mediation? Low SD Depression
52
53 Kitamura, T., Shikai, N., Uji, M., Hiramura, H., Tanaka, N., & Shono, M. (2009). Intergenerational transmission of parenting style and personality: Direct influence or mediation? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18,
54 FATHERS Grandfather s Care determines father s SD; Grandfather s Respecting Autonomy determines father s s C and low ST Grandmother s Care determines father s RD, P, C, and ST; Grandmother s Respecting Autonomy determines father s low NS, SD, and low ST Grandfather's parenting styles do not determine any of father s parenting styles Grandmother's Care determines father s Care and Respecting Autonomy Father s C determines father s Care and Respecting Autonomy Kitamura, T., Shikai, N., Uji, M., Hiramura, H., Tanaka, N., & Shono, M. (2009). Intergenerational transmission of parenting style and personality: Direct influence or mediation? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18,
55 MOTHERS Grandmother s C determines mother s RD and C; Grandmother s Respecting Autonomy determines mother s SD Grandfather s Care determines mother s SD Mother s personality traits do not determine any of mother s parenting styles Grandfather's Care determines mother s Care Grandmother's Respecting Autonomy determines mother s Respecting Autonomy Kitamura, T., Shikai, N., Uji, M., Hiramura, H., Tanaka, N., & Shono, M. (2009). Intergenerational transmission of parenting style and personality: Direct influence or mediation? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18,
56 Low Care + Overprotection Low SD Specific to fathers? Low Care + Overprotection
57 Kitamura, T., Shikai, N., Uji, M., Hiramura, H., Tanaka, N., & Shono, M. (2009). Intergenerational transmission of parenting style and personality: Direct influence or mediation? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18,
58 FATHERS Each of the TCI scales of father determines that of child Kitamura, T., Shikai, N., Uji, M., Hiramura, H., Tanaka, N., & Shono, M. (2009). Intergenerational transmission of parenting style and personality: Direct influence or mediation? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18,
59 MOTHERS Only RD and ST are transmitted directly from mother to child Kitamura, T., Shikai, N., Uji, M., Hiramura, H., Tanaka, N., & Shono, M. (2009). Intergenerational transmission of parenting style and personality: Direct influence or mediation? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18,
60 Low SD Specific to fathers? Low Care + Overprotection Low SD
61 ここまでの所見をひとつの図に合体してみよう
62 Low SD Depression Specific to fathers? Low Care + Overprotection Low SD Specific to fathers? Low Care + Overprotection Depression
63 Cloninger
64 Temperament Externalizing disorders Substance abuse/dependence Somatization disorder Bulimia nervosa Mania (Bipolar disorder) Internalizing disorders Depression Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic disorder Phobic disorders Primary insomnia Psychotic disorders Schizophrenia Delusional disorder Acute psychotic disorder High NS High HA Low RD dopamine serotonin norepinephrine
65 Temperament Cluster B Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Cluster C Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-compulsive Cluster A Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal High NS High HA Low RD dopamine serotonin norepinephrine
66 Novelty seeking disorders Harm avoidance disorders Reward dependency Deficient disorders Externalizing disorders Substance abuse/dependence Somatization disorder Bulimia nervosa Mania (Bipolar disorder) Internalizing disorders Depression GAD Panic disorder Phobic disorders Primary insomnia Psychotic disorders Schizophrenia Delusional disorder Acute psychotic disorder Cluster B Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Cluster C Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-compulsive Cluster A Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal High NS High HA Low RD dopamine serotonin norepinephrine
67 Life Stage, Life Cycle, Culture, & Mental Illness 文化 風土 医療 福祉 地域の人々 法制度 職場の同僚 上司 部下 教育 矯正 友人 知人 ライフテージとライフサイクルからメンタルヘルスを見てみよう
68 Kitamura Institute of Mental Health Tokyo
69
70 Low Care + Overprotection Low Care + Overprotection Depression
71 Kitamura, T. Uji, M., Sakata, M., Chen, Z., Murakami, M., & Goto, G. (2010). Determinants of Parenting Styles of Japanese Fathers and Mothers with Children Aged 0 to 10: Perceived Parenting as Children or Dysphoric Mood? (submitted)
72 FATHERS 15 Kitamura, T. Uji, M., Sakata, M., Chen, Z., Murakami, M., & Goto, G. (2010). Determinants of Parenting Styles of Japanese Fathers and Mothers with Children Aged 0 to 10: Perceived Parenting as Children or Dysphoric Mood? (submitted)
73 MOTHERS 15 Kitamura, T. Uji, M., Sakata, M., Chen, Z., Murakami, M., & Goto, G. (2010). Determinants of Parenting Styles of Japanese Fathers and Mothers with Children Aged 0 to 10: Perceived Parenting as Children or Dysphoric Mood? (submitted)
74 Low SD Specific to fathers? Depression Specific to fathers? Low Care + Overprotection Specific to mothers? Low SD Specific to mothers? Specific to fathers? Low Care + Overprotection Depression Specific to mothers?
2 251 Barrera, 1986; Barrera, e.g., Gottlieb, 1985 Wethington & Kessler 1986 r Cohen & Wills,
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