89 6 2017.3 1 2 Bowman 3 4 (1) 1 (2) 3 (3) (1) 15 2000 65 (2) 71 4 1957 59 1971 267 (3) 71 397
89 6 3 (4) 21 (5) (6) (7) (4) 1986 261 (5) 15 1989 52 53 (6) 1988 207 (7) 398
19 1998 European Court of Human Rights, Bowman European Convention on Human Rights, (8) 1 (9) Bowman Bowman 36 2 2003 113 114 2006 258 262? 5 2013 95 (8) Bowman v. United Kingdom (1998) 26 E.H.R.R. 1. (9) 10 R (on the application of the Animal Defenders International) v. Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport[2008] UKHL 15;[2008] 1 A.C. 1312 Animal Defenders International v. United Kingdom (2013) 57 E.H.R.R. 21 399
89 6 1 (10) Bowman 1883 Reform Act (11) corrupt practices 1695 Treating Act 1729 Bribery Act 1832 1854 Corrupt Practices Prevention Act 3 1880 (12) (10) 2015 The Electoral Commission, UK Parliamentary General Election 2015: Campaign spending report (2016) pp.13 17. (11) H.F.Rawlings, Law and Electoral Process (Sweet & Maxwell, 1988) p.135. (12) See, C.O leary, The Elimination of Corrupt Practices in British Elections 1868 1911 (Oxford University Press, 1962) ch.5; L.M.Helmore, Corrupt and Illegal Practices: A General Survey and a Case Study of an Election Petition (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967) pp.18 26; E.J.Evans, Parliamentary Reform in Britain, c.1770 1918 (Longman, 2000) pp.66 67. 400
(13) Gladstone 1883 Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act, 1883 1883 election agent 1880 the country Returns name (13) C.2856 (1881) pp.4 8. 401
89 6 (14) 2 1883 2 (15) 1883 1883 (16) 1883 1883 1925 (17) 1918 1883 third party (14) Hansard, HC, vol.276, col.1697 (4 June 1883). (15) J.Rowbottom, Democracy Distorted: Wealth, Influence and Democratic Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2010) pp.113 114. (16) C.Seymour, Electoral Reform in England and Wales: the Development and Operation of the Parliamentary Franchise, 1832 1885 (Yale University Press, 1915) p.442. (17) 1883 402
1916 Speaker s Conference (18) 1918 Representation of the People Act 1918, 1918 34 1 (19) (20) (21) 1883 1918 (22) 1918 (18) Cd.8463 (1917) pp.6 7. (19) Hansard, HC, vol.98, cols.874 875 (24 October 1917). (20) Hansard, HC, vol.99, col.1769 (26 November 1917). (21) 1918 1918 120 1 1998 107 1918 K.D.Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties in Britain (Cambridge University Press, 1987) pp.80 82 (22) O leary, supra note 12, p.228. 403
89 6 R v. Jones (23) Lord Bingham (24) (25) 1952 R v. Tronoh Mines Ltd (26) Tronoh Mines Ltd 1951 1949 63 1 (27) McNair (23) Rv.Jones[1999] 2 Cr.App.R. 253. (24) Ibid., at 255. (25) 10 R v. Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, supra note 9, at [28] (Lord Bingham); at [49] (Baroness Hale). See, T.Lewis and P.Cumper, Balancing Freedom of Political Expression against Equality of Political Opportunity: the Courts and the UK Broadcasting Ban on Political Advertising [2009] P.L.89, p.96. (26) R v. Tronoh Mines Ltd[1952] 1 All E.R.697. (27) 1949 63 1 a b c 3 b 404
Tronoh Mines Ltd Tronoh Mines (28) (29) 2000 1883 1918 1983 1983 2 1918 1990 10 Bowman (28) DPP v. Luft[1977] A.C.962 (29) 48 1 1996 68 405
89 6 2 Bowman Bowman 1983 1983 1883 1918 1983 76 76 1 2 75 75 1 a b c c 5 Bowman 75 1 c Bowman Phyllis Bowman Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child(SPUC) Bowman 1992 150 Halifax 3 25000 406
1983 75 1 5 (30) 10 10 (31) 1 2 14 6 10 1983 75 (30) 1983 176 summons Bowman 1993 9 27 acquittal (31) 2008 492 [ ] 407
89 6 [33] (32) [34] (33) 1983 75 [35] 75 3 fairness [36] 1983 75 Bowman [38] 75 1 10 3 right to free elections [41] 3 (34) (32) [ ] (33) 3 10 17 2001 223 (34) 31 498 408
2 1 [42] 2 2 margin of appreciation (35) [43] Bowman [44] 75 5 4 6 Bowman Bowman [45] Bowman [39] Bowman Bowman (35) derogation 50 2 2000 151 33 230 231 409
89 6 Bowman Bowman [46] 1983 75 Bowman total barrier 5 [47] 1983 75 75 5 Bowman 10 1 3 2 Loizou, Baka Jambrek 1983 75 causes [3] [4] arms 410
1983 76 [5] 75 single-issue groups [6] Bowman [7] 75 Bowman [8] 1983 75 Bowman convictions 4 6 [9] [10] [11] [12] 411
89 6 Loizou, Baka Jambrek 75 SirJohnFreeland Levits [2] [3] 1983 [4] 1983 75 75 76 [5] 75 [6][7] 75 [10] 75 [11] 75 412
[12] [13] Bowman 150 25000 Bowman [14] 75 Bowman Bowman 75 Bowman 413
89 6 (36) 1983 76 10 (37) 3 Tronoh Mines 20 19 20 1990 (38) (36) N.S.Ghaleigh, Election Spending and Freedom of Expression (1998) 57 C.L.J. 431, p.433; A.C.Geddis, Democratic Visions and Third-Party Independent Expenditures: A Comparative View (2001) 9 Tul.J.Int l & Comp.L. 5, p.77. (37) Bowman See, Rowbottom, supra note 15, pp.59 61 1993 239 241 (38) F1 B. Ecclestone F1 K.D.Ewing, The Cost of Democracy (Hart Publishing, 2007) pp.3 5 and 13 16 1990 2003 180 182 = 414
Blair 2000 Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act, 2000 2000 Electoral Commission (39) Bowman 2000 Bowman 10 2 Bowman 10 1983 75 2000 10 2000 (40) 10 strike down (41) 2000 Bowman 2005 611 613 (39) K.D.Ewing, Transparency, Accountability and Equality: The Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 [2001] P.L. 542, p.542. (40) Committee on Standards in Public Life Neill (41) Cm.4057- I : The Funding of Political Parties in the United Kingdom (1998) at [10.65]. 415
89 6 10 10 10 1 1 absolutist interpretation [10.67] Bowman 10 1 10 2 3 [10.68] 10 Bowman 1983 75 [10.58 10.59] level playing field Bowman [10.69] Bowman 5 10 Bowman 10 Bowman 2000 10 Bowman 416
2000 (42) registered party 22 1 2000 8 1 (43) 30000 81 12 6 9 2 3 2 3 4 365 9 2 3 7 treasurer 88 94 365 10 2 3 Bowman 1983 75 1983 75 500 (42) 2000 Ewing, supra note 39, pp.556 562; N.S.Ghaleigh, Expenditure, Donations and Public Funding under the United Kingdom s Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 And Beyond? in K.D.Ewing & S.Issacharoff (eds.), Party Funding and Campaign Financing in International Perspective (Hart Publishing, 2006) pp.44 49. 38 616 628 22 2010 44 48 (43) 72 4 8 1 417
89 6 (44) 2000 131 [4.3] 19 1983 19 [10.2 10.4] [10.12 10.13] (45) [10.28] [10.29] (46) (44) Cm.4057- I, at [10.64]. 500 (45) ibid., at [10.7] (46) Ewing Ewing, supra note 38, p151 418
[10.76 10.77] J. Straw (47) arms race 1983 500 1997 2700 3000 (48) Lord Bassam of Brighton Parliamentary Under- Secretary of State (47) Hansard, HC, vol.342, col.34 (10 January 2000). (48) Ibid., cols.35 36. 419
89 6 (49) 2000 2000 2000 arms (50) 2000 2000 2000 (51) 3 2009 2009 Political Parties and Elections Act, 2009 55 55 (52) 55 (49) Hansard, HL, vol.611, col.1091 (3 April 2000). (50) Hansard, HC, vol.567, col.181 (3 September 2013). (51) See, e.g., Ewing, supra note 38, pp.133 141. = 669 2006 69 (52) 1983 118 A 420
2009 1983 2009 2009 (53) 2011 2011 Fixed-term Parliaments Act (54) 5 5 1 3 2 14 2009 25000 1 7 25000 1 5 60 100 59 90 58 80 57 70 56 60 (53) Hansard, HC, vol.487, cols.1214 1217 (9 February 2009). (54) 341 2012 1 2012 146 2016 253 421
89 6 2009 (55) 2009 2014 2014 Transparency of Lobbying, Non-party Campaigning and Trade Union Administration Act 2000 9750 (56) (57) 2000 (58) 1 2000 Bowman 10 2000 (55) R.Kelly & I.White, Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (2016) Commons Briefing papers SNO6111 (House of Commons Library) p.8. (56) Hansard, HC, vol.567, col.169 (3 September 2013). (57) Ibid., col.180. (58) Ibid., col.181. 422
2000 2000 2000 4 (59) (59) See, e.g., Ewing, supra note 38, p.28; B.Watt, UK Election Law: a critical examination (Glass House Press, 2006) pp.127 128; R.Blackburn, The Electoral System in Britain (Palgrave Macmillan, 1995) pp.351 352 and 357 358. 423
89 6 1974 Federal Election Campaign Act Federal Election Commission 1 Buckley v. Valeo (60) (61) 1 (62) 1 (63) (60) Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976). 6 125 131 = 1998 2 = = 2015 440 448 (61) Ibid., at 17. (62) Ibid., at 48 49. (63) Ibid., at 57. 424
Buckley (64) (65) (66) Lori. A. Ringhand 50 (67) (64) J.Marriott, Alarmist or Relaxed? Election Expenditure Limits and Free Speech [2005] P.L. 764. (65) See, Rowbottom, supra note 15, ch.2. (66) Marriott, supra note 64, pp.776 777. (67) L.A.Ringhand, Concepts of Equality in British Election Financing Reform Proposals (2002) 22 O.J.L.S. 253, p.259. Cm. 425
89 6 Ringhand Ringhand equality of arms a level playing field (68) (69) Ringhand proxies (70) (71) 4057- I, at [10.28] (68) Ibid., p257. (69) Ibid., p.258. (70) Ibid., p.262. M.Linton (71) Ibid., p.263. Ringhand ibid., p.270 426
(72) Bowman (73) Keith. D. Ewing Ewing Ewing (72) Ewing, suora note 38, p.50 (73) Ringhand 3 Ringhand, supra note 67, p.257 Ringhand 3 4 4 ibid., p.273 427
89 6 (74) Ewing Ewing cause (75) Ewing 2000 (74) Ewing, supra note 38, p.28 (75) Ibid., p.29 428
(76) (77) (78) (76) 2 1925 14 2 23 13 (77) 15 (78) 1934 4 132 1948 262 1950 286 429
89 6 (79) (80) (81) (82) (83) (79) 1 K.D.Ewing & J.Rowbottom, The role of spending controls: New electoral actors and new campaign techniques in K.D.Ewing, J.Rowbottom and JC.Tham(eds.), The Funding of Political Parties: Where now? (Routledge, 2012) pp.85 87 (80) Cm.7329: Party finance and expenditure in the United Kingdom The Government s proposals (2008) at [3.21]-[3.32] (81) Marriott, supra note 64, p.777. (82) Ibid., p.778 779. (83) Ibid., p.783. 430
21 (84) (85) 1 (84) 129 1969 44 4 23 23 4 235 (85) 6 203 431