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1 2 2 3 2.1................................................ 3 2.2............................................. 4 2.3.................................................. 5 2.3.1....................... 6 2.3.2 µ + µ.................... 8 2.3.3......................................... 10 3 11 3.1.................................................. 11 3.1.1.............................................. 11 3.1.2......................................... 11 3.1.3.......................................... 11 3.2.......................................... 13 3.3.................................................... 14 3.4.................................................. 15 3.4.1..................................... 15 3.4.2..................................... 15 3.5............................................... 17 4 18 4.1.......................................... 18 4.2.................................................... 19 4.3.................................................. 19 5 20 5.1.................................................. 20 5.1.1.............................................. 20 5.1.2.......................................... 20 5.2.......................................... 21 5.3.................................................... 22 5.4.................................................. 22 6 23 6.1.................................................... 23 6.2.................................................... 23 6.3.................................................... 23 1

1 2

2 2.1 1900 T.H.Johnson [1][2][3] C.Stormer [4] G.Lemaitre M.S.Vallarta[5][6] [7] 20 M.Honda 1 [8] 1 (1) (2) 3

2.2 2.1 2.1: CNO flux [8] π + µ + + ν µ π µ + ν µ 2.2 flux 4

2.2: cosθ = 0.9 1 θ µ + + µ flux [8] 2.3 (1) (2) µ + µ i. (1) ii. (1) iii. µ + e + + ν e + ν µ µ e + ν e + ν µ Gev (2) 5

(1) (2) 2.3.1 (1) 2 dp dt = qv B (2.1) p q v B rigidity rigidity Stromer (2.1) Stormer Lemaitre Vallarta 3 10 8 10 (2.1) t t,q q ( 2.3) [9]: i. ii. iii. i ii iii (2.1) rigidity i ii iii rigidity cutoff [10] 2.4 µ rigidity cutoff 2 (2) µ + µ 6

2.3: (a) iii (b) i ii [15] 2.4: 15 Stormer Lemaitre [10] geomagnetic latitiude 22 N 7

2.5: 30 [10] rigidity cutoff ( 2.1) Honda [8] flux K.Nagashima [11] 2.3.2 µ + µ (1) (1) [12][13] 3 Y.Kamiya [11] 3 8

rigidity cutoff µ ± µ + µ ( 2.6) 2.6: meson [13] µ + µ 20 ( 2.7): 2.7: µ + µ µ + /µ [8] 9

: (2) (1) 2.3.3 (a) rigidity cutoff (b) µ + µ asymmetry [5][6][10][14] (1) rigidity cutoff 4 2.4 2.5 4 10

3 3.1 3.1.1 3.3 3.4 NaI Plastic NaI Plastic coincidence NaI NaI NaI coincidence TDC 25,000 NaI 4 4 200,000 3.1.2 3.1 Discriminator threshold) 12mV 100ns Coincidence Divider Divider 2 2 Dual Gate Generator Gate Gate Gate (delay) 10µs delay 0s Delay 105ns delay TDC Gate TDC TDC Gate TDC Gate 0 4096 1 5ns Gate 3.2 3.1.3 3.3 3.4 Plastic NaI 11

NaI 1 NaI 2 Plastic 0 1 14 Discriminator 0 1 14 in out 1-A 1-B 2-A 2-B 3-A in in 1 2 14 Coincidence Delay 105ns 1 2 3 out out 1 2 14 Divider start Dual Gate Generator out Gate 2 3 1 TDC 3.1: NaI1 or Nal2 Plastic 100ns Gate 100ns 8 s 3.2: Gate 12

NaI NaI NaI 75cm 179.8cm 33cm 48.4cm Plastic 5.5cm NaI 41cm plastic 8.3cm 48.4cm 5.3cm 7.8cm 3.3: 98.5cm 149.8cm 3.4: 3.2 events Asymmetry 3.1: Channel1 Channel2 1 10745 12749 2 11056 12935 3 11019 12809 ( ) 10940 12831 4 12213 14214 5 11964 13863 6 12124 13905 ( ) 12100.33 13994 Asymmetry(%) 5.0361( ) 4.3355( ) 13

3.2: - Channel1 Channel2 1 11095 12871 2 11067 12759 ( ) 11081 12815 3 12086 13833 4 12164 13883 ( ) 12125 13858 Asymmetry(%) 4.4988( ) 3.9103( ) 3.3: Channel1 Channel2 1 11793 13696 2 11765 13614 3 11730 13711 4 11868 13530 ( ) 11789 13637.75 5 11222 13156 6 11338 13199 7 11221 13210 8 11428 13082 ( ) 11302.25 13161.75 Asymmetry(%) 2.1100( ) 1.7762( ) 3.4: - Channel1 Channel2 1 11338 13180 11338 13180 2 11763 13598 11763 13598 Asymmetry(%) 1.8398( ) 1.5610( ) 3.3 14

3.4 3.4.1 NaI Plastic Plastic NaI NaI NaI 3.4.2 Poisson x x NaI Plastic Poisson Poisson x y Asymmetry u x y = η x + y = ξ u = η 100 (3.1) ξ η ξ u δη δξ δu δu u = ( δη η )2 + ( δξ ξ )2 (3.2) δη = x + y (3.3) δξ = x + y (3.4) δu x + y x + y u = ( x y )2 + ( x + y )2 (3.5) 3.3 Channel1 3.3 x = 11789 y = 11302.25 (3.5) ( ) u = 2.1100 δu = 6.6000 10 1 95% 3.5 95% Asymmetry 2δu 15

3.5: Poisson δu 31.73% % 31.73 δu 4.55 2 δu 0.27 3 δu 6.3 10 3 4 δu 5.7 10 5 5 δu 2.0 10 7 6 δu 0.1 Asymmetry 1 3.6 3.7 Asymmetry(%) - 3.6: Channel1 (%) 95% % 5.0( ) 0.66 3.7-6.3-4.5( ) 0.66 3.2-5.8-2.1( ) 0.66 0.8-3.4-1.8( ) 0.66 0.5-3.1 Asymmetry(%) - 3.7: Channel2 (%) 95% % 4.3( ) 0.61 3.1-5.5-3.9( ) 0.61 2.7-5.1-1.8( ) 0.61 0.6-3.0-1.6( ) 0.61 0.4-2.8 16

3.5 1 asymmetry asymmetry (1) Plastic Plastic Asymmetry (2) Asymmetry 1 360 2 17

4 Plastic Asymmetry 180 4.1 4.2 4.1 events Asymmetry 4.1: Channel1 Channel2 4422 5162 4814 5564 Asymmetry(%) 4.2442( ) 3.7479( ) 4.2: Channel1 Channel2 4527 5302 4664 5469 Asymmetry(%) 1.4906( ) 1.5505( ) 18

4.2 Asymmetry Plastic Asymmetry Asymmetry 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 Asymmetry Plastic Asymmetry 4.3: Asymmetry Channel1 Channel2 Asymmetry % 5.0(0.66) 4.3(0.61) Asymmetry % 4.2(1.0) 3.7(0.97) % 0.8(1.2) 0.6(1.1) 4.4: Asymmetry Channel1 Channel2 Asymmetry % 2.1(0.66) 1.8(0.61) Asymmetry % 1.5(1.0) 1.6(0.96) % 0.6(1.2) 0.2(1.1) 4.3 Asymmetry Asymmetry Asymmetry u 1 Asymmetry u 2 D D = u 1 u 2 (4.1) u 1 u 2 D δu 1 δu 2 δd δd = (δu 1 ) 2 + (δu 2 ) 2 (4.2) Asymmetry 4.3 4.4 19

5 5.1 5.1.1 NaI Plastic 5.1 5.2 NaI Plastic 23.9 - - - - 5.1.2 23.9 NaI Ch1 NaI Ch2 74cm 33cm 48.4cm Plastic PMT 41cm 5.1: 1 20

NaI 48.3cm 75cm 179.8cm 5.5cm NaI plastic 8.3cm 48.4cm 5.3cm 98.5cm 149.8cm 5.2: 2 5.2 events Asymmetry 5.1: Channel1 Channel2 9375 10394 9582 10608 Asymmetry(%) 1.0919( ) 1.0190( ) 5.2: Channel1 Channel2 8972 10235 9751 11012 Asymmetry(%) 4.1607( ) 3.6570( ) 5.3: - Channel1 Channel2 9229 10374 9615 10750 Asymmetry(%) 2.0484( ) 1.7800( ) 21

5.4: - Channel1 Channel2 9576 10631 9350 10397 Asymmetry(%) 2.1250( ) 1.1128( ) 5.3 5.1 5.4 Asymmetry 1% 0.7 5.4 5.5 5.6 Asymmetry(%) - 5.5: Channel1 (%) 95% % 1.1( ) 0.73 0.4-1.8-2.0( ) 0.73 1.3-2.7-4.2( ) 0.73 3.5-4.9-2.1( ) 0.72 1.4-2.8 Asymmetry(%) - 5.6: Channel2 (%) 95% % 1.0( ) 0.69 0.3-1.7-1.8( ) 0.69 1.1-2.5-3.7( ) 0.69 3.0-4.4-1.1( ) 0.69 0.4-1.8 22

6 6.1 asymmetry asymmetry 6.2 NaI 2 6.3 23

NaI - i.ch1 Ch2 913min ii.ch1 Ch2 906min i. ii. 7 7 Ch1 74count Ch2 78count Ch1 Asymmetry 3.7803 Ch2 4.0389 24

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[1] T.H.Johnson and J.C.Street Phys.Rev. 41, 690(1932) [2] T.H.Johnson Phys.Rev. 43, 307,381(1933) [3] T.H.Johnson Phys.Rev.48, 287(1935) [4] C.Stormer Astrophys. 1, 237(1930) [5] G.Lemaitre and M.S.Vallarta Phys.Rev.49,719(1936) [6] G.Lemaitre and M.S.Vallarta Phys.Rev.50,493(1936) [7] The Super-kamiokande Collaboration, T.Futagami et al Phys.Rev.Lett. 82,5194(1999) or astro-ph/9901139 [8] M.Honda et al hep-ph/9503439 [9] P.Lipari hep-ph/0003013 [10] R.A.Alpher jour. Geophys. Res. 55, 437(1950) [11] K.Nagashima et al, Nuovo Cimento 12C, 173(1989) [12] L.I.Dorman Cosmic rays. (1974) North-Holland pub. [13] Y.Kamiya Jour. of Geomagn. and Geoelec. 14, No.4,191(1963) [14] T.H.Johnson Phys.Rev. 47, 91(1935) [15] B.Rossi Cosmic Rays McGraw Hill(1964) [16] G.F.Knoll (2002) 931p 26