--- = ----
16 Z 8 0 8 8 0 Big Bang 8 8 s-process 50 r-process 8 50 N r-process s-process Hydrogen 71% Helium 8% Others 1.9% Heay 4-4% lements(>ni p-process (γ process?
r-process s-process Big Bang H,He Li A=5,8 C --- ( Fe ------ s-process(slow process r-process (rapid process Quiz: kt=10 7 K ev kt=10 9 K( proton :p (neutron :n T~10 9 K (100keV, p+n d+ d +p 3 He+ 3 He+n 4 H ( p,n 7 1 4 He H He Be BC Li
http://pdg.lbl.go/008/reiews/rpp008-re-bbang-nucleosynthesis.pdf H 0.75 4 He 0.49(9 4 He,D, 3 He Big Bang Big Bang h=h 0 /100kms -1 MPc -1 =0.7(8 Ω B =ρ B /ρ c Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN Diagram From Kajino s lecture CMB (WMAP t = 3 min Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis Constraints BBN- 4 He Cosmic Baryon Density Ω B Ω B s from BBN and CMB are inconsistent Weak decoupling Neutrino Species G F or τ n N ν
Li 3 4 He 1 C 4 1 H 4 He+e + +ν
10 7 K(~1keV 100g/cm p + p d + e + +ν Coulomb Barrier Z1Ze Vc( r = r d + p 3 He+γ 3 He+ 3 He p+ 4 He Nuclear Potential pp chain pp chain 86% p+p e+ +ν+d d+p 3 He+γ 3 He+ 3 He p+ 4 He Chain I Q=6.0MeV 3 He+ 4 He 7 Be+γ 14% 0.0% Be+e - 7 Li+ν 7 Li+p 4 He Chain II Q=5.66MeV 7 Be+p 8 B+γ 8 B+e - 8 Be+ν 8 Be 4 He Chain III Q=19.17MeV NT 4p 4 He+e + +ν+q(6.73mev
A(a,bB N N r A a = (ax(a = 0 ( ( d φ = = = 0 3/ 1/ 0 3 3/ 3/ exp ( 1 8 exp ( 4 exp 4 ( d kt kt d kt kt kt kt πµ µ π µ π µ π µ π φ Maxwell Boltzmann c 0 -U 0 R projectile r e Z Z r Vc 1 ( = e Z Z P h 1 exp( = = η πη (Penetrability Sommerfeld parameter ( exp( 1 ( exp( 1 ~ ( S P πη πη π = D Astrophysical S-Factor
( l = π ( bl + 1 bl = (l + 1 πd b = lh / p = ld ( l=0 (Quiz Quiz: 1MeV(l=0 Astrophysical S-factor 0keV extrapolate
8 = πµ 1/ 1 kt 3/ 0 ( exp kt d Gamow Window Maxwell Boltzmann (~ C..Rolfs and William S.Rodney, Cauldrons in the Cosmos, Uni. of Chicago Press Gamow Window Gamow peak S-factor=const. Gamow peak Gaussian I max 1/ 0 3/ = µ ( kt 3 S( 0exp kt I max /e = 1.( Z Z 0 1 1 = 0.749( Z Z µ T 6 µ T 5 6 1/3 1/ 6 [kev] [kev] T N =T N x10 N K 0 0 (kev coul (MeV /(kev I max Tdependence p+p 5.9 0.55 3. 1.1e-6 T 3.9 p+ 14 N 6.5.7 6.8 1.8e-7 T 0 α+ 1 C 56.0 3.43 9.8 3.0e-57 T 4 16 O+ 16 O 37.0 14.07 0. 6.e-39 T 18 For T 6 =15 (solar temperature
CNO cycle- other Hydrogen burning process 15 O 16 O 13 N 1 C 14 N 15 N 13 C 14 C (p,γ β + ( e + +ν (p,α 4p 4 He+e + +ν (Q=6.73MeV 1 C Catalyst( 15 O+γ PP VS CNO
8 B 8 B* 7 Be ~47MeV/nucleon (β ~0.3c γ High-Z Target (Pb p 8 B+γ 7 Be+p 7 Be+p 8 B+γ Principle of Detailed Balance (I + 1 A γ n, γ ( rel =, ( γ n γ (I + 1 µ c A 1 rel T.Motobayashi et al.,phys.re.lett.73,680(1994. 3 4 He 1 C H 4 He
Triple alpha 1, D 3 He, 4 He,(5, 6 Li, 7 Li,(8, 9 Be, 10 B,, 09 Bi Triple alpha Triple-alpha: (Detour ( 90keV 8 Be 1x10-16 s α α 8 Be+ 80keV Hoyle state 0 + γ γ 7.65MeV 1 C (1/500 0 + α α α Triple α α α α α α Hoyle St. -- 1 C p n
5 1 H 4 He 4 He 1 C 1 C 0 Ne 0 Ne 16 O 10 16 O 8 Si 0 8 Si 56 Ni 40 Fe Super Noa ( p+e - n+ν
10
r-process Se As Ge Ga Zn Cu Ni Co Fe N=8 56 Fe Super Noa (high ρ n, high T 68 Ni(n,γ 69 Ni(n,γ 70 Ni 77 Ni(n,γ 78 Ni N=50 78 Ni Z=8 Waiting point 78 Ni+n 79 Ni+γ Nuclear Chart 8 Z 16 8 8 r-process N
(A+1 Z* (A+1 Z γ A Z+n ( 1/ 1 ( πd Γn ( Γγ ( + Q 1/ law Q s Partial Width Γ ( = krγ n Reduced width=const. Γ ( + Q Γ ( Q = const. γ γ ΓxΓ ωγ = ( stat. factor Γ γ
r-process s-process ε (ρ A=N? N=Z ρ ( ρ 0, ε 0 ρ 0 ε ( ρ, δ = ε ( ρ,0 + ( ρ δ, sym δ = ρ ρ n ρ p
OS TOV(Toleman-Oppenheimer-Volko eq. dp( r = G dr 3 { M ( r + 4πP( r r / c }{ m( r + P( r / c } r( r GM ( r / c M ( r = 4πr ' m( r' dr' Breathing Mode 0
8 Nuclear Chart Z 50 16 8 8 0 8 N 0 50 8 8 r-process 300 3000 ( 6000?
PID F1 @F7 [MeV] 007 38U + Be(5mm at 345 MeV/, F1: +-mm, Brho : 76 Ni Xe Te I Sn (Z=50 Sb 13 Sn 14 Sn Cd In Pd Ag Ru Rh (Z=45 Mo Tc Zr (Z=40 Nb Y Rb Br (Z=35 As Ga Cu Co r-process path 64 Ni Ni Fe A/Z=.5 Kr Se Ge Zn (Z=30 Sr 76 Zn 70 Ni TOF(F3-F7 [ns] RI 007 1990- GANIL,GSI,MSU ~100MeV (C,O,Ar RIPS RRC ZeroDegree RARF (old frc IRC SRC RI-beam Factory 007- (GSI Fair
/