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10 2007 610 1. 2 ONS 2005 73 68 5 56 5 10 71 11 15 77 39 22 1969 87

Autumn 2007 No. 160 1980 3 1000 2.1 1961 11.9 1981 2005 13.0 2004 14.1 ONS 2006 1972 14 1 2004 4 1 22 2 40 3 4 2 5 DWP 2006a p.31 2004 1.77 5 0.1 2. 30 1970 1979 1990 80 88

the democratic family Giddens 1998 pp.154-167 Lewis and Campbell 2007 Supporting Families 1998 Cohen 2004 p.61 1. Department for Education and Skills: DfES Department of Work and Pension: DWP 2 HM Revenue & Customs: HMRC Jobcentre Plus DfES Minister for Children, Young People and Families Minister of State for Schools and 14-19 learners 2003 Every Child Matters 89

Autumn 2007 No. 160 being healthy staying safe enjoying and achieving making a positive contribution economic well-being 5 2. 1 20 2004 1 4 2010 1 2 2020 DWP DWP 4 DWP 2006a p.5 p.29 2010 70 20 DWP 2006a p.33 18 24 6 25 2 50 6 Jobcentre Plus Jobcentre Plus personal adviser work-focused interview 1 1 2005 10 14 16 4 DWP 2 1 DWP 2006a p.33 1999 2006 10 5.35 90

2 child minder 1998 National Childcare Strategy 2004 10 day nurseries nursery schools and nursery classes 7 19 50 3 5 9 15 30 8 breakfast club 15 30 18 after school club 8 18 holiday play scheme 3 4 200633 38 3 14 8 6 2010 2006 6 126 1997 DWP 2006a p.42 DfES 2 80 2 50 7 152 127 205 2006 4 80 1999 2003 2003 4 52 46 5 13 1 4 2003 6 Cohen 2004 p.31 p.61 Work and Families Act 2006 2010 Lewis and Campbell 2007 p.373 1 1 1 91

Autumn 2007 No. 160 Lewis and Campbell 2007 p.378 3 16 Child Benefit 17.45 1 11.70 2 16 19 2006 4 CTC 19 20 1998 1999 Family Credit WFTC 2003 4 Working Tax Credit: WTC Child Tax Credit: CTC CTC CTC Family Element Child Element 50,000 545 1 1090 14155 1765 14155 WTC WTC lone parent/couple element childcare element 16 1 175 2 300 80 WTC 5220 37 Statutory Maternity Pay: SMP, Maternity Allowance: MA 108.85 26 SMP 6 90 20 108.85 90 MA SMP DWP 4 1980 Child Support Act 1991 92

Child Support Agency CSA absent parent 1998 2004 DWP 10 2006 6 3 1 CSA CSA CSA CSA CSA 2 3 Henshaw 2006 1991 2007 93

Autumn 2007 No. 160 CSA 5 SEU Social Exclusion Unit SEU 1998 2000 NSNR 10 20 SEU 2001 New Deal for Communities Sure Start Health Education, and Employment Zones Sure Start 2007 Sure Start 2008 2500 1 Sure Start Skinner 2005 Sure Start 2007 pp.159-161 DWP 2004 2005 270 1998 1999 60 DWP 2004 94

1 4 DWP 2006a p.30 56 1997 18.4 2006 15.3 60 1996 25 2004 19 1996 33 2004 27 1997 45.3 2001 51.5 2006 56.6 DWP 2006b p.13, p.15, p.45 11 key stage 2 4 1997 63 62 79 76 5 2007 5 DfES 2004 2006 11 85 4 2008 4 78 74 2003 04 2005 06 79 76 10 NEET 2007 Slippage DfES 2007 DWP 10 Bradshaw 2005 Stewart 2005 1979 605 10 28 21 Walker 2006 10 Hill 2006 95

Autumn 2007 No. 160 Hill 2006 Advancement Support Adviser 17 13 30 25 21 Bradshaw 2006 CPAG Child Poverty Action Group Jobcentre Plus scrounger hard-working families CPAG 2006 p.v DfES 10 21 96

2020 EU voluntarism Lewis and Campbell 2007 welfare state workfare state Bradshaw, J (2005) Child Poverty and deprivation, in Bradshaw, J and Mayhew, E. (ed) The Well-being of Children in the UK (2nd), Save the Children, London Bradshaw, J (2006) Child well-being in the UK in a comparative perspective, presentation materials at CRSP conference in Loughborough University (September 2006) Child Poverty Action Group (2006) Welfare benefits and tax 97

Autumn 2007 No. 160 credits handbook 2006/2007, London, Child Poverty Action Group. Cohen, B, Moss, P, Petrie, P and Wallace, J (2004) A New Deal for Children?: Re-forming education, and care in England, Scotland, and Sweden, Bristol, Policy Press. Department for Education and Skills (2003) Every Child Matters, TSO, Cm5860 Department for Education and Skills (2007) Departmental Report 2007, TSO, Cm7092 Department of Work and Pension (2006a) Opportunity for all: Eighth Annual Report 2006 Strategy Document, TSO, Cm6915-i Department of Work and Pension (2006b) Opportunity for all: Eighth Annual Report 2006 indicators document, TSO, Cm6915-ii Giddens, A (1998) The Third Way 1999 Henshaw, D (2006) Recovering child support: routes to responsibility, TSO, Cm6894 Hill, M (2006) British Social Policy under the Blair Government, 15 pp.146-173 Lewis, J and Campbell, M (2007) Work/Family Balance Policies in the UK since 1997: A New Departure?, Journal of Social Policy Vol.36 No.3, pp.365-381 Office for National Statistics (2006) Divorces in England and Wales during 2005, Population Trends No.125 pp.93-97 Skinner, C (2005) Childcare, in Bradshaw, J and Mayhew, E. (ed) The Well-being of Children in the UK (2nd), Save the Children, London Social Exclusion Unit (1998) Bringing Britain together: a national strategy for neighbourhoods renewal, London, Cm4045 Social Exclusion Unit (2004) Breaking the Cycle: Taking stock of progress and priorities for the future, ODPM publications, London Stewart, K (2005) Towards an equal start? Addressing childhood poverty and deprivation, in Hills, J and Stewart, K (ed) A More Equal Society? : New Labour, poverty, inequality, and exclusion, Policy Press. Walker, R (2006) Suffer the little children: on anti-child poverty policies since 1997, presentation materials at CRSP conference in Loughborough University (September 2006) 2007 Vol.48 No.1 pp.142-152 2007 1998 1990 37 pp.51-58 2002 pp.37-49 2003 pp.267-296 2004 pp.21-29 2005 14 pp.52-74 2004 4 pp. 205-225 98