145 1 e.g., Plaut, McClelland, Seidenberg, & Patterson, 1996 Cortese & Balota, 2012; 2012 e.g., Baddeley, Thomson, & Buchanan, 1975e.g., Hino & Lupker, 1998 e.g., Coltheart,
146 Davelaar, Jonasson, & Besner, 1977 e.g., Yates, Locker, & Simpson, 2004e.g., Reynolds & Besner, 2005 cf. Cortese & Balota, 2012 Pexman Bennett, Burnett, Siakaluk, & Pexman, 2011; Hansen, Siakaluk, & Pexman, 2012; Hargreaves, Leonard, Pexman, Pittman, Siakaluk, & Goodyear, 2012; Phillips, Sears, & Pexman, 2012; Newcombe, Campbell, Siakaluk, & Pexman, 2012; Siakaluk, Pexman, Aguilera, Owen, & Sears, 2008a; Siakaluk, Pexman, Sears, Wilson, Locheed, & Owen, 2008b; Tillotson, Siakaluk, & Pexman, 2008; Tousignant, & Pexman, 2012; Wellsby, Siakaluk, Owen, & Pexman, 2011 body-object interaction; BOI Siakaluk et al. 2008a 234 BOI BOI BOI 24 BOI BOI 24 BOI BOI Siakaluk et al. 2008b BOI BOI e.g., Barsalou, 1999, 2008 BOI Bennett et al., 2011; Tillotson et al., 2008BOI Hargreaves et al., 2012 BOI BOI BOI BOI Tillotson et al., 2008 p.1078 BOI Bennett et al. 2011BOI Balota, Yap, Cortese, Hutchison, Kessler, Loftis, Neely, Nelson, Simpson,
147 & Treiman, 2007 BOI BOI BOI BOI Wellsby et al., 2011Phillips et al., 2012 BOI BOI BOI Actionsentence compatibility effect; ACE, Glenberg & Kaschak, 2002 BOI Siakaluk et al. 2008b BOI a Gibbs, 2006 b c BOI BOI Bennett et al., 2011; Tillotson et al., 2008 Bonin, Guillemard-Tsaparina, & Méot, 2013 BOI BOI BOI BOI 50 BOI Tillotson et al. 2008 BOI Tillotson et al., 2008
148 BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI Siakaluk et al. 2008b BOI BOI BOI 2 2.1 4 50 31 19 21.82 19 33 1999, 2000 2005 1 6 6 397 2 397 7 1: 4: 7 BOI Tillotson et al. 2008 Appendix A 3 20 2.2 BOI Appendix B BOI Figure 1 Figure 1 6 BOI 1 6 BOI Table 1 BOI r=.01, p=.74 BOI r=.33, p<.001 BOI 6 BOI 1 6 Tillotson et al. 2008 Bennett et al. 2011 212 BOI r=.60 p<.001
149 80 60 Frequency 40 20 0-1.99 2.0-2.5-3.0-3.5-4.0-4.5-5.0-5.5-6.0-6.5- BOI rating Figure 1 Distribution of mean BOI ratings Table 1 Descriptive statistics for the set of 397 words and correlations among attributes Variable M SD Min Max Familiarity Frequency Mora BOI Imageability 6.32 0.23 6.00 6.94.35** -.01.03.02 Familiarity 6.32 0.17 6.00 6.75.27** -.14**.33** Frequency 2402.20 6691.30 1 61270 -.15**.16** Mora 3.72 1.38 1 10 -.03 BOI 3.88 1.21 1.58 6.66 BOI: Body-object interaction **p<.01 BOI rat Tillotson et al., 2008 5.62 2.16 BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI Siakaluk et al. 2008b BOI
150 3 3.1 17 12 5 19.82 19 24 BOI BOI BOI 1 BOI BOI 16 Appendix C Table 2 1999 3 4 53,077 1999 4 32 3.46 24 pt MS Table 2 Mean characteristics for target stimuli Condition BOI Imag. Fami. Freq. Mora MNS ONS Low BOI 2.98 6.30 6.33 2352.19 4.13 17.56 2.88 High BOI 5.43 6.30 6.33 1839.31 4.06 19.69 5.19 Note. No significant differences between conditions except for BOI value. BOI: Body-object interaction Imag.: Imageability, Fami.: Familiarity, Freq.: Frequency, MNS: Moraicphonological neighborhood size, ONS: Ortho-graphic neighborhood size 15.4 1 024 768 px PC Lenovo T500 E-Prime ver. 2.0 Psychology Software Tools, Inc. PC 2,000ms 1,000ms PC K D 64 16 20 25
151 Table 3 Mean response times and error rates for concreteness decision task Response Time (ms) Error Rate Condition M SD M SD Low BOI 625 114 0.048 0.06 High BOI 626 94 0.015 0.03 2.5 SD t 1 t 2 3.2 Table 3 t t 1 (16) =0.12, p=.91, d= 0.02; t 2 (24.20) =0.14, p=.88, d= 0.05 t 1 (16) =2.50, p=.02, d= 0.73; t 2 (19.31) =1.80, p=.08, d=0.74 BOI BOI BOI BOI Siakaluk et al. 2008b Experiment 1-A.80 16 4 Siakaluk et al. 2008b BOI t 2 2 MorePower 6.0 Campbell & Thompson, 2012 Bayes Factor; BF BF 1 =4.10 BF 2 =5.42 substantial evidence 2012
152 BOI Siakaluk et al. 2008b BOI BOI 4. BOI BOI BOI 397 BOI BOI Figure 1 BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI Madan & Singhal 2012a Madan & Singhal, 2012b BOI BOI BOI Pexman BOI BOI BOI Siakaluk et al., 2008b Siakaluk et al. 2008b BOI smog tribe flood
153 BOI BOI BOI M=614ms SD=97 M=637ms SD=111 t 1 (16) =2.30, p=.03, d= 0.56; t 2 (26.23) =1.08, p=.29, d= 0.38 BOI manipulability; Salmon, McMullen, & Filliter, 2010graspability; Amsel, Urbach, & Kutas, 2012BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI 1999 NTT 1 (N. Amano, & K. Kondo Eds.) 1999 Lexical Properties of Japanese No.1: Familiarity of Words. NTT Database Series. Tokyo: Sanseido.) 2000 NTT 7
154 (N. Amano, & K. Kondo Eds.) 2000 Lexical Properties of Japanese No.7: Frequency, NTT Database Series. Tokyo: Sanseido.) Amsel, B. D., Urbach, T. P., & Kutas, M. 2012 Perceptual and motor attribute ratings for 559 object concepts. Behavior Research Methods, 44, 1028-1041. Baddeley, A. D., Thomson, N., & Buchanan, M. 1975 Word length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575-589. Balota, D. A., Yap, M. J., Cortese, M. J., Hutchison, K. A., Kessler, B., Loftis, B., Neely, J. H., Nelson, D. L., Simpson, G. B., & Treiman, R. 2007 The English lexicon project. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 445-459. Barsalou, L. W. 1999 Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 577-660. Barsalou, L. W. 2008 Grounded cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617-645. Bennett, S. D. R., Burnett, A. N., Siakaluk, P. D., & Pexman, P. M. 2011 Imageability and bodyobject interaction ratings for 599 multisyllabic nouns. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 1100-1109. Bonin, P, Guillemard-Tsaparina, D, & Méot, A. 2013 Determinants of naming latencies, object comprehension times, and new norms for the Russian standardized set of the colorized version of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures. Behavior Research Methods, 45, 731-745. Campbell, J. I. D., & Thompson, V. A. 2012 MorePower 6.0 for ANOVA with relational confidence intervals and Bayesian analysis. Behavior Research Methods, 44, 1255-1265. Coltheart, M., Davelaar, E., Jonasson, J. T., & Besner, D. 1977 Access to the internal lexicon. In S. Dornic Ed.), Attention and performance VI. New York: Academic Press. pp.535-555 Cortese, M. J., & Balota, D. A. 2012 Visual word recognition in skilled adult readers. In M. J. Spivey, K. McRae, & M. F. Joanisse Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Psycholinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.159-185 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. 2007 G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191. Gibbs, R. 2006 Embodiment and cognitive science. New York: Cambridge University Press. Glenberg, A. M. & Kaschak, M. P. 2002 Grounding language in action. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9, 558-565. Hansen, D., Siakaluk, P. D., & Pexman, P. M. 2012 The influence of print exposure on the body-object interaction effect in visual word recognition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 113. Hargreaves, I. S., Leonard, G. A., Pexman, P. M., Pittman, D. J., Siakaluk, P. D. & Goodyear, B. G. 2012 The neural correlates of the body-object interaction effect in semantic processing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 22. 2012 ( ) pp.37-55 (Hino, Y.) Hino, Y., & Lupker, S. J. 1998 The effects of word frequency for Japanese Kana and Kanji words in naming and lexical decision: Can the dual-route model save the lexical-selection account? Jour-
155 nal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 1431-1453. Madan, C. R., & Singhal, A. 2012a Encoding the world around us: Motor-related processing influences verbal memory. Consciousness and Cognition, 21, 1563-1570. Madan, C. R., & Singhal, A. 2012b Using actions to enhance memory: Effects of enactment, gestures, and exercise on human memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 507. Newcombe, P. I., Campbell, C., Siakaluk, P. D., & Pexman, P. M. 2012 Effects of emotional and sensorimotor knowledge in semantic processing of concrete and abstract nouns. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 275. 1974, 44, 317-327. (Ogawa, T., & Inamura, Y. 1974 An analysis of word attributes: Imagery, concreteness, meaningfulness and ease of learning for Japanese nouns. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 44, 317-327.) 2012 Okubo, M., & Okada, K. Paivio, A., Yuille, J. C., & Madigan, S. A. 1968 Concreteness, imagery, and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76, 1-25. Phillips, C. I., Sears, C. R., & Pexman, P. M. 2012 An embodied semantic processing effect on eye gaze during sentence reading. Language and Cognition: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language and Cognitive Science, 4, 99-114. Plaut, D. C., McClelland, J. L., Seidenberg, M. S., & Patterson, K. 1996 Understanding normal and impaired word reading: Computational principles in quasi-regular domains. Psychological Review, 103, 56-115. Reynolds, M., & Besner, D. 2005 Basic processes in reading: A critical review of pseudohomophone effects in reading aloud and a new computational account. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 25, 622-646. 2005 NTT 8 (N. Sakuma, M. Ijuin, T. Fushimi, I. Tatsumi, M. Tanaka, Amano, N. & K. Kondo 2005 Lexical Properties of Japanese No.8: Imageability of Words, NTT Database Series. Tokyo: Sanseido.) Salmon, J. P., McMullen, P. A., & Filliter, J. H. 2010 Norms for two types of manipulability graspability and functional usage), familiarity, and age of acquisition for 320 photographs of objects. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 82-95. Siakaluk, P. D., Pexman, P. M., Aguilera, L., Owen, W. J., & Sears, C. R. 2008a Evidence for the activation of sensorimotor information during visual word recognition: The body-object interaction effect. Cognition, 106, 433-443. Siakaluk, P. D., Pexman, P. M., Sears, C. R., Wilson, K., Locheed, K., & Owen, W. J. 2008b The benefits of sensorimotor knowledge: Body-object interaction facilitates semantic processing. Cognitive Science, 32, 591-605. Tillotson, S. M., Siakaluk, P. D., & Pexman, P. M. 2008 Body-object interaction ratings for 1,618
156 monosyllabic nouns. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 1075-1078. Tousignant, C., & Pexman, P. M. 2012 Flexible recruitment of semantic richness: Context modulates body-object interaction effects in lexical-semantic processing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 53. Wellsby, M., Siakaluk, P. D., Owen, W. J., & Pexman, P. M. 2011 Embodied semantic processing: The body-object interaction effect in a non-manual task. Language and Cognition: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language and Cognitive Science, 3, 1-14. Yates, M., Locker, L., & Simpson, G. B. 2004 The influence of phonological neighborhood on visual word perception. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 11, 452-457. 1 r=.77, 1974 r=.84 Paivio et al., 1968 2 439 42 3 Siakaluk et al. 2008b BOI Tillotson et al., 2008 4 G*Power 3.1 Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, & Buchner, 2007 Appendix A Written instruction for BOI rating task of Japanese words (Translation of the instruction of Tillotson et al., 2008)
157 Appendix B BOI values for the set of 397 items No Item M SD No Item M SD No Item M SD 1 1.58 1.05 45 2.30 1.27 89 2.90 1.98 2 1.62 1.12 46 2.34 1.79 90 2.90 1.85 3 1.62 1.05 47 2.34 1.36 91 2.92 1.64 4 1.62 1.12 48 2.36 1.71 92 2.94 1.77 5 1.64 1.10 49 2.38 1.70 93 2.94 1.60 6 1.66 1.04 50 2.40 1.25 94 2.98 1.67 7 1.67 1.14 51 2.40 1.4 95 2.98 1.79 8 1.68 1.06 52 2.40 1.6 96 2.98 1.44 9 1.70 1.28 53 2.40 1.39 97 3 1.58 10 1.70 0.95 54 2.42 1.54 98 3 1.76 11 1.78 1.22 55 2.42 1.43 99 3.02 1.82 12 1.84 1.27 56 2.44 1.57 100 3.02 1.87 13 1.86 1.18 57 2.48 1.83 101 3.04 1.91 14 1.88 1.26 58 2.48 1.52 102 3.04 1.98 15 1.88 1.45 59 2.48 1.36 103 3.04 1.71 16 1.88 1.24 60 2.50 1.58 104 3.04 1.77 17 1.90 1.02 61 2.50 1.46 105 3.04 1.73 18 1.92 1.34 62 2.50 1.66 106 3.08 1.59 19 1.94 1.27 63 2.51 1.39 107 3.10 1.73 20 1.94 1.02 64 2.52 1.45 108 3.10 1.73 21 1.94 1.32 65 2.52 1.46 109 3.10 1.75 22 1.94 1.30 66 2.54 1.34 110 3.10 2.04 23 1.96 1.14 67 2.54 1.75 111 3.12 1.85 24 1.98 1.15 68 2.56 1.46 112 3.12 1.98 25 2.02 1.70 69 2.58 1.59 113 3.12 1.79 26 2.02 1.16 70 2.60 1.68 114 3.12 1.78 27 2.04 1.23 71 2.60 1.43 115 3.12 1.75 28 2.08 1.24 72 2.64 1.43 116 3.16 1.71 29 2.08 1.79 73 2.68 1.25 117 3.16 1.71 30 2.10 1.31 74 2.68 1.43 118 3.16 1.71 31 2.10 1.43 75 2.70 1.49 119 3.16 1.82 32 2.12 1.19 76 2.70 1.69 120 3.18 1.73 33 2.16 1.27 77 2.71 1.70 121 3.20 1.56 34 2.16 1.35 78 2.74 1.45 122 3.20 1.86 35 2.20 1.28 79 2.76 1.68 123 3.22 1.80 36 2.20 1.28 80 2.76 1.82 124 3.22 1.72 37 2.20 1.44 81 2.78 1.81 125 3.22 1.75 38 2.24 1.44 82 2.78 1.62 126 3.24 1.82 39 2.24 1.38 83 2.82 1.78 127 3.24 1.51 40 2.24 1.46 84 2.84 1.57 128 3.26 1.74 41 2.24 1.62 85 2.88 1.67 129 3.26 1.97 42 2.26 1.34 86 2.88 1.47 130 3.26 2 43 2.28 1.97 87 2.90 1.67 131 3.26 1.79 44 2.28 1.53 88 2.90 1.74 132 3.28 1.60 (Appendices continue)
158 No Item M SD 133 3.28 1.76 134 3.28 1.78 135 3.28 1.60 136 3.28 1.63 137 3.28 1.81 138 3.29 1.77 139 3.30 1.49 140 3.30 1.85 141 3.32 1.89 142 3.32 1.73 143 3.34 1.71 144 3.36 1.59 145 3.36 1.82 146 3.36 1.94 147 3.36 1.68 148 3.37 1.60 149 3.39 1.77 150 3.40 1.62 151 3.40 1.98 152 3.41 1.84 153 3.42 1.65 154 3.42 1.79 155 3.42 1.68 156 3.43 1.68 157 3.44 1.75 158 3.44 1.76 159 3.44 1.89 160 3.44 1.74 161 3.44 1.67 162 3.46 1.76 163 3.48 1.68 164 3.50 1.94 165 3.50 1.84 166 3.52 1.71 167 3.54 1.70 168 3.54 1.73 169 3.54 1.69 170 3.56 1.96 171 3.60 1.76 172 3.60 1.74 173 3.60 1.99 174 3.62 1.79 175 3.62 1.93 176 3.63 1.76 177 3.64 1.63 No Item M SD 178 3.64 1.80 179 3.64 1.70 180 3.64 1.85 181 3.65 1.68 182 3.66 1.90 183 3.66 1.79 184 3.66 1.78 185 3.67 2.21 186 3.68 1.82 187 3.70 1.63 188 3.70 1.88 189 3.70 1.74 190 3.72 1.58 191 3.76 2.18 192 3.76 1.94 193 3.76 1.65 194 3.76 1.85 195 3.76 1.97 196 3.78 1.79 197 3.80 1.80 198 3.80 1.74 199 3.80 1.80 200 3.82 1.78 201 3.82 1.69 202 3.82 2.03 203 3.84 1.60 204 3.86 2.26 205 3.86 1.85 206 3.88 1.90 207 3.90 1.63 208 3.90 1.92 209 3.92 1.90 210 3.92 1.76 211 3.92 2.09 212 3.94 1.77 213 3.96 1.80 214 3.96 1.75 215 3.98 1.99 216 3.98 2.04 217 4 1.92 218 4.02 1.93 219 4.02 1.78 220 4.02 2.07 221 4.02 1.76 222 4.02 2.15 No Item M SD 223 4.02 1.79 224 4.04 1.81 225 4.06 2.01 226 4.08 1.96 227 4.08 1.58 228 4.10 2.12 229 4.12 1.92 230 4.12 1.78 231 4.14 1.71 232 4.14 2.01 233 4.16 1.78 234 4.16 1.81 235 4.16 1.67 236 4.16 2.03 237 4.18 1.90 238 4.20 1.86 239 4.20 1.70 240 4.20 2.03 241 4.24 1.82 242 4.24 1.66 243 4.24 2.04 244 4.26 1.97 245 4.26 1.87 246 4.28 1.77 247 4.28 1.81 248 4.28 1.68 249 4.30 1.76 250 4.30 1.79 251 4.32 1.71 252 4.32 1.75 253 4.32 1.99 254 4.32 1.77 255 4.34 1.8 256 4.34 1.75 257 4.34 1.69 258 4.36 1.76 259 4.36 1.75 260 4.36 1.83 261 4.36 1.97 262 4.38 1.82 263 4.38 1.95 264 4.38 1.72 265 4.38 1.78 266 4.38 2.28 267 4.40 1.64 (Appendices continue)
159 No Item M SD 268 4.40 1.75 269 4.40 1.74 270 4.40 1.78 271 4.42 1.73 272 4.42 1.81 273 4.44 2.06 274 4.44 2.05 275 4.46 1.63 276 4.46 1.93 277 4.48 1.69 278 4.50 1.67 279 4.50 1.85 280 4.50 2.13 281 4.52 2.04 282 4.52 1.74 283 4.54 1.73 284 4.56 1.85 285 4.58 1.99 286 4.62 1.78 287 4.66 1.75 288 4.66 1.83 289 4.68 1.79 290 4.68 1.60 291 4.68 2.33 292 4.72 1.98 293 4.72 1.77 294 4.72 1.65 295 4.74 1.85 296 4.74 1.78 297 4.74 1.64 298 4.76 1.84 299 4.76 1.60 300 4.78 1.96 301 4.78 1.64 302 4.80 1.77 303 4.82 1.92 304 4.86 1.70 305 4.88 1.69 306 4.88 1.77 307 4.88 2.19 308 4.88 1.80 309 4.88 1.94 310 4.90 1.76 311 4.90 1.99 312 4.92 1.82 No Item M SD 313 4.94 1.61 314 4.94 1.42 315 4.94 1.91 316 4.96 1.69 317 4.96 1.58 318 4.96 1.56 319 4.98 1.65 320 4.98 1.56 321 4.98 1.77 322 5.02 1.55 323 5.02 1.55 324 5.02 1.76 325 5.02 1.82 326 5.04 1.68 327 5.04 1.77 328 5.06 2.32 329 5.06 1.70 330 5.08 1.78 331 5.10 1.53 332 5.10 1.57 333 5.14 1.70 334 5.14 1.41 335 5.16 1.54 336 5.18 1.49 337 5.18 1.40 338 5.18 1.56 339 5.18 1.79 340 5.22 1.52 341 5.24 1.87 342 5.28 1.71 343 5.30 1.53 344 5.31 2.22 345 5.32 1.80 346 5.32 1.73 347 5.41 1.50 348 5.44 2.17 349 5.46 1.83 350 5.52 1.59 351 5.54 1.47 352 5.54 1.40 353 5.56 1.58 354 5.56 1.45 355 5.56 1.51 356 5.58 1.51 357 5.60 1.76 No Item M SD 358 5.64 1.61 359 5.66 1.32 360 5.68 1.67 361 5.70 1.37 362 5.72 1.21 363 5.72 1.40 364 5.78 1.56 365 5.80 1.23 366 5.82 0.98 367 5.82 1.57 368 5.82 1.57 369 5.84 1.50 370 5.84 1.39 371 5.84 1.31 372 5.86 1.44 373 5.86 1.18 374 5.88 1.14 375 5.96 1.21 376 5.96 1.18 377 5.98 1.36 378 6.04 1.21 379 6.04 1.28 380 6.04 1.59 381 6.08 1.05 382 6.08 1.16 383 6.08 1.45 384 6.10 1.15 385 6.12 1.51 386 6.18 1.40 387 6.24 0.94 388 6.26 1.08 389 6.28 1.14 390 6.30 1.07 391 6.30 0.97 392 6.32 0.91 393 6.36 0.92 394 6.38 0.90 395 6.40 1.20 396 6.54 0.79 397 6.66 0.82
160 Appendix C Items used in the Experiment Low BOI condition High BOI condition