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Mayama Akira law of armed conflict international law in time of war 1 19 20 international humanitarian law 2 3 20 jus ad bellum jus in bello No. 556 2006 11 33

1 1 4 5 51 armed attack, agression armée 51 use of force 6 7 No. 556 2006 11 34

ICRC 8 9 10 2 51 1986 ICJ 11 ILC 12 13 14 3 15 16 No. 556 2006 11 35

51 7 7 17 7 51 18 19 2 1 20 1949 3 1977 2 1 1 4 No. 556 2006 11 36

21 2 3 22 23 24 2 25 2 26 27 28 2 3 29 No. 556 2006 11 37

30 31 32 3 3 33 34 35 No. 556 2006 11 38

3 1 36 1 jus ad bellum jus in bello 2 37 1999 NATO 2003 4 38 1996 ICJ 39 No. 556 2006 11 39

4 1 40 41 42 43 1982 44 2 45 No. 556 2006 11 40

46 5 1 47 2 1986 No. 556 2006 11 41

48 2004 49 50 19 2001 No. 556 2006 11 42

2 2 1 ICRC 2 3 4 20 2001 3 29 5 1907 3 1 hostilités 1912 3 6 E.g., B. Simma ed., The Charter of the United Nations, A Commentary, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Oxford UP, 2002, p. 796. 7 2 No. 556 2006 11 43

8 9 I. Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States, Oxford UP, 1963, pp. 367 368. 10 4 11 ICJ Reports 1986, para. 249. 12 ILC 50 1 a 13 ICJ 14 15 1967 D.P. O Connell, The International Law of the Sea, Vol. 2, Clarendon Pr., 1984, pp. 1096 1097. 16 D. P. O Connell, International Law and Contemporary Naval Operations, British Year Book of International Law, Vol. 44, 1970, p. 58; I. Delupis, Foreign Warships and Immunity for Espionage, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 78, 1984, pp. 53, 72 17 NATO 43 3 1999 1 41 18 49 3 4 2006 141 142 19 Cf., B. H. Oxman, The Regime of Warships under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 24, 1984, p. 815. 20 3 4 A 3 21 2004 173 22 101 3 2002 408 411 23 24 ICJ ICJ Reports 1986, para. 195 Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, T. Ch. II, 7 May 1997, paras. 584 608. 25 2 J. P. Paust, There is No Need to Revise the Laws of War in Light of September 11th, included in ASIL Task Force Papers, 2002 available at http://asil.org/taskforce/paust. 26 19 2 No. 556 2006 11 44

27 4 33 28 1 51 2 29 101 3 2002 530 3 30 1299 2005 74 77 31 C. Greenwood, International Law and the War against Terrorism, International Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 2, 2002, pp. 307 309; S. D. Murphy, Terrorism and the Concept of Armed Attack in Article 51 of the U.N. Charter, Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2002, p. 50. 32 33 30 79 1 75 1 1 34 18 145 146 35 505 2002 4 3 5 36 E.g., H. Lauterpacht, The Limits of the Operation of the Law of War, British Year Book of International Law, Vol. 30, 1953, p. 206. 37 C. Greenwood, The Relationship between ius ad bellum and ius in bello, Review of International Studies, Vol. 9, 1983, p. 226; G. Best, Humanity in Warfare, The Modern History of the International Law of Armed Conflicts, Methuen, 1983, pp. 314 315. 38 21 8 39 ICJ Reports 1996, para.105. 40 Y. Dinstein, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, 3rd ed., Cambridge UP, 2001, p. 208. 41 Greenwood, op. cit., supra note 37, p. 223. 42 P. M. Norton, Between the Ideology and the Reality: The Shadow of the Law of Neutrality, Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 17, 1976, pp. 257 262. 43 Greenwood, op. cit., supra note 37, p. 223. 44 House of Commons Debates, Vol. 23, cols. 29 30 4 May 1982 and col. 1030 13 May 1982. 45 2003 46 47 46 47 8 1988 20 26 48 House of Commons Debates, Vol. 90, col. 426 28 Jan. 1986, reproduced in A. de Duttry and N. Ronzitti, The Iran-Iraq War 1980 1988 and the Law of Naval Warfare, Grotius Pub., 1993, p. 268. 49 2004 116 50 ILC 16 50 1160 1999 49 50 No. 556 2006 11 45