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かずまさなみこし
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1 ILC agent

2 effective control authorize ILC ILC UNOSOM II UNOSOM II

3 UNOSOM UNOSOM direction and control UNOSOM II Quick Reaction Force ILC ILC ILC

4 ultimate authority and control ILC ILC ILC

5 NATO FRYFRY FRY KFOR FRY FRY NATO FRY KFOR UNMIK control NATO UNMIK KFOR UNHCR OSCE NATO UNMIK KFOR KFOR

6 Kosovo Claims Office KCO KCO TCNCO TCNCO UNMIK KFOR KFOR UNMIK investigating judge UNMIK Prizren KFOR UNMIK KFOR KFOR KFOR KFOR KFOR KFOR KFOR

7 KFOR FRY KFOR UNMIK KFOR KFOR KFOR KFOR mandated FRY UNMIK

8 mandate KFOR KFOR UNMACC KFOR KFOR UNMIK KFOR KFOR UNMACC KFOR KFOR UNMIK KFOR UNMIK KFOR KFOR e UNMIK KFOR

9 UNMIK UNMACC KFOR UNMIK KFOR UNMIK KFOR UNMIK KFOR KFOR KFOR UNMIK UNMIK KFOR powers

10 powers EC KFOR UNMIK sovereign power EC EU UNMIK KFOR

11 UNMIK KFOR legal space EC c ICJ KFOR

12 UNMIK KFOR UNMIK KFOR case law UNMIK KFOR KFOR KFOR KFOR unified command and control NATO UNMIK NATO operational command link power KFOR NATO KFOR

13 ILC overall effective controlkfor KFOR KFOR NATO KFOR NATO NATO KFOR NATO KFOR NATO KFOR UNMIK UNMIK governmental powers UNMIK KFOR

14 KFOR NATO UNMACC KFOR KFOR NATO KFOR UNMACC UNMIK KFOR UNMIK KFOR UNMIK KFOR UNMIK delegating UNMIK KFOR UNMIK

15 KFOR KFOR KFOR ultimate authority and control mandate

16 overall authority and control KFOR KFOR NATO NATO KFOR NATO KFOR NATO KFOR KFOR NATO NATO NATO NATO NATO NATO KFOR authority NATO

17 NATO KFOR NATO KFOR KFOR unified command structure NATO KFOR UNMIK UNMIK UNMIK the Court s competence ratione personae overall effective control impute KFOR UNMIK State s

18 competence ratione personae jurisdiction ratio personae of France competence UNMIK

19 KFOR EU ICJ

20 ILC

22 Lord Bingham of Cornhill authorized

23 c c

24 b c KFOR

25 mandate R Mousa Abu Ghraib delegating authorizing

26 UNMIK Baroness Hale of Richmond Lord Carswell Lord Brown of Eaton-Under-Heywood authorizationdelegation

27 KFOR KFOR UNAMI UNAMI UNAMI UNAMI

28 Lord Rodger of Earlsferry KFOR UNAMI UNMIK KFOR NATO

29 KFOR

30 ILC KFOR UNMACC UNMIK ILC UNMIK KFOR UNMIK KFOR KFOR UNMIK UNMACC KFOR

31 UNMIK entities UNMIK KFOR UNMIK KFOR KFOR UNMIK KFOR UNMIK KFOR KFOR KFOR effective control ILC ICJ

32 overall control governmental authority ILC exclusive direction and control overall authority and control ILC

33 ILC ICJ ICTY overall control ICYT

34 ILC delegation

35 authorizing empowering authorize KFOR NATO NATO NATO

36 ILC NATO NATO KFOR NATO UNOSOM II

37 KFOR ILC KFOR delegating authorizing mandate KFOR

38 KFOR KFOR ILC

39 UNAMI KFOR KFOR

40 ILC KFOR

41 KFOR KFOR KFOR KFOR

43 NATO ILC KFOR

44 KFOR KFOR ILC ILC

46 ILC ILC ILC Report of the International Law Commission, Sixty-first session, UNGAOR 64 th Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/64/10) (2009), p. 64. Ibid., pp , paras. (1), (5), (7) & (8) of the Commentary on Article 6. Agim BEHRAMI and Bekir BEHRAMI v. France & Ruzhdi SARAMATI v. France, Germany and Norway, European Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, Decisions to the admissibility of Application no /01 and Application no /01, 2 May 2007 (hereinafter referred to as ECHR Behrami Decision), available at int/tkp197/portal.asp?sessionid &skin hudoc-en&action request, last visited on 30 November, 2010.

47 R (on the application of Al-Jedda) v. Secretary of State for Defence, House of Lords, Opinions of Appeal for Judgement in the Cause, 12 December 2007 (hereinafter referred to as Al-Jedda Decision), [2007] UKHL 58. The opinions are available at libertysecurity.org/img/pdf-jedda.pdf, last visited on 30 th November, Report of the International Law Commission, Sixty-first session supra note 1, pp , para. (9) of the Commentary on Article 6. ECHR Behrami Decision, supra note 3, paras Ibid., para Monetary Gold ICJ Ibid., paras Ibid., paras Ibid., para. 92. Ibid., paras Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., paras Ibid., paras Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Sireketi v. Ireland (No /98), European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber), Judgment (Merits), 30 June 2005, Reports of Judgments and Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter referred to as RJDECHR), 2005 VI, pp , paras Bankovic and Others v. Belgium and 16 Other Contracting States (No /99), European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber), Decision, 12 December 2001, RJDECHR, 2001 XII, pp , para. 80. NATO Case concerning Question of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie, Libya Arab Jamahiriya v. United States, ICJ, Order of 14 April 1992, ICJ Reports (1992), p. 126, para. 42. ECHR Behrami Decision, supra note 3, para. 78.

48 Ibid., para. 26. Ibid., paras Ibid., para.. See also paras. 98 (Denmark), paras. 104 & 107 (Germany), para. 109 (Greece), para. 110 (Poland) and para. 113 (U. K., Portugal adopted U. K. s observation). Ibid., paras. 98 & 113. Ibid., paras Ibid., paras Ibid., paras Ibid., para Ibid., paras Loizidou v. Turkey, European Court of Human Rights, Judgment (Merits), 18 Dec. 1996, RJDECHR 1996 VI, pp , paras ICJ Ilascu and others v. Moldova and Russia, European Court of Human Rights, Judgment, 8 July 2004, RJDECHR 2004 VII, pp. 263 & , paras. 313 & Aurel Sari, Jurisdiction and International Responsibility in Peace Support Operations : the Behrami and Saramati Cases, Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 8, No. 1 (2008), pp Ibid., pp Francesco Messineo, The House of Lords in Al Jedda and Public International Law : Attribution of Conduct to UN-Authorized Forces and the Power of the Security Council to Displace Human Rights, Netherlands International Law Review, Vol. LVI (2009), p. 40. ECHR Behrami Decision, supra note 3, paras. 84, 103, 108, 112 & 153. Al-Jedda Decision, supra note 4, paras See also Francesco Messineo, supra note 34, pp Ibid., paras , 119, 129, Ibid., para. 3. Ibid., para. 39. Ibid., paras. 32. Ibid., para. 33. Ibid., paras ECHR (Grand Chamber) Decision as to the Admissibility of Application no /99 by Vladimir and Borka Bankovic, supra note 18. Al-Jedda Decision, supra note 4, para Ibid., paras

49 Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., paras Ibid., paras Ibid., PostScript. Ibid., para. 55. Ibid., paras Ibid., paras Ibid., paras Ibid., para Francesco Messineo, supra note 34, p. 46. Report of the International Law Commission, Fifty-sixth session, UNGAOR 59 th Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/59/10), p ECHR Behrami Decision, supra note 3, para Report of the International Law Commission, Fifty-sixth session, supra note 60, p Ibid., pp Ibid., p. 111, para. (3) of the Commentary on Article 5. ICJ ILCYb. 2001, Vol. II (Part Two), p. 44, para. (2) of the Commentary on Article 6. Denesh Sarooshi, The United Nations And The Development Of Collective Security : The Delegation by the UN Security Council of its Chapter VII Powers, 1999, pp ICJ Denesh Sarooshi, supra note 67, pp Ibid., pp ECHR Behrami Decision, supra note 3, paras Ibid., para Ibid., paras. 41. authorization delegation Denesh Sarooshi, supra note 67, p. 13.

50 Ibid., para Marko Milanovic and Tatjana Papic, As Bad As It Gets : The European Court of Human Rights s Behrami and Saramati Decision and General International Law, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 58 (2009), p Ibid., p See also pp Aurel Sari, supra note 32, pp Marko Milanovic and Tatjana Papic, supra note 75, pp See also Aurel Sari, supra note 32, p Denesh Sarooshi, supra note 67, p Marko Milanovic and Tatjana Papic, supra note 75, pp ; Aurel Sari, supra note 32, p See also Francesco Messineo, supra note 34, pp Report of the International Law Commission, Fifty-sixth session, supra note 60, p. 102, para. (5) of Commentary on attribution of conduct to an international organization. Ibid., p. 101, para. (4) of Commentary on attribution of conduct to an international organization. Francesco Messineo, supra note 34, p. 41 ; Marko Milanovic and Tatjana Papic, supra note 75, p. 289 ; Kjetil Mujezinovic Larsen, Attribution of Conduct in Peace Operation; The Ultimate Authority and Control Test, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 19, No. 3 (2008), p Aurel Sari, supra note 32, p Keir Starmer, Responsibility for Troops Abroad : UN Mandated Forces and Issues of Human Rights Accountability, European Human Rights Law Review, 2008 Issue 3, p Aurel Sari, supra note 32, p. 170.

1 1 a PKO b No

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