スポーツ経済学研究の展望と課題
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1 JEL Classification: Z20 A Survey of Sports Economics Research: The Present and Future Prospects WATANABE, Masahito This paper overviews the present status of sports economics and future prospects in this field of research. The economy of sports has peculiar characteristics. Competitive balance in sports leagues, in particular, has been the most imperative and controversial issue in sports economics literature. The general model of sports league is presented to understand the nature of decision making in sports. Sports economics, a young and developing field in economics, is expected to grow rapidly from both educational and research perspectives.
2 Sports Economics 1956 Rottenberg MLB Rottenberg, 1956 International Association of Sports Economists 1999 Journal of Sports Economics International Journal of Sport Finance 2008 North American Association of Sports Economists 2010 European Sport Economic Association 2001 The Economics of Sport Vols. 1 and 2 Zimbalist, ed, Handbook of Sports Economics Research Fizel, ed, Handbook of Economics of Sport Andreff and Szymanski, eds, The Oxford Handbook of Sports Economics Vols. 1 and 2 Kahane and Shmanske, eds, American Economic Review AER Journal of Political Economy JPE 1 Journal of Economic Literature Z
3 39 Hall et al Sports Economics, The Economics of Professional Sports, Economy of Sports Leeds and von Allmen Sandy et al., spectator sports recreational sports 4 MLB NBA NFL NHL NPB J MLB Neale 1964 peculiar mixture
4 Neale 1964 inverted joint product Rottenberg 1956 competitive balance 1 Rottenberg 1956 Uncertainty of Outcome Hypothesis UOH FA FA MLB 1977 FA Leeds and von Allmen, 2014 FA Moneyball SABRmetrics 1
5 41 Moneyball Lewis, 2003 GM Billy Beane Moneyball 2003 GM Billy Beane MLB PITCHf/x SABRmetrics Leeds and von Allmen, sportmicroeconomics 2 sportometrics The Oxford Handbook of Sports Economics Kahane and Shmanske, eds, The Economics of Sports 2 Economics Through
6 Sports 1 Fizel, ed 2005 sportmicroeconomics 2 Fizel, ed 2005 sportometrics 2 El-Hodiri and Quirk 1971 Alexander, 2001; Fort and Quirk, 2004; Késenne, game uncertainty 2 within-season uncertainty or playoff uncertainty 3 between-season uncertainty Fizel, ed, 2005 Herfindahl-Hirschman Index HHI Dorian et al., 2007 Késenne, 2000; Forrest et al., 2005; Mills and Salaga, 2015; Schokkaert and Swinnen, 2016 Depken 1999 Humpherys 2002 Szymanski and Késenne 2004 Berri et al Szymanski, NBA Schmidt and Berri, 2003 Hausman and Leonard 1997 Berri and Schmidt 2006 NBA superstar externality 1990
7 43 Szymanski, 2003; Motomura et al., 2016 Scully, 1974; Vrooman, 1974; Depken, 1974; Berri and Eschker, 1974; Yamamura, 2015 Price and Wolfers, 2007 Gramm and Schnell, 1994 Hakes and Sauer 2006 Moneyball Marginal Revenue Product 1 Chiappori et al Palacios-Huerta 2014 Performance- Enhancing Drugs PEDs Brentsen, 2002; Haugen, 2004 momentum Ferrall and Smith Jr., 1999 Duggan and Levitt 2002 Freakonomics Levitt and Dubner, 2005 Moskowitz and Wertheim Home Court/
8 Field Advantage Borghesi, 2007 Camerer, GDP Brückner and Pappa 2015 GDP GDP GDP 10 Rose and Spiegel Giesecke and Madden 2011 Zimbalist 2015 Zimbalist 2015
9 45 Gratton and Taylor, i π i R i (w i ) ct i R i i w i t i i talent c R i w i w 0 R i (w i ) 0 for w i w 0, R i (w i ) 0 for w i w 0, R i (w i ) 0 w i i j w ij n b b(n 1) g i
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11 47 Vrooman 2008 R i (w i ) m i [β i uo i (1 β i )w i ]. uo i w i β i 2 uo i w i w j w i (1 w i ) w i 1/2 uo i 0.25 m i 0 i j m i m j R i (w i ) m i (1 2β i w i ) t 1 t 2 i uo i w i u i (w i ) w i uo i w i2 (1 w i ). u i (w i ) 2w i 3w i2 0 w 0 2/3 w i 1/2 2000
12 AER Goff et al Duggan and Levitt 2002 Chiappori et al Schmidt and Berri 2004 JPE Szymanski 2000 Munasinghe et al Carlton et al Romer Labor Economics 85.8 Environmental Economics 73.6 Health Economics 59.8 Development Economics 78.0 Urban Economics 51.2 History of Economic Thought Fort 2012 Downward et al Sandy et al. 2004
13 Késenne Alexander, Donald L. (2001), Major League Baseball: Monopoly Pricing and Profit Maximizing Behavior, Journal of Sports Economics 2 (4), Andreff, W. and S. Szymanski, eds (2007), Handbook of Sports Economics, Edward Elgar. Berri, David J. and Erick Eschker (2005), Performance When It Counts? The Myth of the Prime-time Performer in the NBA, Journal of Economic Issues 39 (5), and Martin B. Schmidt (2006), On the Road with the National Basketball Association s Superstar Externality, Journal of Sports Economics 7 (4), , Stacey L. Brook, Bernd Frick, Aju J. Fenn, and Roberto Vicente-Mayoral (2005), The Short Supply of Tall People: Explaining Competitive Imbalance in the National Basketball Association, Journal of Economic Issues 39 (4), Borghesi, Richard (2007), The Home Team Weather Advantage and Biases in the NFL Betting Market, Journal of Economics and Business 59, Brentsen, Aleksander (2002), The Economics of Doping, European Journal of Political Economy 18 (1), Brückner, Markus and Evi Pappa (2015), News Shocks in the Data: Olympic Games and Their Macroeconomic Effects, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 47 (7), Camerer, Colin F. (1989), Does the Basketball Market Believe in the Hot Hand?, American Economic Review 79 (5), Carlton, Dennis W., Alan S. Frankel, and Elisabeth M. Landes (2004), The Control of Externalities in Sports Leagues: An Analysis of Restrictions in the National Hockey League, Journal of Political Economy 112, S268 S288. Chiappori, Pierre-Andre, Steven Levitt, and Timothy Groseclose (2002), Testing Mixed-Strategy Equilibrium When Players Are Heterogenous: The Case of Penalty Kicks in Soccer, American Economic Review 92 (4), Depken, Craig A. II (1999), Free-agency and the Competitiveness of Major League Baseball, Review of Industrial Organization 14 (3), (2000), Wage Disparity and Team Productivity: Evidence from Major League Baseball, Economics Letters 67, Dorian, P. Owen, Michael Ryan, and Clayton R. Weatherston (2007), Measuring Competitive Balance in Professional Team Sports Using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, Journal of Industrial Organization
14 (4), Downward, Paul, Alistair Dawson, and Trudo Dejonghe (2009), Sports Economics: Theory, Evidence and Policy, Routledge. Duggan, Mark and Steven D. Levitt (2002), Winning Isn t Everything: Corruption in Sumo Wrestling, American Economic Review 92 (5), El-Hodiri, Mohamed and James Quirk (1971), An Economic Model of a Professional Sports League, Journal of Political Economy 79, Ferrall, Christopher and Anthony A. Smith Jr. (1999), A Sequential Game Model of Sports Championship Series: Theory and Estimation, The Review of Economics and Statistics 81 (4), Fizel, J., ed. (2005), Handbook of Sports Economics Research, Routledge. Forrest, David, Robert Simmons, and Babatunde Buraimo (2005), Outcome Uncertainty and the Couch Potato Audience, Scottish Journal of Political Economy 52 (4), Fort, Rodney and James Quirk (2004), Owner Objectives and Competitive Balance, Journal of Sports Economics 5 (1), Fort, Rodney D. (2012), Sports Economics, third edition ed., Prentice Hall. Pearson Education Inc. Giesecke, James A. and John R. Madden (2011), Modelling the Economic Impacts of the Sydney Olympics in Retrospect Game Over for the Bonanza Story?, Economic Papers 30 (2), Goff, Brian L., Robert E. McCormick, and Robert D. Tollison (2002), Racial Integration as an Innovation: Empirical Evidence from Sports Leagues, American Economic Review 92, Gramm, Cynthia L. and John F. Schnell (1994), Difficult Choices, Crossing the Picket Line During the 1987 National Football League Strike, Journal of Labor Economics 12 (1), Gratton, Chris and Peter Taylor (2000), Economics of Sport and Recreation, Taylor and Francis. Hakes, Jahn K. and Raymond D. Sauer (2006), An Economic Evaluation of the Moneyball Hypothesis, Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 (3), Hall, Joshua C., Brad R. Humphreys, and Hyunwoong Pyun (2015), An Inventory of Sports Economics Courses in the US. Department of Economics Working Paper Series 15-49, College of Business and Economics, University of West Virginia. Haugen, Kjetil K. (2004), The Performance Enhancing Drug Game, Journal of Sports Economics 5 (1), Hausman, Jerry A. and Gregory K. Leonard (1997), Superstars in the National Basketball Association: Economic Value and Policy, Journal of Labor Economics 15 (4), Humpherys, Brad (2002), Alternative Measures of Competitive Balance, Journal of Sports Economics 3 (2), Kahane, L. H. and S. Shmanske, eds (2012), The Oxford Handbook of Sports Economics Vols. 1 and 2, Oxford University Press. Késenne, Stefan (2000), Revenue Sharing and Competitive Balance in Professional Team Sports, Journal of Sports Economics 1 (1), (2006), The Win Maximization Model Reconsidered: Flexible Talent Supply and Efficient Wages, Journal of Sports Economics 7 (4), (2007), The Economic Theory of Professional Team Sports: An Analytical Treatment, Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. Leeds, Michael A. and Peter von Allmen (2014), The Economics of Sports, fifth edition ed., Addison-Wesley. Pearson Education Inc. Levitt, Steven D. and Stephen Dubner (2005), Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything, William Morrow. Lewis, Michael (2003), Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game, W. W. Norton & Company Inc. Mills, Brian M. and Steven Salaga (2015), Historical Time Series Perspectives on Competitive Balance in NCAA Division I Basketball, Journal of Sports Economics 16,
15 51 Moskowitz, Tobias J. and L. Jon Wertheim (2011), Scorecasting: The Hidden Influences Behind How Sports Are Played and Games Are Won, Crown Archetype. Motomura, Akira, Kelsey V. Roberts, Daniel M. Leeds, and Michael A. Leeds (2016), Does It Pay to Build Through the Draft in the National Basketball Association?, Journal of Sports Economics 17, Munasinghe, Lalith, Brendan O Flaherty, and Stephan Danninger (2001), Globalization and the Rate of Technological Progress: What Track and Field Records Show, Journal of Political Economy 109 (5), Neale, Walter C. (1964), The Peculiar Economics of Professional Sports, Quarterly Jour-nal of Economics 78 (1), Palacios-Huerta, Ignacio (2014), Beautiful Game Theory: How Soccer Can Help Economics, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Price, Joseph and Justin Wolfers (2007), Racial Discrimination among NBA Referees. NBER Working Paper 13206, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Romer, David (2006), Do Firms Maximize? Evidence from Professional Football, Journal of Political Economy 114 (2), Rose, Andrew K. and Mark M. Spiegel (2011), The Olympic Effect, Economic Journal 121 (535), Rottenberg, Simon (1956), The Baseball Players Labor Market, Journal of Political Economy 64 (3), Sandy, Robert, Peter J. Slone, and Mark S. Rosentraub (2004), The Economics of Sports: An International Perspective, Palgrave Macmillan. Schmidt, Martin B. and David J. Berri (2003), On the Evaluation of Competitive Balance: The Impact of an Increasing Global Search, Economic Inquiry 41, and (2004), The Impact of Labor Strikes on Consumer Demand: An Application to Professional Sports, American Economic Review 94 (1), Schokkaert, Jeroen and Johan Swinnen (2016), Uncertainty of Outcome Is Higher in the Champions League Than in the European Cup, Journal of Sports Economics 17, Scully, Gerald W. (1974), Pay and Performance in Major League Baseball, American Economic Review 64 (5), Szymanski, Stefan (2000), A Market Test of Discrimination in the English Soccer Leagues, Journal of Political Economy 108, (2003), The Economic Design of Sporting Contest, Journal of Economic Literature 41, and Stefan Késenne (2004), Competitive Balance and Gate Revenue Sharing in Team Sports, Journal of Industrial Economics 51 (4), Vrooman, John (1996), The Baseball s Player Market Reconsidered, Southern Economic Journal 63 (2), (2008), Theory of the Perfect Game: Competitive Balance in Monopoly Sports League, Review of Industrial Organization 31, Yamamura, Eiji (2015), Wage Disparity and Team Performance in the Process of Industry Development: Evidence From Japan s Professional Football League, Journal of Sports Economics 16, Zimbalist, A., ed. (2001), The Economics of Sport Vols. 1 and 2, Edward Elgar. (2015), Circus Maximum: The Economic Gamble Behind Hosting the Olympics and the World Cup, Brookings Institution Press
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