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1 企画論文 日本ホテル企業のアジアへの進出 四 宮由紀子 1. はじめに ; 研究の目的 先行研究とリサーチ クエスチョン FDI MC FC 1 表 1 ホテルの運営形態
2 Dunning & McQueen 1981 MC DeRoos MC FC Contractor & Kundu cultural distance / proximity Erramilli & Rao 1990 Erramilli 1991 Ramón Rodríguez 2002, Ruzzier & Konečnik 2006 Lam et al Organic growth FDI MC FC Dunning & McQueen 1981 FDI FDI MC FC FDI Johnson & Vanetti 2005, Lam et al Kaven 1992 Johnson & Vanetti 2005 FDI
3 3. 日本ホテル企業の国際化の概観 JAL FDI 36.1 MC FC 62.2 FDI ODA FDI FDI 表 2 日本ホテル企業の海外進出件数と撤退件数 3 19
4 産研論集 関西学院大学 44 号 出所 二次データより筆者作成 図1 8 日本ホテル企業の年代別 地区別の海外進出と撤退 表3 表4 時期別の海外進出 撤退の特徴 日本ホテル企業の年代別 地区別の海外参入形態 出所 二次データより筆者作成 率は下がって MC 方式が主流になったほか リー ス方式や FC 方式が増加傾向にある またエリア 別では 先進地域の多い欧米 太平洋地区では FDI 方式が 6 割以上と大半を占めリースや FC 方 式があまり見られないのが特徴である 一方 ア ジア地区では FDI 方式の割合が低く MC 方式が主 流でリースや FC 方式も見られるのが特徴である 4 リサーチ クエスチョンの検証と発見事実 移行は実現できていない そもそも日本ホテル企業の初期の海外進出は 日本人海外観光客が不在の 1960 年代から始まっ ており顧客追随型でさえなかった 四宮 2001a 2001b しかも初期の進出先は 戦後補償や ODA の一環で進出している事例もあ り 日本人の旅行先と必ずしも一致していない 1970 年になってジャンボジェット機が就航し 団 体割引運賃による海外パッケージツアーが販売さ 1 海外進出先の分析 れ始めるとようやく海外旅行者も増加し 日本の まず海外進出先について 日本のホテル産業で ホテル企業も顧客追随型で海外進出し始めた そ は 顧客追随型から市場探求型へ という発展的 の後 1985 年のプラザ合意以降は①急激な円高に 20
5 JAL ANA FDI MC 2 FDI 4 FDI FDI FDI FDI JAL 4 5 MC 21
6 表 5 バブル崩壊前後のアジア地区の海外進出 3 FC LCC 4 JAL 結論と課題 50 FDI 参考文献 a 22
7 a Contractor, Farok J. and Sumit K. Kundu 1998, Modal Choice in a World of Alliances: Analyzing Organizational Forms in the International Hotel Sector, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.29, No.2, pp DeRoos, Jan A. 2010, Hotel Management Contracts- Past and Present, Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, Vol.51, Issue 1, pp Dunning, John H. and Matthew McQueen 1981, The Eclectic Theory of International Production: A Case Study of the International Hotel Industry, Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol.2, No.4, pp Erramilli, M. Krishna 1991, The Experience Factor in Foreign Market Entry Behavior of Service Firms, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.22, No.3, pp Erramilli, M. Krishna and C. P. Rao 1990, Choice of Foreign Market Entry Modes by Service Firms: Role of Market Knowledge, Management International Review, Vol.30, No.2, pp Johnson, Colin and Maurizio Vanetti 2005, Locational Strategies of International Hotel Chains, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.32, No.4, pp Kaven, William H. 1992, Japan s Hotel Industry: An Overview, The Cornell Hotel and restaurant Administration Quarterly, April, pp Lam, Carmen, Ho, Grace K. S. and Rob Law 2015, How can Asia Hotel Companies Remain Internationally Competitive?, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol.27, No.5, pp Ramón Rodríguez, Ana 2002, Determining Factors in Entry Choice for International Expansion: The Case of the Spanish Hotel Industry, Tourism Management, 23, pp Ruzzier, Mitja and Maja Konečnik 2006, The Internationalization Strategies of SMEs: The Case of the Slovenian Hotel Industry, Management: Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, Vol.11, No.1, pp
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