kaitakusha_CT_tomioka
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1 (a set of alternatives) Grice 1. Wh (Complete Answer: (1a/a )) (A B: (1b/b )) / (1c/c ) (1) a. Who failed the exam? [KEN]Focus did. a. b. You should major in [LINGUISTICS]Focus, not [SOCIOLOGY]Focus. b. c. It is[erica]focus that I want to introduce to you. c. (completeness) (certainty) (exhaustivity) (1a/a ) (1c/c ) (topicality, thematicity) (1978) Kuno(1973)
2 (Contrastive Topic) (incompleteness) (uncertainty) (antiexhaustivity) (1a) (1a) (2) A /B A B A (3) FRED ate BEANS. B Accent A Accent (3) (3) (Partial Answer) B A BEANS (3) A A /B Jackendoff (1972), L. Carlson (1983), von Fintel (1994), Kadmon (2001), Büring (2003)
3 Rise Fall Contour (4a) 1 (4) a. Alle Politiker sind nicht korrupt. (Büring 1997 ) all politicians are not corrupt : b. /ALLE Politiker sind NICHT\ korrupt. Rise Fall Contour B (4b) (4b) Hara (2006) (speech act) (a set of alternatives) Grice (1975) Hara (2006) 1 Rise Fall Contour (4b) Alle (4b) nichit Hat Contour, Bridge Contour
4 A /B B A (5) A: B: ( ) (5B) A /B (5A) (2) Hara(2006) Rise Fall Contour. (6) a. b. (6a) Rise Fall Contour
5 2.2. (i) (ii) Ishihara 2003 Post Focus Reduction (i) (ii) Pierrehumbert and Beckman 1988, Nagahara 1994, Ishihara 2002, B Rise Fall Contour Rise Wh 2 (i) a. b. c. Oshima (2008) (i)
6 (7) A: B: (8) A: B: (9) A: B: Hara (2006) A /B Rise Fall Contour Büring (1997, 2003) Büring A /B Rise Fall Contour Rise Fall Büring (10) (Interrogative) (11) (Imperative) / 3 (i)
7 (12) (Exhortative) (Volitional) (13) (Performative) Hara (2005, 2006) Hara and van Rooij (2007) Hara (2006) (alternative proposition) (implicature) Hara 2.4. (thematic topic), (TT) (CT)
8 (n)un 2.5. (14) a. b. c. d. e. Grice (1975) (15) a. (speech act] b. (set of alternative speech acts)
9 Krifka (2001, 2002, 2004) Speech Act P Force P (Type e) (Type t) (Type s) (Krifka 2001 Type a ) function: f: D τ Da τ τ (Type <s,t>), (Type <<s,t>,t> <<s,t>,<s,t>>) 4 (Alternative Semantics for Focus Rooth 1985, 1992, Kratzer 1991 ) (16ab) (16) a. b. (16ab) (ordinary semantic value) (16ab) (16a) (16b) (17ab) (set of alternatives) 4 assertion
10 (17) a. (16a) { } b. (16b) { } (focus semantic value) (only, even ). (15a) (only, even, always, etc.) (exhaustivity operator) (18) A: B: (18B) (19a) LF (19a) SAP (Speech Act Phrase) (focus index) Kratzer (1991) (referential index) Kratzer (1991) Beck (2006) (19) a. LF SAP 4
11 ASSERT IP 4 [ ]1 CT b. : ASSERT(λw. Ken passed in w) c. : {a: h, h is a distinguished assignment, a = ASSERT [[KEN]F1 CT passed] g, h } = {a: x De. a = ASSERT(λw. x passed in w)} X (19c) (20) { } Grice (1975) ( Gricean Reasoning) (21abc) (21) a. b. c. (22) a. b. c. (22a) (22c)
12 Grice (22b) (exhaustive answer) (22b) (22b) 3.2. Krifka (2001) Jacobs (1984) (Endriss to appear ) Going one step further, one could argue that topics even have to scope out of speech acts. Topic selection is a speech act itself, an initiating speech act that requires a subsequent speech act, like an assertion, question, command, or curse about the entity that was selected. This was suggested, for example, in Jacobs (1984), where topics are assigned illocutionary operators of their own. (Krifka 2001, p.25)... Jacobs (1984) Jacobs (illocutionary Operator)
13 ( ) Logical Form (LF) LF LF 5 (presupposition) (implicature) Büring (1997, 2003) (topic semantic value) 5 LF LF (<<e,t>,t>) (semantic reconstruction) LF Hara (2006, Chapter 3) Island Constraints Hara (implicature operator) Hara
14 Gricean Reasoning Gricean Reasoning (23) A: 6 (16)
15 B: (24) A: B: (23) /(24) Gricean Reasoning (23) (23B) (23B) (25) (25) { } Grice (1975) Maxim of Quantity (23) (23) B (23 ) (23 ) A: B:
16 B A B (23 B) (26) (27) (27) (27) 4.2. (27) (6) (28) #
17 (28) (29) (29) { } (29) Grice (1975) Maxim of Quantity (28) (28 ) (28 ) (28 ) (29) (27) 4.3. (30) (30) A: B: B : #
18 (30A) (30B) 7 (disjunction) (31) A: B: (31) Wh (conjunction) Grice (1975) (scalar implicature) Wh (31) 8 (32) A: B: 7 (Horn 1972 ) 8 (i)
19 B B 4.4. ( (33) ) (33) A: B: ( ) (= (5)) LF Tomioka (2009) Tomioka (2009) Wold (1996) (selective binding) Fox (2006) (exhaustive operator) (33) (33B) (34) LF (34) [SAP OP 1, 2 [SAP Assert [IP Exh 2 [IP [ ]CT 1 [ ] F 2 ]]]] (34) (34) Exh
20 (= 2) Wold (1996) (34) LF (33B) 5. (Question under Discussion: QUD ) (discourse topic) Büring 1997, 2003, Kadmon 2000, Yabushita 2008 Hara (2006, Chapter 3) (35), (36), (37) (35) a. b. (36) [ ] (37) [ ] 5.1. and/but/or
21 (38) (38) a. b. c. and/but (35) disjunction (39) A: B:??? (40) (40) A: 9 (i) (ii) a. b. a. b. (i) (ii) (Speech Act 0 ) (ii) ATB
22 B: (39B) Krifka (2001) 5.2. Hara (2006) (36) (36) [ ] (i) (ii) (ii) (i) (41) a. b. c.
23 (42) (42) IP/CP (Krifka 2001, 2002, 2004, Hasegawa 2008, Madigan 2008 ) 5.2. Hara (2006) because, (43) a. The tree fell because a big storm hit our area. b. The company hired Tom because he can use Unix. (43a) (43b) Davidson (1967) Single Causal Statement Causal Explanation Causal Explanation (37) [ ] Hara (2006)
24 (44)??[ ] (37) (44) 5. References Beck, Sigrid (2006) Intervention Effects Follow from Focus Interpretation, Natural Language Semantics 14: Büring, Daniel (1997) The Great Scope Inversion Conspiracy, Linguistics and Philosophy 20: Büring, Daniel (2003) On D trees, beans, and B accents, Linguistics and Philosophy 26:
25 Carlson, Lauri. (1983) Dialogue Game: An Approach to Discourse Analysis, Dordrecht: Reidel. Davidson, Donald. (1967) Causal Relations, Journal of Philosophy: 64, Endriss, Cornelia. (To appear) Quantificational Topics A Scopal Treatment of Exceptional Wide Scope Phenomena. Doctoral dissertation, 2006, University of Potsdam, Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, Springer. von Fintel, Kai. (1994) Restrictions on Quantfier Domains, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Fox, Danny. (2006) Free Choice and a Theory of Scalar Implicature, ms. MIT. Grice, Paul (1975) Logic and Conversation, in Cole, P. and J. Morgan, eds. Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press. Hara, Yurie. (2005) Contrastives and Gricean Principle, in Paul Dekker and Michael Franke (eds.) Proceedings of the 15 th Amsterdam Colloquium, University of Amsterdam, Hara, Yurie. (2006) Grammar of Knowledge Representation: Japanese Discourse Items at Interfaces, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Delaware. Hara, Yurie, and Robert van Rooij (2007) Contrastive Topics Revisited: a Simpler Set of Topic Alternatives, Talk presented at NELS, University of Ottawa. Hasegawa, Nobuko. (2008) Licensing a Null Subject at CP: Imperatives, the 1st Person, and PRO, in Scientific Approaches to Language (2008), No. 7, pp Kanda University of International Studies. Horn, Laurence (1972) On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English, Doctoral Dissertation, UCLA. Ishihara, Shin ichiro (2002) Invisible but Audible Wh scope Marking: Whconstructions and Deaccenting in Japanese, in Mikkelsen, L., and C. Potts (eds.) The Proceedings of WCCFL 21, Somerville: Cascadilla Press, Ishihara, Shin ichiro (2003) Intonation and Interface Conditions, Doctoral Dissertation, MIT. Jackendoff, Ray. (1972) Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar, Cambridge: MIT press. Jacobs, Joachim (1984) Funktionale Satzperspektive und Illokutionssemantik, paper presented at Linguistische Berichte.
26 Kadmon, Nirit. (2001) Formal Pragmatics, London: Blackwell. Kratzer, Angelika. (1991) Representation of Focus, in A von Stechow and D. Wunderlich (eds.), Handbook of Semantics, Berlin: De Gruyter, Krifka, Manfred (1998) Scope inversion under rise fall contour in German, Linguistic Inquiry 29:1: Krifka, Manfred (2001) Quantifying into question acts, Natural Language Semantics 9: Krifka, Manfred (2002) Embedded speech acts, handout for the talk given at Workshop In the Mood, Graduiertenkolleg Satzarten: Variation und Interpretation, Universität Frankfurt am Main. Krifka, Manfred (2004) Semantics below and above speech acts, handout for the talk given at Stanford University. Kuno, Susumu. (1973) The Structure of the Japanese Language, Cambridge: MIT press. (1978) Madigan, Sean William (2008) Control Constructions in Korean, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Delaware. Nagahara, Hiroyuki (1994) Phonological Phrasing in Japanese, Doctoral Dissertation, UCLA. Ohima, David, Y. (2008) Morphological vs. phonological contrastive topic marking, in Proceedings of CLS, vol. 41 (Main Session): Pierrehumbert, Janet and Mary Beckman (1988) Japanese Tone Structure, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Rooth, Mats. (1985) Association with Focus, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Rooth, Mats (1992) A Theory of Focus Interpretation, Natural Language Semantics 1: Tomioka, Satoshi. (2009) A Scope Theory of Contrastive Topics, in Current Issues in Unity and Diversity of Languages: Collection of the Papers Selected from the CIL 18,
27 Wold, Dag, E. (1996) Long Distance Selective Binding: The Case of Focus, Galloway, T., and J. Spence (eds.) Proceedings from Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 6, Cornell University, Yabushita, Katsuhiko (2008) A New Approach to Contrastive Topic: Partition Semantics and Pragmatics, to appear in Semantics and Linguistic Theory 18, Cornell University.
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