1 (1) (2a) (2b) (2) a. [ame ga [fur anakatta] ] b. [ [ame ga fur] anakatta] (2a) (2b) 1.1 (3) (4a) (4b) (3) (4) a. [ [ ] ] b. [ [ ] ] (4a) (4b) 3 (5)

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1 (1) (2) (1) (2)

2 1 (1) (2a) (2b) (2) a. [ame ga [fur anakatta] ] b. [ [ame ga fur] anakatta] (2a) (2b) 1.1 (3) (4a) (4b) (3) (4) a. [ [ ] ] b. [ [ ] ] (4a) (4b) 3 (5) a. <12, 15, 2, 0> b. <0, 0, 3, 26> c. <0, 0, 7, 22>

3 (5a) (5b) (5c) (5a) (5c) (5a) (5c) Manning et al. (1996) Matsumoto (1996) 1 (5a) (5b) (5c) 2 (5b) (5a) (5c) (6a) (6b) (6) a. [ ] b. [ ] (5a) (5c) (5a) (5c) (5a) (5c) (5a) (5b) (5c) 3 (7) 3 (8) 3

4 (7) (8) 3 (7) (8) 3 (7) (8) (7) 3 r (8) Manning et al. (1996) Manning et al. (9) (10a) (10b) (10) a. [ [ 3 r] a ] b. [3 [ r] a ] (10b) (10a) (10b) a (10b) (10b) 3 (10a) r (7) (11a) (11b) (8) (12)

5 (11) a. [ [ 3 r] a ] b. [3 [ r] a ] (12) [ [ 3 r] a ] (7) 3 1 (7) (8) (8) (11a) (11b) (12) 2 (11a) (12) (11b) (7) (8) (7) (8) (13) 5 (14) 5 5 (13) (14) 5 (13) (13) (14) (7) (8) (15) r a (15) (16) r-a

6 (16) [ 5 r] a 1.2 (17) (17) (18) [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ] (6b) 3 (10b) (10a) (17) (10b) Yokota (1996) 2

7 3 2 (19) (19) (20a) (20b) (19) 2 2 (20) a. [ [100 hashir] anakatta] b. [100 [hashir anakatta] ] (20a) (20b) (20a) (20b) (21) 100 > > α β α > β 100

8 (22) 3 > > 3 3 (21) (9) 2 (8) (14) (12) > > 5 (23) (34) 1 1 HPSG subcat V[Nga] V VP N NP A AP 2 µ i δ i σ i α 0 α 1... α n µ i δ i σ i

9 α i µ δ σ µ HPSG content µ 0 µ 1 1 µ 2 2 δ σ HPSG que qstore (23) Nga N µ 0 = µ 1 δ 0 = δ 1 σ 0 = σ 1 = { } (24) Qno Q µ 0 = µ 1 δ 0 = δ 1 σ 0 = σ 1 = { } (25) N Qno N µ 0 = µ 1 ( µ 2 ) δ 0 = δ 1 δ 2 σ 0 = σ 1 = { } (26) α[ ] Nga α[nga] α {V, A, Vstem,... } σ 1 = { } µ 0 = µ 0 σ 1 { } α Vstem µ 0 (46) µ 0 = µ 1 ( µ 2 ) µ 0 = µ 2 ( µ 1 ) δ 0 = δ 1 δ 2 σ 0 = { } (26) µ 0 µ 0 σ 1 = { } 2 4 µ 0 = µ 1 ( µ 2 ) µ 0 = µ 2 ( µ 1 ) (27) A[ ] Vstem[ ] A[Vstem] µ 0 = µ 2 ( µ 1 ) δ 0 = δ 1 δ 2 σ 0 = σ 1 = { } (28) A[α 1,..., α n ] Vstem[α 1,..., α n ] A[Vstem] ( n 1) µ 0 = λq 1... λq n [µ 2 ( µ 1 (Q 1 )... (Q n ))] δ 0 = δ 1 δ 2 σ 0 = σ 1 = { } (28)

10 A[ ] A[ ] Vstem[ ] A[Vstem] Nga A[Nga] Nga Vstem[Nga] i N Vstem[Nga] A[Vstem] N r Qno N r i Qno N Q Q : (29) [ N ] λx[student(x)] (30) [ Vstem[Nga] r] λq[ Q( λx[run(x)])] (31) [ V[Nga] ] λq[ Q( λx[run(x)])] r (32) [ A[Vstem] a ] λs[ [ S]] (33) [ A[Vstem] i ] λs[ [ S]] (34) a. [ Q 100 ] λxλy [ G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) X(x) Y (x)] ] ] ] b. [ Q 100 ] λxλy[ G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) X(x) Y( λz[ Z(x)])] ] ] ] c. [ Q 100 ] λxλt [λq G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) X(x) T ( λz[ Z(x)])(Q)] ] ] ] (35) a. 100 (34a) 100 b. 100 (34b) 100

11 c. 100 (34c) 100 (34c) 100 (34c) (36) a. [ [100 hashir] imasendeshita] 100 (34a) (34b) b. [100 [hashir imasendeshita] ] 100 (34a) > (34b) > (36a) (36b) (37) a. 100 λy [ G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) student(x) Y (x)] ] ] ] b. 100 λy[ G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) student(x) Y( λz[ Z(x)])] ] ] ] c. 100 λt [λq G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) student(x) T ( λz[ Z(x)])(Q)] ] ] ] (28) (38) λq[ [ Q( λx[run(x)])] ] (37a) (39a) (37b) (39b) (35c) (37c) (39) a. µ 2 ( µ 1 ) = λq[ [ Q( λx[run(x)])] ]( λy [ G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) student(x) Y (x)] ] ] ]) = [ λy [ G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) student(x)

12 Y (x)] ] ] ]( λx[run(x)])] = [ G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) student(x) λx[run(x)](x)] ] ] ] = [ G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) student(x) run(x)] ] ] ] b. µ 1 ( µ 2 ) = λy[ G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) student(x) Y( λz[ Z(x)])] ] ] ]( λq[ [ Q( λx[run(x)])] ]) = G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) student(x) λq[ [ Q( λx[run(x)])] ]( λz[ Z(x)])] ] ] = G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) student(x) [ λz[ Z(x)]( λx[run(x)])] ] ] ] = G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) student(x) [ λx[run(x)](x)] ] ] ] = G[ G 100 x[x G [human(x) student(x) [ run(x)] ] ] ] (39a) i > 100 (39b) 100 > i (36b) Lee (1993) (40) a. Chelswu-nun motun salam-ul [ani manna-ess-ta]. [Neg ] b. Chelswu-nun [motun salam-ul manna-ci] ani ha-essta. [ ] Neg Lee Cho (1994) Han and Park (1995) (40a) 3 2

13 6 (22) 3 (41) (22) (41) (22) > > (41) (41) (42) a. b. 3 (42b) de dicto de re (42a) de re (42b) (42a) 2 (43) (43) [ V[Nga, No] ] λpλq[ Q( λx[want( P)(x)])])] 7 (23) (34) (44) N N µ 0 = λx[ X(x i )] δ 0 = {<i, µ 2 >} σ 0 = { } (45) α α δ 1 { } µ 0 = µ 1 δ 0 = { } σ 0 = δ 1 (46) σ 1 = {<i 1, X 1 >,..., <i n, X n >} n 1 µ 0 a. µ 0 t µ 0 = x i1... x in [ [X 1 (x i1 )... X n (x in )] µ 0]

14 5:V[ ] 4:Nga V[Nga] 3:Nga 2:N 1:N 2: b. µ 0 <<s, <<s, <e, t>>, t>>, t> µ 0 = λq[ x i1... x in [ [X 1 (x i1 )... X n (x in )] µ 0(Q)] ] µ δ σ (47) 1: µ = λx[student(x)] δ = { } σ = { } 2: µ = λx[ X(x i )] δ = {< i, λx[student(x)] >} σ = { } 3: µ = λx[ X(x i )] δ = {< i, λx[student(x)] >} σ = { } 4: µ = λx[ X(x i )] δ = { } σ = {< i, λx[student(x)] >} 5: µ = λq[ Q( λx[run(x)])]( λx[ X(x i )]) = run(x i ) µ = x i [student(x i ) run(x i )] δ = { } σ = { } 5 µ (48)

15 (48) 9 (26) σ 1 { } α = Vstem µ 0 σ { } (26) Vstem r (48) 4 (23) (34) (44) 10 (46) (49) α[nga] No α[nga, No] α {V, A, Vstem,... } σ 1 = { } µ 0 = µ 0 σ 1 { } α Vstem µ 0 (46) µ 0 = µ 2 ( µ 1 ) µ 0 = µ 1 ( µ 2 ) δ 0 = δ 1 δ 2 σ 0 = { } (50) α[no] Nga α[nga, No] α {V, A, Vstem,... } σ 1 = { } µ 0 = µ 0 σ 1 { } α Vstem µ 0 (46) µ 0 = λq[µ 2 (Q)( µ 1 )] µ 0 = λq[µ 1 ( µ 2 (Q))] δ 0 = δ 1 δ 2 σ 0 = { } (51) α[ ] No α[no] α {V, A, Vstem,... } σ 1 = { } µ 0 = µ 0 σ 1 { } α Vstem µ 0 (46) µ 0 = µ 2 ( µ 1 ) µ 0 = µ 1 ( µ 2 ) δ 0 = δ 1 δ 2 σ 0 = { }

16 (52) [ Vstem[Nga, No] r] λpλq[ Q( λy[ P( λx[tickle(x)(y)])])] (53) [ V[Nga, No] ] λpλq[ Q( λy[ P( λx[tickle(x)(y)])])] (54a) (54b) (54) a. [ V[ ] [ V[Nga] ] ] b. [ V[ ] [ V[No] ] ] 1 (53) Fukushima (1993) Fukushima (53) (55) [ V[Nga, No] ] λpλq[ P( λy[ Q( λx[tickle(x)(y)])])] Fukushima Gunji and Hasida (1998) > Fukushima (56) a. 3 5 >? > b. 5 3 > > Hoji (1985; 1986) > (1990) (56a) (56b) > 11 (56a) > (58c) > (56a) > (56a) (58c) (57a) (57b)

17 (57) (from Szabolcsi (1997)) a. More than three men read more than six books. >? > b. Every man read more than three books. > (56a) (56b) (56a) > > (56b) > > (56a) > (56a) (56b) 4 (56b) 4 > > 2 (56a) > 3 > 1 1 (58) a. 3? > > b. 3 > c. 3 > d. 3 >? > (58a) (58d) (58b) (58c) (58b) (58c) > > (58a) > > (58d) > > 5

18 1 Manning et al. (1996) 2 Gunji (1996) 3 Yatabe (1996b) 4 Krifka (1998) (1989, p. 212) 5 Beghelli and Stowell (1997) 6 Kawashima (1994) 7 Brockett (1994) Brockett Hasegawa (1991) Yatabe (1996a) (1998) 10 Heim and Kratzer (1998)

19 Beghelli, Filippo, and Tim Stowell (1997) Distributivity and negation: the syntax of each and every, Ways of Scope Taking, ed. by Anna Szabolcsi, , Kluwer, Dordrecht. Brockett, Chris (1994) Mo: quantificational evidence for a non-quantificational analysis, Formal Approaches to Japanese Linguistics 1 (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 24), ed. by Masatoshi Koizumi and Hiroyuki Ura, 45 59, MITWPL, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Cho, Dong-In (1994) Functional projections and verb movement, Theoretical Issues in Korean Linguistics, ed. by Young-Key Kim-Renaud, , CSLI, Stanford. Fukushima, Kazuhiko (1993) Model theoretic semantics for Japanese floating quantifiers and their scope properties, Journal of East Asian Linguistics 2, Gunji, Takao (1996) On lexicalist treatments of Japanese causatives, Studies on the Universality of Constraint-Based Phrase Structure Grammars (Report of the International Science Research Program Joint Research, Project No ), ed. by Takao Gunji, 61 90,. Gunji, Takao, and Kôiti Hasida (1998) Measurement and quantification, Topics in Constraint-Based Grammar of Japanese, ed. by Takao Gunji and Kôiti Hasida, 39 79, Kluwer, Dordrecht. Han, Ho, and Myung-Kwan Park (1995) The syntax of negation in Korean and its development in child language, ESCOL 94, ed. by Janet M. Fuller, Ho Han, and David Parkinson, , DMLL Publications, Cornell University, Ithaca. Hasegawa, Nobuko (1991) Affirmative polarity items and negation in Japanese, Interdisciplinary Approaches to Language: Essays in Honor of S.-Y. Kuroda, ed. by Carol Georgopoulos and Roberta Ishihara, , Kluwer, Dordrecht. Heim, Irene, and Angelika Kratzer (1998) Semantics in Generative Grammar, Blackwell, Malden. Hoji, Hajime (1985) Logical Form Constraints and Configurational Structures in Japanese, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle. Hoji, Hajime (1986) Weak Crossover and Japanese Phrase Structure, Issues in Japanese Linguistics, ed. by Takashi Imai and Mamoru Saito, , Foris, Dordrecht. (1989), Kawashima, Ruriko (1994) Deriving paradoxical flip-flop change in quantificational force in Japanese, Formal Approaches to Japanese Linguistics 1 (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 24), ed. by Masatoshi Koizumi and Hiroyuki Ura, , MITWPL, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Krifka, Manfred (1998) Scope inversion under the rise-fall contour in German, Linguistic Inquiry 29, (1990) 4,

20 Lee, Jae Hong (1993) Postverbal adverbs and verb movement in Korean, Japanese/Korean Linguistics 2, ed. by Patricia M. Clancy, , CSLI, Stanford. Manning, Christopher D., Ivan A. Sag, and Masayo Iida (1996) The lexical integrity of Japanese causatives, Studies on the Universality of Constraint-Based Phrase Structure Grammars (Report of the International Science Research Program Joint Research, Project No ), ed. by Takao Gunji, 9 37,. Matsumoto, Yo (1996) Complex Predicates in Japanese: A Syntactic and Semantic Study of the Notion Word, CSLI, Stanford and Kurosio, Tokyo. Szabolcsi, Anna (1997) Strategies for scope taking, Ways of Scope Taking, ed. by Anna Szabolcsi, , Kluwer, Dordrecht. (1998) 113, Yatabe, Shûichi (1996a) Negation and focusing in the grammar of Japanese, Studies on the Universality of Constraint-Based Phrase Structure Grammars (Report of the International Science Research Program Joint Research, Project No ), ed. by Takao Gunji, ,. Yatabe, Shûichi (1996b) Long-distance scrambling via partial compaction, Formal Approaches to Japanese Linguistics 2 (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 29), ed. by Masatoshi Koizumi, Masayuki Oishi, and Uli Sauerland, , MITWPL, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Yokota, Kenji (1996) The Light Verb Construction in Japanese: An Analysis of suru,, yatabe@boz.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp web: cyatabe/

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