Transcription

1 90

2 UVSOR-II Twiss Ti:Sa i

3 NaI EGS UVSOR-II ii

4 MPPC Multi Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC) MPPC A 161 B 165 C EGS5 169 C.1 NaI C.1.1 C.1.2 C.1.3 NaI.f NaI.data PEGS NaI.inp C C.2.1 C.2.2 C.2.3 IP.f IP.data PEGS IP.inp iii

5

6 1.1 Amsterdam Pulse Stretcher ring MeV 2.8MeV K. J. Kim UVSOR-II UVSOR-II UVSOR-II UVSOR-II UVSOR-II UVSOR-II Ti:Sa v

7 (y e, z e ) (y p, z p ) (y, z) (y, z) (y p, z p ) NaI NaI Cs 60 Co EGS LCS EGS5 NaI ( ) ( ) vi

8 4.19 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) rms LCS LCS LCS 2 mm EGS Cs 60 Co BaF τ = 200 ps vii

9 EGS5 LCS MPPC C U MPPC MPPC MPPC MPPC LCS LCS MPPC viii

10 UVSOR-II Ti:Sa rms MPPC UVSOR-II ix

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12 1 1.1 MeV (LCS)[1] LCS LCS γ kev GeV LCS MeV LCS LCS 1/γ LCS 10 8 photons s 1 [2, 3] photons s 1 [4] LCS 100 % 100 LCS 1948 Feenberg [5] GeV

13 1 1.1: ( ) (GeV) (µm) (MeV) (s 1 ) AIST (Ibaraki)[9] (Nd:YLF) BESSY-II (Berlin)[10] (CO 2 ) Duke Univ. (Durham)[2] (FEL) KEK-ATF (Ibaraki)[3] NewSUBARU (Hyogo)[11] (Nd:YVO 4 ) NewSUBARU (Hyogo)[12] (CO 2 ) SAGA-LS (Saga)[13] (CO 2 ) SPring-8 (Hyogo)[14] (CO 2 ) Super-ACO (Orsay)[15] (FEL) UVSOR (Aichi)[16] (FEL) UVSOR-II (Aichi) (Ti:Sa) Arutyunian Milburn [6, 7] Kunikov 1964 Lebedev Physical Institute of the Academy of Science 600 MeV nm LCS ( 8.3 MeV) [8] (FEL) LCS MeV 100 MeV LCS LCS [17, 18] GeV ( 1 %) ( 10 6 photons s 1 ) LCS

14 LCS 1 (SAGA-LS) 1.4 GeV 2 4 [19] MeV 30 MeV 2 1 % 1.4 GeV 30 MeV 1 µm 12 µm mw 10 mw 10 4 photons s photons s 1 7 % 9 % 4 10 ps µm Nd:YAG ( 10 6 photons s 1 ) ( 1 %) 4 4 LCS 3

15 1 1.2 LCS LCS LCS (AIST, ) NewSUBARU LCS [14, 15, 16] 99 % (Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence) 208 Pb [20] NRF NRF 90 NRF NewSUBARU 17.6 MeV LCS 197 Au [11] LCS [21] [22, 23] 17.6 MeV LCS 197 Au 1 2 % Duke LCS 4

16 1.2. LCS Duke LCS 10 8 photons s 1 60 m 0.4 %(FWHM) LCS [2] Duke MeV 88 Sr, 138 Ba, 32 S [2] LCS [4] [24, 25] LCS 1.1 BESSY-II LCS [10] 900 MeV 1700 MeV 1 2 % BESSY-II [13] Amsterdam Pulse Stretcher ring (AmPS) 90 ( 1.1)[26] 5

17 1 1.1: Amsterdam Pulse Stretcher ring [26] MeV 1 β Na 2 MeV [27] 6

18 ps ns S ( ) S S BaF 2 (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) 7

19 ps (Fe, Cu, Ag ) ps 170 ps 190 [28] 22 Na 1.27 MeV 10 µm MeV LCS LCS [29] MPa 2 MeV 27 Al(p,γ) 28 Si 1.8 MeV 2.8MeV [30, 31] 1.8 MeV 2.8 MeV 190 ps ( 1.2) 20 MeV 40 ns 8

20 : 1.8 MeV 2.8MeV [30] [32] 1064 nm 7 ns 400 mj Nd:YAG W cm mm 4 Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Electron LINAC with high Brilliance and low Emittance(ELBE) 16 MeV [33] 5 ps 9

21 1 26 MHz BaF 2 LCS LCS LCS LCS GeV 150 m 150 m 150 GeV 2 LCS 10 MeV 1 GeV 1 (KEK-ATF) LCS 10 8 photons s 1 [3] s 1 [34] 10

22 SPring kev NewSUBARU LCS [35] LCS 1 MeV LCS 1 CO 2 LCS 91 % MeV 10 cm 11

23 1 LCS 10 MeV [36] LCS LCS 10 MeV 19 % LCS 130 mm LCS LCS LCS 12

24 LCS 10 MeV 10 kev 1994 K. J. Kim 12 kev 300 fs [37] ( ) 90 ( 1.3) 90 LCS [38, 39] 1.3: K. J. Kim [37] 13

25 LCS LCS LCS 100 ps LCS K. J. Kim 90 LCS LCS [26] 90 LCS LCS LCS 14

26 1.4. LCS 1.1 LCS 90 LCS LCS LCS LCS LCS LCS LCS 5 ps(rms) [4] ( 100 ps) 15

27 UVSOR-II (Ti:Sa) 3 LCS LCS 4 LCS

28 2 2.1 LCS UVSOR-II (Ultra Violet Synchrotron Orbital Radiation) (Ti:Sa) 2.1 UVSOR-II UVSOR-II( 2.1) UVSOR-II Ti:Sa Ti:Sa [40] [41] UVSOR-II 2.5 m 75 kv 15 MeV 26.6 m 750 MeV 17

29 2 2.1: UVSOR-II 750 MeV 53.2 m cm (Touschek ) UVSOR-II 1 1 khz 2.1 UVSOR-II UVSOR-II 20 5 ( 2.2) 18

30 2.1. UVSOR-II 2.1: UVSOR-II E (MeV) 750 I (ma) 50 ɛ (nm-rad) 27.4 C (m) 53.2 RF f RF (MHz) 90.1 ρ (m) m m 4 V 0 (kv) 100 ν x, ν y 3.75, 3.20 Momentum compaction factor α σ E /E (rms) σ ze0 (ps) 108(rms) Electron Beam 2.2: UVSOR-II LCS Beam Transport Septum 19

31 2 2.3: 21 UVSOR-II 6.5 m m ( ) ( ) 7.5 m 20

32 2.1. UVSOR-II 2.4: 22 UVSOR-II 2.5: 23 UVSOR-II 21

33 2 2.2 ( ) [42] [43] ρ ( ) N S

34 ( ) s x y K x d 2 x ds 2 + K xx = 0 (2.1) y K x > 0 sin cos x (s) x(s) = A cos( K x s) + B sin( K x s) (2.2) x (s) = A K x sin( K x s) + B K x cos( K x s) (2.3) s = 0 A B x(0) x (0) x(s) = x(0) cos( K x s) + x (0) sin( K x s) (2.4) Kx x (s) = x(0) K x sin( K x s) + z (0) cos( K x s) (2.5) L ( ) ( ) x(l) x(0) cos( K = M x x = x L) 1 Kx sin( ( ) K x L) (L) x (0) K x sin( K x L) cos( x(0) K x L) x (0) (2.6) K x < 0 sinh cosh ( ) x(l) cosh( K x L) 1 = sinh( ( ) K x L) K x x x(0) (L) K x sinh( K x L) cosh( K x L) x (0) y (2.7) 23

35 2 2.2: M x M y ( ) ( ) 1 L 1 L cos L ρ sin L ( ) ρ ρ 1 sin 1 L L cos L 0 1 ρ ρ ρ cos KL 1 K sin KL ( ) K sin KL cos cosh KL 1 K sinh KL KL K sinh KL cosh KL cosh KL 1 K sinh KL cos KL 1 K sin KL ( ) K sinh KL cosh KL K sin KL cos KL (2.6) (2.7) M x Twiss (2.1) K x x(s) = A βx β x (s) cos{ψ x (s) + ψ x0 } (2.8) s ds ψ x (s) = 0 β x (s) (2.9) A βx ψ x0 β x (s) C β x (s) = β x (s + C) (2.10) (2.8) ψ x (s) 2π 1 UVSOR-II 1 ν x =3.75 ν y =3.20 (2.8) x (s) = A β x β x (s) [α x(s) cos{ψ x (s) + ψ x0 } + sin{ψ x (s) + ψ x0 }] 24

36 2.2. = A βx γ x (s) sin{ψ x (s) + ψ x0} (2.11) α x (s) = 1 dβ x (s) 2 ds γ x (s) = 1 + α2 x(s) β x (s) (2.12) (2.13) α x, β x, γ x Twiss (2.10) (x, x ) Twiss πa 2 β x = π(γ x x 2 + 2α x xx + β x x 2 ) (2.14) (2.8) (2.11) A βx βx < x < A βx βx A βx γx < x < A βx γx πɛ ɛ ɛ x β x < x < ɛ x β x, ɛ x γ x < x < ɛ x γ x (2.15) Twiss (2.8) (2.11) x (s) = x(s) = β x (s){a cos ψ x (s) + B sin ψ x (s)} (2.16) 1 β x (s) [{ α x(s)a + B} cos ψ x (s) {α x (s)b + A} sin ψ x (s)] (2.17) ( ) ( ) x(l) x(0) = M x x (0) = x (L) β x (L) β x (0) (cos ψ x + α x (0) sin ψ x ) 1+αx(0)αx(L) β x(0)β x(l) sin ψ x + αx(0) αx(l) β x(0)β x(l) cos ψ x ( x(0) x (0) ) β x (0)β x (L) sin ψ x β x (L) β x(0) (cos ψ x α x (0) sin ψ x ) (2.18) 25

37 2 ψ x = ψ x (L) ψ x (0) 2 Twiss 1 Twiss UVSOR-II Twiss α x (0) = 0, β x (0) = 10 m, γ x (0) = 1/β x (0) (2.19) α y (0) = 0, β y (0) = 1.5 m, γ y (0) = 1/β y (0) (2.20) β y (0) β y (0) = 0.5 m Twiss (2.18) β x (0)β x (s) sin ψ x = s (2.21) β x(s) β x (0) cos ψ x = 1 (2.22) β x (s) = β x (0) + s2 β x (0) Twiss (2.12) (2.13) α x (s) = s β x (0) γ x (s) = 1 β x (0) (2.23) (2.24) (2.25) 3 y E x x(s) = η x (s) E E (2.26) 26

38 2.2. η x (s) UVSOR-II η x (s) = 0.8 m, η y (s) = 0 m η x (s) = 0.9 m, η y (s) = 0 m 2.6 UVSOR-II β x, β y η x [44] C C C = α E E (2.27) α momentum compaction factor momentum compaction factor α = 1 C C 0 η x (s) ds (2.28) ρ(s) UVSOR-II α = : UVSOR-II Position = 0 m 27

39 U 0 U 0 (kev) = 88.5 E4 (GeV) ρ(m) (2.29) UVSOR-II U 0 =12.7 kev V (t) = V 0 sin(2πf RF t) (2.30) U 0 = ev (t s ) = ev 0 sin(2πf RF t s ) (2.31) t s UVSOR-II V 0 =100 kv f RF =90.1 MHz (2.31) (2.31) t s (2.31) (2.31) t s 28

40 2.2. (2.31) (2.27) E 1 t = T rev α E E (2.32) T rev UVSOR-II 177 ns t t T rev d t dt 2 d 2 t dt 2 = t = α E T rev E = α E d E dt (2.33) (2.34) E E = ev (t s + t) U 0 = ev (t s + t) ev (t s ) (2.35) E T rev d E dt (2.34) d 2 t dt 2 = αe T rev E {V (t s + t) V (t s )} = = E T rev = ev (t s + t) ev (t s ) T rev (2.36) αe T rev E dv (t s ) t Ω 2 t (2.37) dt dv (t s )/dt f s = Ω 2π = 1 αe dv (t s ) αfrf = (ev 0 ) 2π T rev E dt 2πT rev E 2 U0 2 (2.38) UVSOR-II f s =17.3 khz 1 ν s = f s f rev = 17.3 khz 5.64 MHz = (2.39) 29

41 UVSOR-II τ β =21 ms τ s = τ β /2 =11 ms 0 ( ) κ ɛ=27.4 nm-rad ɛ x = ɛ 1 + κ, ɛ y = κɛ 1 + κ (2.40) 30

42 (rms) s ( (2.15)) ( (2.26)) ( ) σe 2 σ xe (s) = β x (s)ɛ x + ηx 2 (2.41) E ( ) σ x e(s) = γ x (s)ɛ x + ηx 2 σe 2 (2.42) E σ ye (s) = β y (s)ɛ y (2.43) σ y e(s) = γ y (s)ɛ y (2.44) σ xe (s) σ ye (s) σ x e(s) σ y e(s) σ E /E 2.7 (2.41)-(2.44) UVSOR-II κ 3 % 21 s = 0.7 m 22 s = +0.3 m 23 s = +0.4 m s = 0.7 m σ xe = 0.62 mm, σ ye = mm, σ x e = mrad, σ y e = mrad (2.45) s = +0.3 m σ xe = 0.62 mm, σ ye = mm, σ x e = mrad, σ y e = mrad (2.46) s = +0.4 m σ xe = 0.64 mm, σ ye = mm, σ x e = mrad, σ y e = mrad (2.47) 1 31

43 2 Spatial spread (mm) or divergence (mrad) σ xe /10 σ ye σ x e σ y e Position at straight section (m) 2.7: UVSOR-II σ xe 1/ σ ze0 = α σ E 2πf s E (2.48) f s (2.38) UVSOR-II V kv σ ze0 = 108 ps(rms) = 254 ps(fwhm) V 0 86 kv σ ze0 = 275 ps(fwhm) σ ze0 σ ze Potential well distortion Microwave instability 2 Potential well distortion 32

44 2.2. [45] ( σze σ ze0 ) 3 σ ze σ ze0 = eαi ( ) R 3 (Z/n) eff (2.49) 2πνs E σ ze0 I R (Z/n) eff effective longitudinal coupling impedance Microwave instability [45] σ ze ( ) 1 αi 2+a νs 2 E (2.50) a 1992 UVSOR 500 MeV 750 MeV [45] I = 0 70 ma Potential well distortion MeV C ( 2 ps) ps 400 ps Potential well distortion (2.49) Potential well distortion σ ze0 = 260 ± 5 ps(fwhm) 33

45 2 450 Bunch length σ ze at FWHM (ps) Beam current (ma) 2.8: (2.49) 34

46 2.3. Ti:Sa 2.3 Ti:Sa COHERENT Ti:Sa [46] 90 LCS 90 LCS 100 ps 2.9 Ti:Sa (COHERENT, Mira-900-F) RF 90.1 MHz COHERENT Synchro-Lock AP RF 1 ps RF 1 khz Q (COHERENT, Legend-HE) 800 nm 130 fs 2.5 mj 1 khz 2.3 Thamway Phase shifter Phase shifter 1/16 divider 5.63 MHz RF bucket selector 1/5632 divider Synchro lock 90.1 MHz Feedback 1 khz Q-switch pump laser 1 khz, >20 mj pulse RF cavity -1 pick-up UVSOR-II Electron storage ring Mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser CW laser Regenerative amplifier Laser 90.1 MHz, < 30 fs, >5 nj pulse -1 1 khz, 130 fs 2.5 mj pulse -1 Electron beam 2.9: Ti:Sa 35

47 2 2.3: Ti:Sa (nm) 800 (W) 2.5 (khz) 1 (mj) 2.5 (fs) 130(FWHM) RF bucket selector 20 ps 20 m f(x) f(x) = A { erf erf(t) ( ) } x µ + 1 2σ (2.51) erf(t) = 2 t e k2 dk (2.52) π 0 A µ σ 2.11 rms σ =3.0 mm z 1/e 2 36

48 2.3. Ti:Sa Power meter Steel plate Laser 2.10: 1 Laser power (W) 0.5 σ = 2.98 mm x (mm) 2.11: (2.51) w(z) = w z2 λ 2 π 2 w 4 0 (2.53) w 0 1/e 2 λ w = 2σ 2.12 w 0 (2.53) 125 mm w(z) = 2σ =6 mm w µm 37

49 w 0 =4.5 µm w 0 =5.0 µm w 0 =5.5 µm w 0 =6.0 µm w(z) (mm) z (mm) 2.12: 38

50 UVSOR-II 750 MeV 53 m 0.6 mm 0.03 mm(rms) 3 % [47] 108 ps(rms) = 254 ps(fwhm) 2 ps ps(fwhm) Potential well distortion cm 39

51 2 90 Ti:Sa COHERENT RF 90.1 MHz RF 1 ps 800 nm 130 fs 2.5 mj 1 khz rms 3.0 mm 125 mm 10 µm 40

52 3 LCS 3.1 LCS LCS LCS 90 LCS 1. [48] 2. [49]

53 3 LCS 3.1 T T s E L E γ α θ φ LCS 3.2 LCS Ts ER E ER α ER γ EL ER θ ER φ ER LCS Laser, E L Electron beam, T α Scattered electron, θ φ Gamma ray, E γ T s 3.1: ER γ Gamma ray, E ER Laser, E L Scattered electron, T ER s ER θ ER φ ER α 3.2: 42

54

55 T + E L = T s + E γ (3.1) P E L c cos α = E γ c cos θ + P s cos φ (3.2) E L c sin α = E γ c sin θ P s sin φ (3.3) P P s m e c 2 (3.2) (3.3) T s (T s + 2m e c 2 ) P s = c T (T + 2m e c 2 ) P = c (3.4) (3.5) c 2 P 2 s = c 2 P 2 + E 2 L cos 2 α + E 2 γ cos 2 θ 2P ce L cos α 2P ce γ cos θ +2E L E γ cos α cos θ + E 2 L sin 2 α + E 2 γ sin 2 θ 2E L E γ sin α sin θ (3.6) (3.1) (3.4) c 2 P 2 s = T 2 + E 2 L + E 2 γ + 2T E L 2E L E γ 2T E γ + 2m e c 2 (T + E L E γ ) (3.7) (3.6) (3.7) E γ = E L (β cos α + 1) 1 β cos θ + E L γm e {1 + cos(α + θ)} c 2 (3.8) β γ β = T (T + 2m e c 2 ) T + m e c 2 (3.9) γ = T + m ec 2 m e c 2 = 1 1 β 2 (3.10) (3.8) [50] 44

56 3.2. UVSOR-II 1 GeV E L /γm e c 2 1 (3.8) β 1 θ E γ = 2γ2 E L (cos α + 1) 1 + γ 2 θ 2 (3.11) (α = 0 ) E γ = 90 E γ = 4γ2 E L 1 + γ 2 θ 2 (3.12) 2γ2 E L 1 + γ 2 θ 2 (3.13) MeV 800 nm(1.55 ev) (θ = 0 rad) 6.6 MeV 3.3 (3.13) mrad 0.1 mrad 2 % 3.4 α (θ = 0 rad) E max γ = 2γ 2 E L (cos α + 1) (3.14) UVSOR-II 13 MeV 45

57 3 7 Gamma ray energy (MeV) Scattering angle of gamma rays (mrad) 3.3: MeV 800 nm Maximum energy of gamma rays (MeV) Collision angle (degree) 3.4: 750 MeV 800 nm 46

58 LCS ( dσ = r2 0 dω 2 RER2 R ER + 1 ) R 1 + ER cos2 θ (3.15) R ER = EER γ EL ER = EER L m ec (1 cos θ ), 2 dω = 2π sin θ dθ, r 0 = m, θ = π Θ ER, Θ ER = ±α ER + θ ER cos θ = cos Θ ER ( dσ dω = r2 0 ER 2 RER2 R ER + 1 ) R 1 + ER cos2 Θ ER (3.16) R ER = EER γ EL ER = EER L m ec (1 + cos Θ ER ) 2 (3.17) dω ER = 2π sin Θ ER dθ ER (3.18) EL ER, Eγ ER E L, E γ E ER L = γ (3.17) (3.20) { ( E L βc E )} L c cos α = γ(1 + β cos α)e L (3.19) E γ = E ER γ sin θ ER = E γ sin θ (3.20) sin θ ER sin θ EER L 1 + EER L m ec (1 + cos Θ ER ) 2 (3.21) (3.8)=(3.21) Θ = α + θ { } sin θer γ(1 β cos θ) sin θ 1 E L + { } sin θer E 2 (1 + cos Θ) sin θ γ(1 + β cos α)(1 + cos ΘER ) L m e c = 0 (3.22) 2 (3.22) sin θ ER sin θ = 1 γ(1 β cos θ) (3.23) 47

59 3 γ(1 + β cos α)(1 + cos Θ ER sin θer ) = (1 + cos Θ) sin θ (3.23) (3.24) (3.24) cos Θ ER = 1 + cos Θ γ 2 (1 + β cos α)(1 β cos θ) 1 (3.25) (3.25) cos θ d(cos Θ ER ) d(cos θ) = = sin α (cos α + )(1 β cos θ) + β(1 + cos Θ) tan θ γ 2 (1 + β cos α)(1 β cos θ) 2 β(sin θ sin α) + sin(α + θ) γ 2 (1 + β cos α)(1 β cos θ) 2 sin θ (3.26) 1 dω = 1 β(sin θ sin α) + sin(α + θ) dω ER γ 2 (1 + β cos α)(1 β cos θ) 2 sin θ (3.27) (3.27) (3.16) LCS dσ dω β(sin θ sin α) + sin(α + θ) r 2 ( 0 = γ 2 (1 + β cos α)(1 β cos θ) 2 sin θ 2 RER2 R ER + 1 ) R 1 + ER cos2 Θ ER (3.28) R ER = cos Θ ER = γ(1+β cos α)e L m e c 2 (1 + cos Θ ER ) (3.29) 1 + cos(α + θ) γ 2 (1 + β cos α)(1 β cos θ) 1 (3.30) 1 GeV γe L /m e c 2 1 R ER 1 LCS LCS (3.28) (α = 0 ) dσ dω = 1 r 2 ( 0 γ 2 (1 β cos θ) 2 2 RER2 R ER + 1 ) R 1 + ER cos2 Θ ER (3.31) R ER = γ(1+β)e L m ec 2 (1 + cos Θ ER ) cos Θ ER = cos θ β 1 β cos θ (3.32) (3.33) 48

60 3.3. (3.31) [1] 90 (α = 90 ) dσ dω β(sin θ 1) + cos θ r 2 ( 0 = γ 2 (1 β cos θ) 2 sin θ 2 RER2 R ER + 1 ) R 1 + ER cos2 Θ ER R ER 1 = 1 + γe L m e (1 + cos Θ c ER ) 2 cos Θ ER = (β2 1) sin θ β(β cos θ) 1 β cos θ (3.34) (3.35) (3.36) θ c σ(θ c ) (3.28) σ(θ c ) = θc 0 dθ dσ dθ = θc dθ2π sin θ dσ 0 dω (3.37) 3.5 θ c 750 MeV 1/γ = 0.68 mrad 1/γ σ T = m 2 49

61 α = 0 degree α = 90 degree σ(θ c )/σ T Scattering angle of gamma rays (mrad) 3.5: MeV 50

62 LCS LCS 3.6 ψ [51] ( dσ dω ) Por ( = r2 0 2 RER2 R ER + 1 ) R 2 ER sin2 θ cos 2 ψ (3.38) ψ 3.3 LCS ( ) Por dσ = dω β(sin θ sin α) + sin(α + θ) r 2 ( 0 γ 2 (1 + β cos α)(1 β cos θ) 2 sin θ 2 RER2 R ER + 1 ) R 2 ER sin2 Θ ER cos 2 ψ (3.39) LCS (3.39) y Laser θ ψ Gamma ray x Electron beam 3.6: 51

63 3 sin Θ ER 0 (3.30) cos Θ ER 1 ψ α = 0 cos Θ ER = cos θ β 1 β cos θ (3.40) θ θ β 1 cos Θ ER 1 β 1 2 θ2 1 β θ2 1 γ2 θ γ 2 θ 2 (3.41) θ 1/γ = 0.68 mrad θ 1/γ α = 90 cos Θ ER cos Θ ER = (β2 1) sin θ β(β cos θ) 1 β cos θ (3.42) θ cos Θ ER θ(β2 1) β 2 + β 1 2 βθ2 1 β βθ2 2θ + 1 γ2 θ γ 2 θ 2 (3.43) LCS (3.39) ψ (3.28) (3.39) (3.28) 52

64 3.4. Angle y-axis (mrad) Angle x-axis (mrad) 3.7: Angle y-axis (mrad) Angle x-axis (mrad) 3.8: 53

65 3 3.5 N γ σ(θ c ) L [52] N γ = Lσ(θ c ) (3.44) [52] L = 2cfN e N p cos 2 φ ρ e (x, y, z, t)ρ p (x, y, z, t)dxdydzdt (3.45) φ = α c f 2 N e N p ρ e, ρ p z e z p (y, z) 3.9 ρ e, ρ p y y e σ yp σ zp Laser z p φ φ z y p σ ze σ ye z e Electron beam 3.9: (y e, z e ) (y p, z p ) (y, z) z e, z p y e, y p 54

66 3.5. ρ e = 1 [ 1 exp 1 { x 2 e + y2 e + (z e ct) 2 }] (2π) 3 2 σ xe σ ye σ ze 2 σxe 2 σye 2 σze 2 ρ p = 1 (2π) 3 2 [ 1 exp 1 { x 2 p + y2 p + (z p ct) 2 }] σ xp σ yp σ zp 2 σxp 2 σyp 2 σzp 2 (3.46) (3.47) x e = x, x p = x (3.48) y e = z sin φ + y cos φ, y p = z sin φ y cos φ (3.49) z e = z cos φ y sin φ, z p = z cos φ y sin φ (3.50) σ x, σ y, σ z (rms) e, p (3.46) (3.50) (3.45) L L = fn en p cos α/2 2π 1 (σ 2 xe + σxp) 2 (σye 2 + σyp) 2 cos 2 (α/2) + (σze 2 + σzp) 2 sin 2 (α/2) (3.51) (3.51) A σ T N γ = fn en p σ T cos α/2 2π 1 (σ 2 xe + σxp) 2 (σye 2 + σyp) 2 cos 2 (α/2) + (σze 2 + σzp) 2 sin 2 (α/2) (3.52) (3.52) [53] (α = 0 ) N γ = fn en p σ T 2π 1 (σ 2 xe + σ 2 xp)(σ 2 ye + σ 2 yp) (3.53) 90 N γ = fn en p σ T 2π σ 2 xe + σ 2 xp 1 σ 2 ye + σyp 2 + σze 2 + σzp 2 (3.54) 90 N γ = fn en p σ T 2π σ 2 ye + σ 2 yp 1 σ 2 xe + σxp 2 + σze 2 + σzp 2 (3.55) 55

67 3 σ zp σ xp Laser Horizontal 90 σ yp σ zp Laser o collision σ ye σ xe Electron beam Vertical 90 collision o 3.10: photons s photons s 1 1 khz photons pulse photons pulse 1 UVSOR-II

68 3.5. Intensity of gamma rays (photons s -1 ) horizontal collision vertical collision Collision angle (degree) 3.11: 3.1: (MeV) 750 (ma) 50 (mm) 0.6, 0.03(rms) (ps) 400(FWHM) (nm) 800 (W) 10 (Hz) 1000 (mm) 0.01, 0.01(rms) (ps) 0.13(FWHM) 57

69 3 3.6 (3.45) LCS 3.12 (y, z) (y p, z p ) (3.45) ρ e, ρ p ρ e = 1 (2π) 3 2 ρ p = 1 (2π) 3 2 [ 1 exp 1 { x 2 + y2 + σ xe σ ye σ ze 2 σxe 2 σye 2 }] (z ct)2 σze 2 [ 1 exp 1 { x 2 p + y2 p + (z p ct) 2 }] σ xp σ yp σ zp 2 σxp 2 σyp 2 σzp 2 (3.56) (3.57) x p = x (3.58) y p = z sin α y cos α, (3.59) z p = z cos α y sin α (3.60) η = z ct (3.56) (3.60) (3.45) η L dη exp { 1 2 (σye 2 + σyp)(cos 2 α + 1) 2 + (σze 2 + σzp) 2 sin 2 } α σze{(σ 2 ye 2 + σyp)(cos 2 α + 1) 2 + σzp 2 sin 2 α} η2 y σ yp σ zp Laser z p α y p σ ze σ ye z Electron beam 3.12: (y, z) (y p, z p ) 58

70 = dη exp ( η2 2σ 2 t ) 3.6. (3.61) σ t σ t = σ ze (σ 2 ye + σ 2 yp)(cos α + 1) 2 + σ 2 zp sin 2 α (σ 2 ye + σ 2 yp)(cos α + 1) 2 + (σ 2 ze + σ 2 zp) sin 2 α (3.62) (3.61) B (3.62) [54] (α = 0 ) 90 σ t = σ ze σ 2 ye + σ 2 yp + σ 2 zp σ 2 ye + σ 2 yp + σ 2 ze + σ 2 zp (3.63) 90 σ t = σ ze σ 2 xe + σ 2 xp + σ 2 zp σ 2 xe + σ 2 xp + σ 2 ze + σ 2 zp (3.64) (α = 180 ) ps(rms) fs(rms) ps

71 3 Pulse width of gamma rays at rms (ps) horizontal collision vertical collision Collision angle (degree) 3.13: 60

72 3.6. Pulse width of gamma rays at rms (ps) vertical collision horizontal collision Pulse width of laser at FWHM (ps) 3.14:

73 3 3.7 LCS 1. LCS 750 MeV 800 nm MeV MeV LCS % 2. LCS LCS LCS 90 LCS 1/γ LCS 3. LCS photons s photons s 1 62

74 LCS 90 LCS ps(rms) 120 fs(rms) 63

75

76 4 90 LCS LCS LCS LCS LCS UVSOR-II

77 4 70 ~ 110 degree Electron beam Femtosecond laser Quadruple magnet Bending magnet Gamma ray NaI 1.25 m 6.5 m 4.1: 4.1: (MeV) 750 (ma) (mm) 0.62, 0.038(rms) (ps) 270(FWHM) (nm) 800 (W) 1.5 (Hz) 1000 (mm) 2.5, 1.5(rms) (ps) 1.4(FWHM) (90 ) (MeV) 6.6 (photons s 1 ma 1 ) ma (0 ) 1.8 W 85 % 1.5 W 66

78 LCS UVSOR-II RF RF 2.2 RF 4 mm m NaI 35 mm NaI LCS UVSOR-II 90 LCS LCS ns ps 67

79 4 Intensity (counts 600 s -1 ma -1 ) degree 80 degree 90 degree 95 degree 107 degree Energy (MeV) 4.2: UVSOR-II LCS m

80 (555 mm) 2 (1.85 ns) 2.9 RF bucket selector( ) Phase Shifter( ) NaI Laser 555 mm Pick-up Gamma ray Electron Beam 4.3: 69

81 4 4.4: ( ) ( ) Phase Shifter 100 ps 4.5 Phase Shifter NaI 6. NaI 70

82 4.1. Intensity of gamma rays (counts 60 s -1 ) Time shift (ns) 4.5: 71

83 NaI NaI NaI 22.4 mm NaI 4.7 NaI Photomultiplier Gamma ray NaI scintillator 4.6: NaI Gamma ray NaI scintillator Photomultiplier 500 V High voltage Preamplifier RF bucket selector 1/5632 divider Shaper amplifier Shaping time: 2 μs Gain: 650 Gate signal 1kHz, 20 μs Multi channel analyzer 4.7: NaI 72

84 4.1. NaI (Photomultiplier) NaI (Shaper amplifier) (Multi channel analyzer) 137 Cs 60 Co 137 Cs 137m Ba MeV 60 Co 60 Ni 1.17 MeV 1.33 MeV Cs 60 Co 137 Cs MeV 60 Co 1.17 MeV 1.33 MeV 2.50 MeV Cs 60 Co Intensity (a.u.) Channel 4.8: 137 Cs 60 Co 73

85 4 2.5 Energy (MeV) f(x)= *x Channel 4.9: LCS 2.9 RF 20µs 1 khz 1/ EGS5 EGS5[55] EGS5 kev PeV Prof. Bielajew Prof. Wilderman Prof. Nelson 2006 NaI EGS [56] 74

86 4.1. Lead block Gamma ray NaI scintillator 4.10: EGS5 LCS 4.10 NaI LCS C.1 NaI EGS EGS NaI EGS5 LCS NaI LCS 75

87 4 (3.8) (3.28) Co 1 2 MeV NaI %(FWHM) EGS5 7 %(FWHM) EGS5 NaI NaI NaI Intensity (counts 600 s -1 ma -1 ) Energy (MeV) 4.11: 90 LCS EGS5 NaI 1/5 76

88 Intensity (a.u.) φ=381 mm φ=254 mm φ=127 mm φ=64 mm Energy (MeV) 4.12: EGS5 NaI EGS5 NaI 127 mm NaI MeV EGS5 NaI NaI 6.6 MeV EGS5 77

89 4 EGS5 (2.5 MeV ) (3.8) (3.52) MeV (3.8) BESSY-II SAGA-LS [10, 13, 50] 737 ± 3 MeV LCS NaI 9.0 Maximum energy (MeV) Collision angle (degree) 4.13: (3.8) (3.8) 78

90 Intensity (photons s -1 ) Collision angle (degree) 4.14: (3.52) (3.62) 4 7 ps 79

91 LCS 100 % 90 Duke LCS [57] LCS ( ) 1.7 W 97 % 1.6 W 125 mm 10 µm LCS Wave plate Polarized laser Convex lens (f =125 mm) Bending Quadruple magnet magnet Electron beam 5.4 m Gamma ray Imaging plate 4.15: 80

92 : (MeV) 750 (ma) 0.8 (mm) 0.62, 0.035(rms) (ps) 270(FWHM) (nm) 800 (W) 1.6 (Hz) 1000 (mm) 0.01(rms) (ps) 1.0(FWHM) (MeV) 6.6 (photons s 1 ) NaI LCS (λ/2 λ/4 ) ( ) 5.4 m (BAS-IP MS) ( ) 1.0 mm 10 [58] 200 µm 150µm 633 nm He-Ne 81

93 第4章 ガンマ線のエネルギー可変 偏極 単色性の評価 光を発する これは 光輝尽発光現象と呼ばれ 蛍光体に記録された線量に比例し た 390 nm の輝尽蛍光を発する この輝尽蛍光強度を光電子増倍管で計測すること で イメージングプレートに記録された放射線の強度を知ることができる また 強度分布を読み取った後は イメージングプレート全面に可視光を照射することで 残像を消去することができ 繰り返し使用することが可能である 本研究では イメージングプレートの読み取りのために 自然科学研究機構基礎 生物学研究所生物機能情報分析室の Typhoon FLA9000(図 4.16) を利用した Ty- phoonfla9000 は 画素サイズ 10 µm から 200 µm で読み取ることができ 200 µm の場合 読み取り時間は約 5 分/ mm2 である 直線偏極ガンマ線の空間分布を図 4.17 に示す レーザーが直線偏光の場合 式 (3.39) に示したように レーザーの偏光面に対して 90 度方向にガンマ線が強く散乱 される 測定データにおいても偏極面に対して 90 度方向に強く散乱される空間分布 を測定することができた 円偏極ガンマ線の空間分布を図 4.18 に示す レーザーが 円偏光の場合 式 (3.34) に示したように ガンマ線は等方的に散乱されるので 空 間分布に異方性は生じない 測定データにおいても 円に近い形状となっている また 図 4.17 と図 4.18 における x 軸と y 軸それぞれの中心軸の強度分布を図 4.19 と図 4.20 に示す 図 4.16: イメージングプレート読み取り装置 (GE ヘルスケアジャパン TyphoonFLA9000) 82

94 4.2. Angle along y-axis (mrad) Angle along x-axis (mrad) 4.17: ( ) Angle along y-axis (mrad) Angle along x-axis (mrad) 4.18: ( ) 83

95 4 1 x y Intensity (a.u.) Angle along x(y)-axis (mrad) 4.19: ( ) 1 x y Intensity (a.u.) Angle along x(y)-axis (mrad) 4.20: ( ) 84

96 EGS5 1.0 mm C.2 LCS (3.39) (3.28) EGS x y σ(σ ) rms rms 3σ rms rms 3σ 100 % 4.3: rms (mrad) (mrad) x ± ± y ± ± x ± ± y ± ±

97 4 Angle along y-axis (mrad) Angle along x-axis (mrad) 4.21: ( ) Angle along y-axis (mrad) Angle along x-axis (mrad) 4.22: ( ) 86

98 x y Intensity (a.u.) Angle along x(y)-axis (mrad) 4.23: ( ) 1 x y Intensity (a.u.) Angle along x(y)-axis (mrad) 4.24: ( ) 87

99 4 EGS5 LCS LCS EGS5 P P = σ hor σ ver σ hor + σ ver (σ hor + σ ver = 1) (4.1) σ hor σ ver P = 1 1:1 P = rms 4.25 (4.1) 1.0 mm rms LCS 88 % 88 % 88

100 Ratio y/x Degree of polarization 4.25: rms 89

101 LCS Duke LCS 60 m 1 % [2] 5 mm LCS LCS m 0.5 m NaI 5 mm 100 mm LCS 2 mm 4.27 LCS Convex lens Laser Bending Quadruple magnet magnet Collimator NaI Electron beam Gamma ray 7.5 m 4.26: 90

102 : (MeV) 750 (ma) (mm) 0.64, 0.026(rms) (ps) 270(FWHM) (nm) 800 (W) 2.0 (Hz) 1000 (mm) 0.01(rms) (ps) 1.0(FWHM) (MeV) 6.6 (photons s 1 ma 1 ) Intensity (counts 1200 s -1 ma -1 ) x=0 mm x=2 mm Energy (MeV) 4.27: LCS 2 mm 91

103 EGS5 5 mm LCS NaI EGS5 LCS LCS 2 mm E γ /E γ 17 %(FWHM) 2 mm 12 %(FWHM) Intensity (counts 1200 s -1 ma -1 ) Response Initial/2 Measurement (x=0 mm) Energy (MeV) 4.28: LCS EGS5 NaI ( ) EGS5 LCS 92

104 4.3. Intensity (counts 1200 s -1 ma -1 ) Response Initial/2 Measurement (x=2 mm) Energy (MeV) 4.29: LCS 2 mm EGS5 NaI ( ) EGS5 LCS LCS 4.28 LCS 10 photons s 1 ma photons s 1 ma 1 10 cm d L N N = N 0 exp( λld) (4.2) N 0 λ LCS EGS (4.2) exp mm MeV 93

105 4 Intensity of gamma rays (photons s -1 ma -1 ) EGS5 N(L)=17235exp(-0.024L) Thickness of iron (mm) 4.30: EGS5 (4.2) λ = cm 2 g 1 d = 7.9 g cm 3 λd = mm LCS 310 mm 10 photons s 1 ma 1 LCS 58 mm 4 43 mm LCS 330 mm UVSOR-II EGS5 LCS LCS 10 m 4.31 LCS UVSOR-II 1 mm 1 %(FWHM) LCS 94

106 % 10 7 photons s photons s 1 Energy spread at FWHM (%) 10 1 φ=5 mm φ=3 mm φ=2 mm φ=1 mm φ=0.5 mm 1 10 Efficiency (%) 4.31: 95

107 LCS 100 ps NaI NaI LCS LCS EGS5 2. LCS 90 LCS LCS LCS EGS5 90 LCS 96

108 4.4. LCS EGS5 rms 88 % 3. LCS 7 m 5 mm LCS LCS EGS5 EGS5 LCS %(FWHM) UVSOR-II LCS EGS5 LCS 10 m 1 mm 1 %(FWHM) 10 5 photons s 1 97

109

110 5 90 LCS ps MPPC LCS 100 ps LCS 90 LCS ps LCS 2 LCS

111 5 RF cavity pick-up Phase shifter Synchro lock 90.1 MHz Feedback 1/16 divider Mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser 5.63 MHz RF bucket selector 90.1 MHz 1/5632 divider CW laser 1 khz Q-switch pump laser UVSOR-II Electron storage ring Electron beam Laser 1 khz Gamma ray pulse Trigger Delay 1 khz Digital Oscilloscope Lead Regenerative amplifier Trigger CFD Photomultiplier 1 khz BaF 2 Trigger 5.1: RF cavity pick-up Phase shifter Synchro lock 90.1 MHz Feedback 1/16 divider Mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser 5.63 MHz RF bucket selector 90.1 MHz 1/5632 divider CW laser 1 khz Q-switch pump laser 1 khz Regenerative amplifier UVSOR-II Electron storage ring Electron beam Laser 1 khz Gamma ray pulse Pre-trigger Digital Oscilloscope Lead Trigger Photomultiplier 1 khz BaF 2 5.2:

112 : (MeV) 750 (ma) 50 ( ) (mm) 0.64, 0.026(rms) (ps) 400(FWHM) (nm) 800 (W) 2.0 (Hz) 1000 (mm) 0.01(rms) (ps) 1.0(FWHM) (MeV) 6.6 (photons s 1 ) (ps) 5(FWHM) 4.3 LCS 50 ma (3.64) 5 ps(fwhm) photons s photons s LCS 300 mm mm 50 mm LCS MeV BaF 2 BaF 2 50 mm 50 mm 30 mm BaF 2 50 mm 101

113 5 Lead target Annihilation gamma ray Photomultiplier Electron, Positron BaF 2 Gamma ray 5.3: BaF 2 1 Photon Cross Section Database[59] MeV 5 MeV LCS 6.6 MeV 60 % ns 137 Cs 60 Co 5.6 BaF 2 NaI 60 Co Cs 0.66 MeV 60 Co 1.33 MeV MeV 0.25 V 102

114 5.1. Attenuation coefficient (cm 2 g -1 ) Compton scattering Photoelectric effect Pair production Total attenuation Photon energy (MeV) 5.4: 0 Voltage (V) Time (ns) 5.5: 1 GHz 10 GS/s (2ch 3ch 5 GS/s) (LeCroy, WaveRunner 104MXi) 22 Na 103

115 Cs 60 Co Intensity (a.u.) Peak value (V) 5.6: 137 Cs 60 Co 1.5 Energy (MeV) f(x)= 2.03x Peak value (V) 5.7: BaF 2 (LeCroy, WavePro 960, 2 GHz, 4 GS/s) 120 ps [60] RF 90 MHz

116 khz Constant Fraction Discriminator(CFD, ORTEC583) 3 CFD MeV MeV Phistogram Delay (Canberra2058) ( 5.5) 100 ± 20 mv 5.2 RF 90 MHz 1 khz RF 90 MHz 1 khz 90 MHz BaF ps τ I(t) ( I(t) = I 0 exp t ) τ for t 0 (5.1) = 0 for t < 0 (5.2) I 0 F (t) P (t) I(t) [61] F (t) = 0 I(k)P (t k)dk (5.3) P (t) P (t) = 1 { exp (t T 0) 2 } (5.4) 2πσ 2σ 2 105

117 5 T 0 σ (FWHM) 2.35σ (5.3) [61] F (t) = I { 0 2 exp 1 τ ( t T 0 σ2 2τ )} { 1 erf ( σ t T )} 0 2τ 2σ (5.5) erf(t) (2.52) 5.8 τ = 200 ps (5.5) σ 200 ps [28] 2 10 σ= 800 ps σ= 600 ps σ= 400 ps σ= 200 ps σ= 100 ps Count (a.u.) time (ns) 5.8: τ = 200 ps σ (FWHM) 106

118 ps CFD BaF MeV 5.6 CFD LCS CFD σ=900+/-16 ps (FWHM) Intensity (a.u.) Time (ns) 5.9: (5.5) 107

119 ± 0.2 MeV 1. BaF ± 5 % ± 9 ps 190 ps[28] 40 Intensity (a.u.) Energy (MeV) 5.10: 108

120 Intensity (a.u.) 10 τ=183+/-9ps 1 σ=251+/-13ps (FWHM) Time (ns) 5.11: (5.5) 251 ± 13 ps(fwhm) ps (x 0, y 0 ), (x 1, y 1 ),, (x N, y N ) S j (x) = a j (x x j ) 3 + b j (x x j ) 2 + c j (x x j ) + d j (j = 0, 1,, N 1) (5.6) 109

121 5 y j=0,1,,n S j-2 S j-1 Sj S j+1 S j-3 S j+2 x j-3 x j-2 x j-1 x j x j+1 x j+2 x j+3 x 5.12: x j a j, b j, c j, d j 4N 4N 1. S j (x) x 0, x N S j 1(x j ) = S j (x j ) = u j (5.7) S j (x j ) = u j j (x j ) = 2b j S b j = u j 2 (5.8) S j (x j+1 ) = 6a j (x j+1 x j ) a j = u j+1 u j 6(x j+1 x j ) (5.9) 110

122 S j (x j+1 ) = y j+1 d j = S j (x j ) = y j (5.10) c j = y j+1 a j (x j+1 x j ) 3 b j (x j+1 x j ) 2 d j x j+1 x j = y j (u j+1 u j )(x j+1 x j ) u j(x j+1 x j ) 2 y j x j+1 x j = y j+1 y j x j+1 x j 1 6 (x j+1 x j )(2u j + u j+1 ) (5.11) a j, b j, c j, d j u j u j 4 u 0 = u N = 0 u j (j = 1, 2,, N 1) 2 S (x j+1 ) = S j+1(x j+1 ) 3a j (x j+1 x j ) 2 + 2b j (x j+1 x j ) + c j = c j+1 (5.12) (5.8),(5.9),(5.11) (x j+1 x j )u j + 2(x j+2 x j )u j+1 + (x j+2 x j+1 )u j+2 = 6 ( yj+2 y j+1 y ) j+1 y j x j+2 x j+1 x j+1 x j (5.13) j = 0, 1,, N 2 x j 0.2 ns x j+1 x j = 0.2 ns, x j+2 x j = 0.4 ns (5.13) u j + 4u j+1 + u j+2 = 150(y j+2 2y j+1 + y j ) (5.14) h j = 150(y j+1 2y j + y j 1 ) (5.14) u 1 h 1 u 2 h 2.. = u j h j u N 1 h N 1 (5.15) y j (5.15) u j S j 111

123 5 0 Spline interpolation Voltage (V) Time (ns) 5.13: ± 9 ps 205 ± 11 ps(fwhm) 112

124 Intensity (a.u.) 10 τ=192+/-9 ps 1 σ=205+/-11 ps (FWHM) Time (ns) 5.14: 3 (5.5) 113

125 5 5.2 T s =205 ± 11 ps(fwhm) T s T 2 s = T 2 p + T 2 tts + T 2 edge + T 2 L + T 2 B + T 2 oscillo + T 2 trig (5.16) T p T tts (H3378) transit time spread T edge ( ) T L T B BaF 2 T oscillo T trig 1 T tts 370 ps(fwhm) [62] BaF photons MeV 1 [63] 900. [62] 100 T tts = 50 ps T oscillo T trig RF ps(fwhm) 77 ps T L LCS BaF mm (5.18) 1 ps 50 mm LCS EGS5 LCS 114

126 5.2. Gamma rays Electron, Positron Lead 50 mm Annihilation gamma rays 50 mm Scintillation light BaF : Intensity (a.u.) Energy (MeV) 5.16: EGS5 LCS EGS5 LCS 5.16 (4.2) 5.4 (4.2) LCS 14 mm 115

127 5 T L 47 ps LCS 28 mm 93 ps 90 mm 300 ps BaF 2 BaF 2 T B Photon Cross Section Database[59] (0.511 MeV) BaF 2 λ = cm 2 g 1 BaF g cm 3 (4.2) l = 1.56 cm 2 T B 104 ps (5.16) T tts, T oscillo, T trig, T L, T B T p = = 143 ps [60] 22 Na BsF ps ( ) T edge 116

128 ps 143 ps 400 ps 90 LCS 117

129 5 5.3 MPPC Multi Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC) MPPC APD( ) APD ( ) APD MPPC APD MPPC ( C U) 5.17 MPPC 1 mm 2 MPPC I-V nm 45 %( 5.17: MPPC C U 118

130 5.3. MPPC 100 Voltage (mv) Time (ns) 5.18: 1 MPPC 440 nm) USB MPPC I-V MPPC mv 1 5 ns 150 Ti:Sa 1 MPPC 5.21 MPPC 1 khz Phistogram MPPC 50 ± 0.5 mv ± 7 ps(fwhm) 2 MPPC 119

131 5 60 single photon Counts per 10 ps bin two photons Time (ns) 5.19: MPPC mv 50 mv 1 2 MPPC MPPC MPPC MPPC 477 ps MPPC T m 120 T 2 m = T 2 r + T 2 p + T 2 j (5.17)

132 5.3. MPPC T r T p T j 477 ps MPPC MPPC ps MPPC 477 ± 7 ps MPPC 82 ps MPPC MPPC 25 ps MicroChannel Plate Width of timing distribution, T m (ps) Error range of time resolution Pulse width of gamma rays, T p (ps) 5.20: MPPC ( ) MPPC 477 ± 7 ps MPPC 121

133 5 PhotoMultiplier Tube ( R3809U-50) ps(fwhm) MPPC MPPC 0.5 mm MPPC 0.35 mm UV MPPC 5.5 m MPPC MPPC RF cavity pick-up Phase shifter Synchro lock 90.1 MHz Feedback 1/16 divider Mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser 5.63 MHz RF bucket selector 1/5632 divider CW laser 90.1 MHz Photodiode 1 khz Q-switch pump laser 1 khz Regenerative amplifier UVSOR-II Electron storage ring Electron beam Laser 1 khz 1 khz Gamma ray pulse Tungsten plate Pre-trigger Digital Oscilloscope MPPC Trigger 5.21: MPPC PC 122

134 5.3. MPPC 5.2: MPPC (MeV) 750 (ma) 15 (mm) 0.62, 0.035(rms) (ps) 320(FWHM) (nm) 800 (W) 2.4 (Hz) 1000 (mm) 0.01(rms) (ps) 0.7(FWHM) (MeV) 6.6 (photons s 1 ) (ps) 5(FWHM) MPPC EGS5 EGS5 LCS 1 mrad % 0.15 % photons pulse ( ) 123

135 5 1 electrons Intensity (a.u.) 0.5 positrons Kinetic energy (MeV) 5.22: LCS t t ( ) 1 l t = 1 β e c = E e + m e c 2 E 2 e + 2E e m e c 1 l (5.18) 2 c β e = ν e /c(ν e ) l E e m e c MeV t 36 fs UV n λ dn c dλ = 2π ( 1 1 ) (5.19) 137λ 2 n 2 βe 2 1 nβ e = cos θ c (5.20) 124

136 5.3. MPPC θ c UV (n =1.48) (5.20) 21 MeV 0.18 MeV UV EGS5 MPPC UV EGS5 C MPPC nm MPPC (1 mm 2 ) photon pulse LCS MPPC ± 30 ps(fwhm) (5.17) Tp 2 + Tj 2 = 540 ± 40 ps ps 30 m 60 mv 2 ns 100 ps 320 ps 77 ps ps 125

137 5 40 Counts/(10 ps bin) 20 two photons single photon Time (ns) 5.23: LCS MPPC MPPC 82 ps 126

138 ps 90 LCS ps 82 ps 540 ps LCS 5.24 Tungsten plate Electron, Positron CS 2 Gamma ray Laser Cherenkov radiation 5.24: 127

139 5 CS 2 ( 1.63) δn δn = n 2 I (5.21) n 2 I CS 2 n 2 = cm 2 MW 1 Hidra-100 ( 0.13 ps(fwhm) 100 mj) CS 2 1 % 2 ps [64, 65] CS LCS ( ) 128

140 LCS LCS 90 5 ps(fwhm) BaF 2 BaF MeV BaF MeV 183 ± 9 ps 200 ps ± 9 ps 250 ps 205 ps LCS ps LCS 400 ps 129

141 5 143 ps 2 MPPC LCS MPPC ps MPPC 82 ps 540 ps 320 ps LCS CS 2 130

142 6 1 LCS LCS 100 ps LCS ( 3 ) 100 ps( 10 mm) 10 µm 100 µm LCS 100 ps

143 fs(rms) [37] 2. ( 4 ) LCS 4 LCS [19] LCS LCS UVSOR-II LCS NaI UVSOR-II 90

144 100 ps NaI EGS5 LCS LCS LCS [10, 13, 50] NaI 3. ( 4 ) LCS 100 % LCS LCS [57]

145 EGS5 88 % LCS 1 % LCS LCS 7 m 5 mm NaI EGS5 LCS EGS % 1 mm UVSOR-II 1 %(FWHM) 1.4 % 10 7 photons s photons s 1 4. ( 5 ) 1 LCS LCS

146 10 µm cm 90 5 ps(fwhm) BaF 2 BaF ± 9 ps 190 ps LCS 5. ( 5 ) LCS

147 6 205±11 ps(fwhm) 400 ps(fwhm) LCS BaF 2 BaF 2 22 Na BaF ps(fwhm) [60] 40 % ps MPPC MPPC 82 ps MPPC MPPC UV MPPC MPPC ± 30 ps 540 ps 320 ps 90 LCS 136

148 LCS 1 % LCS LCS LCS 90 LCS LCS UVSOR-II 4 9 MeV 6.1 LCS LCS 300 mm LCS 10 7 photons s 1 137

149 6 6.1: UVSOR-II [66] 13 C 17 O 18 O 25 Mg 29 Si 33 S 40 K 43 Ca 47 Ti 49 Ti 53 Cr 57 Fe 61 Ni 67 Zn 73 Ge 87 Sr 90 Sr 91 Zr 92 Zr 93 Zr 94 Zr 96 Zr 93 Nb 94 Nb 95 Mo 97 Mo 98 Mo 100 Mo 105 Pd 107 Pd 110 Pd 108 Ag (γ,n) 111 Cd 113 Cd 116 Cd 115 Sn 117 Sn 119 Sn 122 Sn 124 Sn 123 Sb 123 Te 125 Te 128 Te 130 Te 129 I 133 Cs 135 Cs 137 Cs 147 Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 151 Sm 152 Sm 154 Sm 158 Tb 159 Tb 165 Ho 181 Ta 180 W 182 W 183 W 184 W 186 W 197 Au 206 Pb 207 Pb 208 Pb 209 Bi 232 Th 233 U 234 U 235 U 236 U 238 U 238 Pu 239 Pu 241 Pu 14 N 23 Na 27 Al 27 Si 32 S 35 Cl 37 Cl 36 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K 40 Ca 51 V 55 Mn 54 Fe 59 Co 58 Ni 63 Cu 65 Cu 64 Zn 66 Zn 67 Zn 70 Ge 84 Sr 90 Zr 91 Zr 93 Nb 94 Nb 92 Mo 94 Mo 95 Mo 102 Pd (γ,p) 104 Pd 105 Pd 107 Ag 108 Ag 109 Ag 106 Cd 108 Cd 110 Cd 112 Sn 114 Sn 115 Sn 121 Sb 123 Sb 120 Te 122 Te 123 Te 124 Te 125 Te 127 I 129 I 133 Cs 135 Cs 137 Cs 141 Pr 144 Sm 147 Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 151 Sm 152 Sm 158 Tb 159 Tb 165 Ho 181 Ta 180 W 182 W 183 W 184 W 186 W 197 Au 206 Pb 207 Pb 208 Pb 232 Th 233 U 234 U 235 U 236 U 238 U 238 Pu 239 Pu 241 Pu 12 C 16 O 17 O 18 O 32 S 33 S 34 S 35 Cl 37 Cl 36 Ar 38 Ar 40 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K 40 Ca 42 Ca 43 Ca 44 Ca 46 Ti 47 Ti 50 Cr 54 Cr 55 Mn (γ,α) 54 Fe 56 Fe 57 Fe 58 Fe 59 Co 58 Ni 60 Ni 61 Ni 62 Ni 64 Ni 63 Cu 65 Cu 66 Zn 67 Zn 68 Zn 70 Zn 70 Ge 72 Ge 73 Ge 74 Ge 76 Ge 84 Sr 86 Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 90 Sr 90 Zr 91 Zr 96 Zr 92 Mo 110 Pd 114 Cd 116 Cd 118 Sn 119 Sn 120 Sn 122 Sn 124 Sn 200 ps(fwhm) 100 ps 120 ps 138

150 [60] 139

151

152 2 2 3 (DC2) UVSOR-II ( : ) LCS 141

153 ( : ) NaI EGS5 EGS5 LCS NewSUBARU 142

154 LCS LCS

155

156 1. Y. Taira, M. Adachi, H. Zen, T. Tanikawa, M. Hosaka, Y. Takashima, N. Yamamoto, K. Soda, M. Katoh, Feasibility study of ultra-short gamma ray pulse generation by laser Compton scattering in an electron storage ring, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, 637, pp.s116-s119, (2011). 2. Y. Taira, M. Adachi, H. Zen, T. Tanikawa, N. Yamamoto, M. Hosaka, Y. Takashima, K. Soda, M. Katoh, Generation of energy-tunable and ultrashort-pulse gamma ray via inverse Compton scattering in an electron storage ring, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, 652, pp , (2011). 3. Y. Taira, M. Adachi, H. Zen, N. Yamamoto, M. Hosaka, K. Soda, M. Katoh, Pulse width measurement of laser Compton scattered gamma rays in picosecond range, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, in press Yoshitaka Taira, Msahiro Adachi, Heishun Zen, Takanori Tanikawa, Masahito Hosaka, Yoshifumi Takashima, Naoto Yamamoto, Kazuo Soda, Masahiro Katoh, Feasibility Study of Ultra-short Gamma ray Pulse Generation by Laser 145

157 Compton Scattering in an Electron Storage Ring, International Workshop on Ultrashort Electron & Photon Beams: Techniques & Applications, Xi an, China, Y. Taira, M. Hosaka, K. Soda, Y. Takashima, N. Yamamoto, M. Adachi, M. Katoh, H. Zen, T. Tanikawa, Generation of Ultra-Short Gamma ray Pulses by Laser Compton Scattering in UVSOR-II Electron Storage Ring, The 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, Kyoto, Japan, Yoshitaka Taira, Masahiro Adachi, Heishun Zen, Takanori Tanikawa, Naoto Yamamoto, Masahito Hosaka, Yoshifumi Takashima, Kazuo Soda, Masahiro Katoh, Generation of tunable ultra-short gamma-ray pulses via laser Compton scattering in an electron storage ring, Symposium on Radiation Measurement and Applications, Ann Arbor, USA, Yoshitaka Taira, Masahiro Adachi, Heishun Zen, Takanori Tanikawa, Naoto Yamamoto, Masahito Hosaka, Yoshifumi Takashima, Kazuo Soda, Masahiro Katoh, Generation of ultra-short gamma ray pulses via laser Compton scattering in UVSOR-II electron storage ring, 17th International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena, Snowmass Village, USA, Y. Taira, N. Yamamoto, M. Hosaka, K. Soda, M. Adachi, H. Zen, M. Katoh, T. Tanikawa, Development of pulse width measurement techniques of ultrashort gamma ray pulses, 6th International Conference on New Development In Photodetection, Lyon, France, Y. Taira, M. Hosaka, K. Soda, N. Yamamoto, M. Adachi, M. Katoh, H. Zen, T. Tanikawa, Development of Pulse Width Measurement Techniques in a Picosecond Range of Ultra-short Gamma Ray Pulses, 2nd International Particle Accelerator Conference, San Sebastian, Spain,

158 UVSOR-II 16 FEL High-Power Radiation Spring UVSOR-II UVSOR-II UVSOR-II 17 FEL High-Power Radiation

159 8. ( 25 ) FEL High-Power Radiation UVSOR-II UVSOR-II UVSOR-II

160 Y. Taira, M. Adachi, H. Zen, M. Katoh, N. Yamamoto, M. Hosaka, Y. Takashima, K. Soda, T. Tanikawa, Generation of ultra-short gamma ray pulses by laser Compton scattering in an electron storage ring, Proceedings of IPAC 10, pp , Y. Taira, M. Adachi, H. Zen, M. Katoh, N. Yamamoto, M. Hosaka, Y. Takashima, K. Soda, T. Tanikawa, Development of pulse width measurement techniques in a picosecond range of ultra-short gamma ray pulses, Proceedings of IPAC 11, pp , Yoshitaka Taira, Masahiro Adachi, Heisyun Zen, Takanori Tanikawa, Naoto Yamamoto, Masahito Hosaka, Yoshifumi Takashima, Kazuo Soda, Masahiro Katoh, Generation of Ultra-Short Gamma Ray Pulses via Laser Compton Scattering in UVSOR-II Electron Storage Ring, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena, pp , Y. Taira, M. Adachi, H. Zen, T. Tanikawa, M. Hosaka, Y. Takashima, N. Yamamoto, K. Soda, M. Katoh, Feasibility Study of Ultra-Short Gamma Ray Pulse Generation by Laser Compton Scattering in an Electron Storage Ring, UVSOR Activity report 2009, p.38, Y. Taira, M. Adachi, H. Zen, T. Tanikawa, N. Yamamoto, M. Hosaka, Y. Takashima, K. Soda, M. Katoh, Generation of Energy-Tunable Gamma Rays via Inverse Compton Scattering in an Electron Storage Ring, UVSOR Activity report 2010, p.38, UVSOR-II 23 2 pp

161 7. Yoshitaka Taira, Masahiro Adachi, Heishun Zen, Takanori Tanikawa, Masahito Hosaka, Yoshifumi Takashima, Naoto Yamamoto, Kazuo Soda, Masahiro Katoh, Generation of ultra-short pulse gamma-rays by laser Compton scattering in UVSOR-II, Proceedings of Particle Accelerator Society Meeting 2009, pp , Yoshitaka Taira, Masahiro Adachi, Heishun Zen, Takanori Tanikawa, Naoto Yamamoto, Masahito Hosaka, Kazuo Soda, Masahiro Katoh, Development of ultra-short gamma ray pulse source via laser Compton scattering in UVSOR- II, Proceedings of the 7th Annual Meeting of Particle Accelerator Society of Japan, pp , JSR

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