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2 Collaborative Learning Through a Small-Group Discussion In EFL Writing Class Keywords: Discussion, Writing, Collaborative Learning, Brainstorming, Second Language Prewriting Discussion L2 Collaborative Learning e.g., Meyer, 1980; Sweigart, 1991L2 FL e.g., Bossio, 1993; Shi, 1996, 1998 L1 Peer Review e.g., Gere & Abbott, 1985 e.g., Berkenkotter, 1984 Page 2
3 L2 FL L1 Lockhart and Ng (1995) Rothschild & Kilingenberg, 1990 Shi1996, 1998 L1 L2FL Shi1996, 1998 Shi Speech Act Theory (Austin, 1962) Appendix A (1) Brainstorm Page 3
4 (2) Page 4
5 B C Appendix C IISO (Solicited opinion statements) [] IIUO (Unsolicited opinion statements) [ ] B IYI (Interpretation) [ ] IYI (Interpretation) [ ] C IYNF YYC YYO A A Content OrganizationProcedure Content 1073 Organization 529 Procedure 147 IIUO 75 B IIUO 248 B 51 B C IYI IINFIYCH B A A YYC YYCCYYO Page 5
6 B C B IYI C B A B D A A 14 (1) (2) (3) (4) A A A YYO A A A A A IIUO B21 17 B B B IIUO Page 6
7 IYIIINF IYCH B B 9 99 B 20 7 C (1) C C A B 11 IIUO B IYI B 11 3 YYC 2 5 YYO A C 6 91 B 5 27 A C IYI21 D20 18 (1) D D D IIUO15 68 IYI4 10 YYO3 8 IISO4 48 IIUO2 25 A C YYO2 13 A C D Page 7
8 Hamp-Lyons Scale (1) Communciative Quality (2) Organization(3) Argumentation(4) Linguistic Accuracy(5) Linguistic Appropriacy (5) Austin, J. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Berkenkotter, C. (1984). Student writers and their sense of authority over text. College Composition and Communication, 35, Bossio, E. (1993). ESL writing under conditions of reading, group discussion and solitary composing. Unpublished Master s thesis. University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gere, A., & Abbott, R. (1985). Talking about writing: The language of writing groups. Research in the Teaching of English, 19, Hamp-Lyons, L. (1991). Reconstructing Academic writing proficiency. In L. Hamp- Page 8
9 Lyons (Ed.), Assessing second language writing in academic contexts (pp ). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Lockhart, C., & Ng, P. (1995). Analyzing talk in ESL peer response groups: Stances, functions, and content. Language Learning, 45, Meyer, G. (1980). Speaking as a pre-writing activity: Its application to teaching community college freshman composition pupils. ERIC ED Rothschild, D., & Kilingenberg, R. (1990). Self and peer evaluation of writing in the interactive ESL classroom: An exploratory study. TESL Canada Journal, 8, Shi, L. (1996). Toward a recursive discourse: Dynamics of talking to write in adult ESL classes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Shi, L. (1998). Negotiated interaction in teacher-led versus peer group adult ESL discussions. TESL Canada Journal, 16, Sweigart, W. (1991). Classroom talk, knowledge development, and writing. Research in the Teaching of English, 25, Page 9
10 Page 10
11 A B C D Note. Page 11
12 IISO (Solicited Opinion Statements) IIUO (Unsolicited Opinion Statements) Page 12
13 IY I (Interpretation)IYNF (Negative Feedback) YYC (Clarification Requests) YYO (Opinion Requests) Page 13
14 IISO (Solicited Opinion Statements) IIUO (Unsolicited Opinion Statements) III (Self-imagination) Page 14
15 IY I (Interpretation)IYNF (Negative Feedback)IYS (Supposition) IYCH (Challenging Remarks) Page 15
16 YYC (Clarification Requests) YYCC (Confirmation Checks) YYO (Opinion Requests) Page 16
17 IISO (Solicited Opinion Statements) IIUO (Unsolicited Opinion Statements) Page 17
18 IY I (Interpretation) IYNF (Negative Feedback) Page 18
19 YYC (Clarification Requests) YYCC (Confirmation Checks) YYO (Opinion Requests) Page 19
20 IISO (Solicited Opinion Statements)IIUO (Unsolicited Opinion Statements) YYO (Opinion Requests) Page 20
21 Appendix 1: Shi (1996) Content (C)what to write Organization (O)how to write Procedure (P) A. First Person Self-Reflection: What I think I think [II] (1)Solicited opinion statements (IISO) (2)Unsolicited opinion statements (IIUO) (3)Self-repetition (IIR) (4)Self-assurance (IIA) (5)Self-correction (IICR) (6)Self-imagination (III) B. First Person Mutual-Reflection: What I think you think [IY] (7)Other-repetition (IYR) (8)Other-completion (IYC) (9)Other-correction (IYCR) (10)Interpretation (IYI) (11)Supposition (IYS) (12)Affirmative feedback (IYAF) (13)Background feedback (IYBF) (14)Negative feedback (IYNF) Page 21
22 (15)Challenging remarks (IYCH) C. First Person Other-Reflection: What I think he/she/it thinks [IYH] (16)Referent (ISHR) (17)Topic writer (ISHT) D. Second Person Self-Reflection: What you think I think [YI] (18)Misunderstanding remarks (YIM) (19)Comprehension checks (YIC) (20)Feedback requests (YIF) E. Second Person Mutual-Reflection: What you think you think [YY] (21)Clarification requests (YYC) (22)Confirmation checks (YYCC) (23)Opinion requests (YYO) (24)Completion requests (YYCR) Page 22
23 Page 23 Appendix 2: Hamp-Lyons topic sentence supporting detail 7 8 9
24 Appendix Note. Solicited opinion statements (IISO); Unsolicited opinion statements (IIUO); Selfrepetition (IIR); Self-assurance (IIA); Self-correction (IICR); Self-imagination (III); Otherrepetition (IYR); Other-completion (IYC); Interpretation (IYI); Supposition (IYS); Affirmative feedback (IYAF); Background feedback (IYBF); Negative feedback (IYNF); Challenging remarks (IYCH); Referent (ISHR); Topic writer (ISHT); Misunderstanding remarks (YIM); Comprehension checks (YIC); Clarification requests (YYC); Confirmation checks (YYCC); Opinion requests (YYO); Completion requests (YYCR); False start (FS); UID (Unidentified) Page 24
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