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2 [21, 22] [1, 37]

3 [2, 42] 2.1. ( ) [30] [32] [13] a the Fido

4 [18] 2 4 [30] [15] [17, 31] 2 [18] [17, 28] 2.2., ( )

5 [16] 2 ( [18] Study 2)

6 2 [16, 19] 2.3 Building Blocks 3-4 [40] (disjunctive) [17, 28, 31] Eimas Quinn[11] 3-4 [5] (cognitive disposition)

7 [39] [6, 30] DNA 3 [17] [14, 15] 3 4

8 (1) (2) (3) (4) 3.1 [36] 1 [25] /bi/ /di/ 1 /ba/ /bi/ [3] 2 [10] categorical perception [26] 3.2

9 [4] 6 12 [27, 35, 43] Perceptual Magnet Effect /r/ /l/ /r/ /l/ Kuhl [24] 1 2 [7] 2 /da/ /ta/ 2 /da/ /ta/ 2 /da/ /ta/ [33] 2 [27] [23, 29] 8 [38]

10 [12] 2.3 Smith [39] 3.4 Jusczyk [20] king ( guitar ) 7-8 /t/ toy cricket 9 /vt/, /fh/ /ft/ 7 10

11 4 Stager Werker 14 bih A dih B bih B [41] /bi//di/ [3] /b/ /d/

12 Dietrich /a/ /aa/ 1 2 /tak/ /taak/ 2 [8] /tak/ /taak/ [9] 18-20

13 [34] [1] Aslin, R. N., & Pisoni, D. B.: Some developmental processes in speech perception. In G. H. Yeni-Komshian, J. F. Kavanagh, & C. A. Ferguson Academic (Eds.) Child Phonology vol. 2 Perception, pp (Academic Press, New York, 1980). [2] Baldwin,D. A.: Infant s contribution to the achievement of joint reference. Child Development 62, (1991). [3] Bertoncini, Bijeljac-Babic, R., Blumstein, S. E., & Mehler, J.: Discrimination in neonates of very short CVs. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 82, (1987). [4] Best, C. C., & McRoberts, G. W.: Infant perception of non-native consonant contrasts that adults assimilate in different ways. Language and Speech 46, (2003).

14 [5] Biederman, I.: Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review 94, (1987). [6] Bloom, P.: How children learn the meanings of words. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2000). [7] Cheour, M., Ceponiene, R., Lehtokoski, A., Luuk, A., Allik, J., Alho, K., & Naatanen, R.: Development of language-specific phoneme representations in the infant brain. Nature Neuroscience 1, (1998). [8] Dietrich, C., & Swingley, D.: Infants processing of language-specific vowel information in context. Paper presented at BUCLD27, Boston, USA. November (2002). [9] Dietrich, C., Swingley, D., & Werker, J.: One-year-olds' language-specific phonological categorization in word learning: A cross-linguistic study. Paper presented at BUCLD29, Boston, USA. November (2004). [10] Eimas, P. D., & Miller, J. L.: Contextual effects in infant speech perception. Science 209, (1980). [11] Eimas, P. D., & Quinn, P. C.: Studies on the formation of perceptually based basic-level categories in young infants. Child Development 65, (1994). [12] Gerken, L., Wilson, R., & Lewis, W.: Infants can use distributional cues to form syntactic categories. Journal of Child Language 32, (2005). [13] Haryu, E., & Imai, M.: Controling the application of the mutual exclusivity assumption in the acquisition of lexical hierarchies. Japanese Psychological Research 41, (1999). [14] :. (, 1997). [15] :. pp ). [16] Imai, M., & Gentner, D.: A crosslinguistic study of early word meaning: Universal ontology and linguistic influence. Cognition 62, (1997).

15 [17] Imai, M., Gentner, D., & Uchida, N.: Children s theory of word meanings: The role of shape similarity in early acquisition. Cognitive Development 9, (1994). [18] Imai, M., & Haryu, E.: Learning proper nouns and common nouns without clues from syntax. Child Development 72, (2001). [19] Imai, M., & Mazuka, R.: Re-evaluation of linguistic relativity: Language-specific categories and the role of universal ontological knowledge in the construal of individuation. In D. Gentner & S. Goldin-Meadow (Eds.), Language in Mind: Advances in the issues of language and thought, pp (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003). [20] Jusczyk, P. W.: How infants begin to extract words from speech. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3, (1999). [21] Jusczyk, P. W., & Aslin, R. N.: Infants' detection of the sound patterns of words in fluent speech. Cognitive Psychology 29, 1-23 (1995). [22] Jusczyk, P. W., & Hohne, E. A.: Infants' memory for spoken words. Science 277, (1997). [23] Kajikawa, S., Sato, K., Kanechiku, K., Imai, M., & Haryu, E.: Infant discrimination of similar sounds in words: The more difficult to articulate, the more difficult to perceive Poster presented at Xth International Congress for the Study of Child Language, Berlin, Germany (2005). [24] Kuhl, P. K.: Human adults and human infants show a perceptual magnet effect for the prototypes of speech categories, monkeys do not. Perception & Psychophysics 50, (1991). [25] Kuhl, P. K.: Early language acquisition: Cracking the speech code. Nature reviews neuroscience 5, (2004). [26] Kuhl, P. K., & Miller, J. D.: Speech perception by the chinchilla: Voice-voiceless distinction in alveolar plosive consonants. Science 90, (1975). [27] Kuhl, P. K. Williams, K. A., Lacerda, F., Stevens, K. N., & Lindblom, B.: Linguistic experience alters phonetic perception in infants by 6 months of age. Science 255, (1992).

16 [28] Landau, B., Smith,L. B., & Jones, S. S.: The importance of shape in early lexical learning. Cognitive Development 3, (1988). [29] Liu, H., Kuhl, P. K., & Tsao, F.: An association between mothers' speech clarity and infants' speech discrimination skills. Developmental Science 6, F1-F10 (2003). [30] Markman, E. M.: Categorization and naming in children: Problems of induction. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989). [31] Markman, E. M., & Hutchinson, J. E.: Children s sensitivity to constraints on word meaning: Taxonomic versus thematic relations. Cognitive Psychology 16, 1-27 (1984). [32] Markman, E. M., & Wachtel, G. F.: Children s use of mutual exclusivity to constrain the meanings of words. Cognitive Psychology 20, (1988). [33] Maye, J., Werker, J. F., & Gerken, L.: Infant sensitivity to distributional information can affect phonetic discrimination. Cognition 82, B101-B111 (2002). [34] Newport, E. L.: Maturational constraints on language learning. Cognitive Science 14, (1990). [35] Polka, L., & Werker, J. F.: Developmental changes in perception of nonnative vowel contrasts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20, (1994). [36] Ramus, F., Hauser, M. D., Miller, C., Morris, D., & Mehler, J.: Language discrimination by human newborns and by cotton-top tamarin monkeys. Science 288, (2000). [37] Saffran, J. R.: Constraints on statistical learning. Journal of Memory and Language 47, (2002). [38] Saffran, J. R., Newport, E. L., & Aslin, R. N.: Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants. Science 274, (1996). [39] Smith, L. B.: Self-organizing processes in learning to learn words: Development is not induction. In C. A. Nelson (Ed.), Basic and applied perspectives on learning, cognition, and development (The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, vol.28). (Lawrence Erlbaum

17 Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1995). [40] Spelke, E. S.: Principles of object perception. Cognitive Science 14, (1990). [41] Stager, C. L., & Werker, J. F.: Infants listen for more phonetic detail in speech perception than in word-learning tasks. Nature 388, (1997). [42] Tomasello, M., & Akhtar, N.: Two-year-olds use pragmatic cues to differentiate reference to objects and actions. Cognitive Development 10, (1995). [43] Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C.: Cross-language speech perception: Evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life. Infant Behavior and Development 7, (1984).

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5temp+.indd 特集不自然言語処理枠に収まらないリアルな言語処理 5 日本語学習児の初期語彙発達基応専般小林哲生永田昌明 NTT コミュニケーション科学基礎研究所幼児の言語発達発話データ収集の問題点 1 1 2 3 理理 1 1 理 comprehensionproduction 理理 1 first word 1 2 3 1 cross-sectional data 図 -1 12, 18,