1 Mn ₂ mg/l amkgs AKmolbHz NPaJW amw ₃ Wbpm ₁₂ mckx ₃ X dnf ₆ FeTJ ₁₂ J fns ₉ sgfg ₁₅ ghdpa ₁ Pa a fj pjb nfc THz PHzd nm pme TW f amol zmol a ₁₂ kgb ₁₃ kgc ₄ J/s ₇ cal/h a W/kg W/kgb ₂ W ₃ J/s ₃ W a /kmb /c CO ₂ / a L b kg c ml d /e / f ₆ /g ₉ /h L CH ₃ CO ₂ H CH ₃ CO ₂ H CH ₃ CO ₂ MCH ₃ CO ₂ H M M g a bar ppb mpa b kpa km mpa ppb a ₇ barb nm a ₇ MbAr ₄ MKr ₈ MXe ₉ M ₃ g/l ₃ ng/l ng/ml mg/l ₁₀ M g HClO ₄ g H ₂ O a gb ₃ gc mol m a /b ₆ c ₂₀ m ₃ ₁₇ Ld M ₃ M ₃ M a g g/lb m / / F ₆ gh ₂ SiF ₆ ₆ g g L g BOH ₃ kg L g a mlb g/ml g/ml ml g a g/mol g/molb gc ml de bar Cr Cr Craq CrOH ₃ s g PbO ₂ Li g
2 gcscl a g/mlb g a Pab g/mlc g g a pgb pg - Hz DNA TD TC ml ml L mol/l mol K ₂ SO ₄ g FM g/mol ppb a b ab a gb gc ml ml ml ml ml M g g g g b abc abcde abc bc abc ₁ d ₆ e f ₄ g ab a b c ₃ d e ₁₀ f gh ₇ a ml ml b ml ml ml ml cd abc d a b c d a b c d e f g b M g a g/molb Mc M a ng/ml b ng/ ml ml ₂₃ a b c d e a b c ₆ d e ₇ ₃ a ₀ g ₉ gb ₅ g ₅ gc v ₁₆ /v ₄ a b c abc F x adl L b
3 t calculated t table t calculated t table F calculated F table t calculated t table F calculated F table b b t calculated t table x F calculated F table b b t calculated t table F calculated F table a a t calculated t table t calculated at calculated t table t calculated t table b t calculated t table t calculated t table G calculated G table i m - ₄ - ₇ ₄ b ₂ m ₄ ₂ b ₃ ₆ s y m - b s y ₂ ₆ ng ₂ ₅ ng a ₀ ₈ b ₆ ca b a ngb ngu x ngt am b - ₁ ₉ b mvc vol ₂ ₅ vol ng ablog log ng/ml c ng/mld ng/ml R ₂ y ts y a ng/ml ng/ml - ng/ml - b ₈ M ₇ M ab ng/l ng/ml ng/ml C A F calculated F table s C s A t calculated t table C B F calculated F table s C s A s pooled t calculated t table C B C A s C s A C A C A C B C c ppm a ppbb ppmc ppmd ppm a ng/ml ng/mlb a Mb M M a mg /g b mg /g
4 ay x ml Pb ppm ml Pb ppmb ppm ppm ppm a ₄ b mmc mmd mm mm bm u m b u b s y cx/s u x t tu x X/S d - ak /Ag ₃ PO ₃ ₄ bk P ₆ /P ₁₅/₂ CO₂ O₂ ₁₀ ₉ abc ₁₁ abcd e a ₄ barb a kj/mol bln K /T -DH/R abp H₂ PaP Br₂ PaP HBr Pacd mbar ₈ M zm ₇ M a ₈ Mb ₄ M BX ₂ AX ₃ M I ₂ Br ₂ Cl ₂ CrO ₄ ₂ abf ₃ basf ₅ M Zn ₂ ₉₃ ₃ MZnOH ₆ M ZnOH ₂ aq ₆ MZnOH ₂ ₉ M ZnOH ₄ ₂ ₁₄ M ₅ M ab cdh OH H OH ahibh ₂ O H ₂ SO ₄ HSO ₄ H ₃ SO ₄ ah ₃ O H ₂ O; H ₃ NCH ₂ CH ₂ NH ₃ H ₃ NCH ₂ CH ₂ NH ₂ bc ₆ H ₅ CO ₂ HC ₆ H ₅ CO ₂ ; C ₅ H ₅ NH C ₅ H ₅ N abcd-e ab ₅₆ abc Cl ₃ CCO ₂ H Cl ₃ CCO ₂ H La ₃ H ₂ O LaOH ₂ H HOCH ₂ CH ₂ S H ₂ O HOCH ₂ CH ₂ SH OH K a HCO ₃ H ₂ CO ₃ K b HCO ₃ H ₂ O H ₂ CO ₃ OH ah ₃ N CH ₂ CH ₂ N H ₃ H ₂ NCH ₂ CH ₂ N H ₃ H ₂ NCH ₂ CH ₂ N H ₃ H H ₂ NCH ₂ CH ₂ NH ₂ H b O ₂ CCH ₂ CO ₂ H ₂ O HO ₂ CCH ₂ CO ₂ OH HO ₂ CCH ₂ CO ₂ H ₂ O HO ₂ CCH ₂ CO ₂ H OH ac CN H ₂ O HCN OH K b ₅ H ₂ PO ₄ HPO ₄ ₂ H HC ₂ O ₄ H ₂ O H ₂ C ₂ O ₄ OH K a₁ ₃ K a₂ ₈ K a₃ ₃ K a₂ K b₂ K a₂ K a₁ K b₂ ₆ a ₂ Mb g ml ml KMnO ₄ ml H ₂ C ₂ O ₄ M M wt a Mb gc M wt wt M a Lb Lc ₃ L abc abc AgClaq nmagbraq nmagiaq K b₁
5 nm aso ₄ ₂ Ba ₂ BaCl ₂ s BaSO ₄ s b mmolc mmold wt Ag ₉ MQ Ag Cl ₁₀ K sp for AgCl V e₁ mlv e₂ ml abcde a b V X V o MC o M M X /C X o M X M mg CO ₂ g abc HBG BG ₂ a Mb ₂ M abcd ₇ a ₂ b ₂ ₂ ₁₇ M ₇ M c H₁ ph H Ca ₂ CaHCO ₃ CaOH K OH HCO ₃ CO ₃ ₂ ClO ₄ H OH HSO ₄ SO ₄ ₂ H OH H ₂ AsO ₄ HAsO ₄ ₂ AsO ₄ ₃ amg ₂ H MgBr MgOH Br OH MgBr Br Mg ₂ MgBr MgOH bmg ₂ MgBr MgOH M MgBr Br M ₆ N ₅ CH ₃ CO ₂ CH ₃ CO ₂ H M Y ₂ X ₂ Y ₂ ₂ X ₂ Y ₄ Fe ₃ FeOH ₂ FeOH ₂ Fe ₂ OH ₂ ₄ FeSO ₄ FeSO ₄ SO ₄ ₂ HSO ₄ H ₁₁ MNH ₄ ₄ MOH ₄ M and NH ₃ ₂ MpH ba ₂ MOH ₆ M HA ₆ MH ₉ Mn MpH bca ₂ MCaOH MOH MH ₁₃ M g/l CaOH /Ca ₂ CaOH g/l Na Cl MNaClaq M M Na MSO ₄ ₂ MNaSO ₄ aq M M amg ₂ SO ₂ ₄ MMgSO ₄ aq M M bmg ₂ OH MgOH K ₁ ₂₆ MgOH K ₁ Mg ₂ OH ₂₆ ₇ ₇ M Mg ₂ M SO ₄ ₂ H ₂ O HSO ₄ OH pk b HSO ₄ K b SO ₄ ₂ /OH ₁₂₀₁ / ₇ ₇ M SO ₄ ₂ M Li F MLiFaq M HF ₇ MOH ₇ MH ₈ Mm M a ₅ b ₄ M mg/l c bar H H ₂ O ab abc a b c d ph a
6 ₆ M M F K a ab RNH ₂ RNH ₃ B MBH ₃ M ₉ ₅ mol g ml ph M NaOH ml ph ml wt NH ₃ ml H ₂ O ml wt ml ph ph ml ml H ₃ BO ₃ mmolh ₂ BO ₃ mmol H ₂ BO ₃ ph ph pk a logh ₂ BO ₃ /H ₃ BO ₃ log mmol/ mmol A /HA A HA ph ph H OH ph pk a A / HA K a HA A abc ab ₇ anaoh b HEPES L M mol ml NaOH ph ml ml bcd ml abc ml aph HA MA M a ph ph pk a ph ppm C ₅ H ₅ NH ph C ₅ H ₅ N ph pk a / ppm ph H OH pk NH ₃ CO ₂ H R ₄ ₁₃ aph H ₂ A MHA ₃ MA ₂ ₈ M b ₃ M ₁ M ₃ M c ₁₀ M ₄ M ₂ M aph H ₂ M MHM ₂ MM ₂ ₆ M bph H ₂ M ₃ MHM M M ₂ ₃ M cph H ₂ M ₁₂ MHM ₅ MM ₂ M ph B MBH ₃ M BH ₂ ₂ ₉ M ph H ₂ A ₆ MHA ₄ MA ₂ ₄ M aph HA MH ₂ A MA ₂ MbpH HA MH ₂ A MA ₂ M CO ₂ aq ₄₉ MpH aco ₂ ₃ K a₂ K a₁ K H P CO₂ /H ₂ b ₅ mol kg ₁ ₄ mol kg ₁ c Ca ₂ CO ₂ ₃ ₇ mol ₂ kg ₂ Ca ₂ CO ₂ ₃ ₆ mol ₂ kg ₂ g
7 ml ml mmol g NaOH ml ph ml ml Na ₂ SO ₄ g H ₂ SO ₄ g a H₂A a HA aa ₂ ₄ a H₂A ₅ ₅ ₁₂ a HA ₄ a ₂ A ₇ ₅ b ₆ ₆ ph a H₃A ₉ a H₂A a ₂ HA aa ₃ bcroh ₃ aq ₆₈₄ M ccroh ₂ ₄₄₄ MCrOH ₂ ₂₀₄ M ph ph H OH ph ph ph ph a ₃ b ₈ anah ₂ PO ₄ Na ₂ HPO ₄ H ₃ PO ₄ Na ₃ PO ₄ H ₃ PO ₄ Na ₂ HPO ₄ bna ₂ HPO ₄ g NaH ₂ PO ₄ gc Na ₂ HPO ₄ mol ml ph ph ph L ph H ₂ L MH ₃ L ₂ ₆ MHL ₆ ML ₁₁ M ml ab ahaba c abch ₂ AdHA ₂ ea ₂ abcbh d ₃ a HA a A A /HA ph ph -logh H V e V e H OH H ph HA V e OH HA A HA A V e HA A ph A V e ph OH ph V e /V e /V e ph V e /ph V e /ph V e /ph V e ph V e ph ₇ M
8 ph B H ₂ O BH OH V e H B BH B BH V e B BH ph BH V e ph H V e B BH V e / ₉ abc ph H ₂ A V ₀ V b V e₂ H ₂ A HA V e₁ H ₂ A HA ph HA V e₁ V V e₂ HA A ₂ V e₂ HA A ₂ ph V e₂ OH ph H HA NaCl H ph HA ph ph ph pk ₂ Ve HA A ₂ pk ₂ pk BH B BH V e HA B BH V e B BBH a b ab ₁₀ g pk ₂ V e V e ml ml HIn/In ph pk HIn₁ ph pk HIn₁ ph pk HIn In /HIn ph H ₂ SO ₄ HClHNO ₃ HClO ₄ abc abcd ph a abc ab wt ph H ph H ₂ CO ₃ ph OH CO ₂ ₃ HCO ₃ ph ph ph NaOH NaOH ph mol/kg g M g a wtb g a g/molb wt a wt bcd H ₃ O H ₃ O OH OH H ₂ O CH ₃ O CH ₃ CH ₂ O RO RO H ₂ O CH ₃ OH OH ab OH NH ₂ H ₂ O NH ₃ OH CH ₃ OH CH ₃ OH CH ₃ OH
9 bk ph M a ₁₀ b a ₇ b ₅ M g H ₅ DTPA DTPACO ₂ H ₂ CO ₂ ₃ NH ₃ ph DTPA ₅ EDTA ph H ₃ DTPA ₂ DTPACO ₂ ₅ NH ₃ ph ph SO ₂ ₄ ₃ M H DTPA Ba ₂ ₁₄ M a mlb Mcd ₁₀ e ₇ M f ₁₀ M abc abcde f gh i ₁₁ M EDTA ab abcde ba ML a ML₂ ak ₁ FeT/Fe ₃ TK ₂ Fe ₂ T/Fe ₃ FeT dt ₇ Fe a T ₃ Fe b T ₂ Fe ₂ T ₇ b mlpni mlpni mlpni Mg ₂ Mg ₂ MgIn EDTA MgIn Mg ₂ MgIn HIn ₂ i EDTA EDTA Ca ₂ Mg ₂ CaHCO ₃ ₂ CaSO ₄ ml ml M mg M ml Ni ₂ MZn ₂ M M M wt wt PbSs H Pb ₂ HS PbCO ₃ s H Pb ₂ HCO ₃ aph bph cph ph pk ₁ pk ₂ ph ph ph ph MpH aph bph ph efe ₃ mmscn nmh mmfescn ₂ nmfescn ₂ ₆ pmfeoh ₂ mmn M f FeIII M H g hfe ₃ mmscn nmh mmfescn ₂ nm FeSCN ₂ pmfeoh ₂ mmoh pmn M aso ₂ ₄ mmla ₃ mmh nmlaso ₄ mmlaso ₄ ₂ nm LaOH ₂ nmoh nm MpH b mm mm c d HSO ₄ pk a ph ela ₃ OH ₃ c La₃ c ₃OH ₂₈ LaOH ₃ K sp ₂₁ CN nmh ₁₂ MOH MAg nmagoh nm AgOHCN nmagcn ₂ M AgCN ₂ ₃ nmhcn nmna MK M M AgCN ₂ Ag
10 Fe ₂ mmg mmh Fe ₃ e Fe ₂ Cr ₂ O ₂ ₇ H e Cr ₃ nmfeg mmfeg ₂ mmfeg ₃ mmfeoh mmhg mm H ₂ G nmoh nmcl mm H ₂ O a Zn C b kg a C ₆ Li C ₆ Li e Fe Fe ₂ FeG Li ₀₅ CoO ₂ Li e LiCoO ₂ Li ₀₅ CoO ₂ LiC ₆ FeG ₂ FeG ₃ FeOH G HG H ₂ G FeG FeG ₂ FeG ₃ mmol g/b C mol e d W h/kg Cl ₂ E afeiiibfeii mm FeG ₂ FeG G G E E H HGFeG ₂ G ph a Zn Cu bzn ₂ - V bpk w nh aptsbr ₂ lhbraq MAlNO ₃ ₃ aq n H n H MAls be - ₄ VE ₂ VE - V - - OH Cl HCl -H -Na an H 3 F HA 3 n H a H₃A a H₂A a HA bpk w pk ₁ pk ₂ pk ₃ b T FHT a Vb g/hc 2-2 = 2 H H H K - NaT Na KNaHTNa bmno ₂ s H ₂ Ol e Mn ₂ O ₃ s KK 1 2 K2 K2 OH E V c HT - FHT 2 = H K2 K ZnOs H 2 ₂ Ol e Zns OH E K - NaT Na KNaHTNa K1 H H - V FHT 2 HT 2 = MnO ₂ s Zns Mn ₂ O ₃ s ZnOs E K1 K1K2 KK 1 2 K1 2 K - NaT Na KNaHTNa H H H 2 H - V dph PyH Na K ckohaq CO ₂ K ₂ CO ₃ s OH ₁₀ HT T ₂ Cl NaT H ₂ T de V ₄ Py NaHT ₄ M a Vbc V a ₁₈ e /Cb C/mol a ₅ Ab Ac W a ma ₁₆ e /sb ₁₉ J/e c ₅ mold V ai ₂ bs ₂ O ₂ ₃ c Cd A a NH ₄ Al ClO ₄ b kj/g afesfeoskohaqag ₂ OsAgs FeOs H ₂ O e Fes OH Ag ₂ Os H ₂ O e Ags OH bpbspbso ₄ sk ₂ SO ₄ aqh ₂ SO ₄ aqpbso ₄ s PbO ₂ spbs PbSO ₄ s e Pbs SO ₂ ₄ PbO ₂ s H SO ₂ ₄ e PbSO ₄ s H ₂ O Al Pt Br₂ l Als Br Al ₃ cbr ₂ d kje ₈ g/s OH aq V HOBr e H Br H ₂ O V X X ₃ XsE ₂ E ₁ V Ni Cu apbo ₂ s SO ₂ ₄ H e PbSO ₄ s H ₂ OE - V PbSO ₄ s e Pbs SO ₂ ₄ E V Pbs PbO ₂ s SO ₂ ₄ H PbSO ₄ s H ₂ OE V bpbspbso ₄ sh ₂ SO ₄ aqpbso ₄ spbo ₂ spbs c PbSO ₄ s H ₂ O PbO ₂ s SO ₂ ₄ H e PbSO ₄ s e ₂ Pbs SO ₄
11 de = - log m m c 2 2 HO 2 HO 2 2 2 4 4 2-c 2- m SO4 SO4 H c H 2 e Enet = - log 4 2 3 = V LiOHs CO ₂ g NaOH KOH a V ₄₅ ak ₄₇ bk ₆ Li ₂ CO ₃ s H ₂ OlLiOH bk ₁₆ c- ₀ Vd kje K ₉ V g/l a Mb M V - V K ₅ aal ₂ O ₃ s MgOs MgAl ₂ O ₄ s b- kj/mol cdh - kj/molds J/Kmol Hg ₂ Y ₄ HgY ₂ Hg ₂ H ₂ Hgl H b ₃ M ba - VB VcHg Pt ₇ ₁₄ ₈ E ph ph ph c V - V - V - V ₄ - V aox ₅ MRed ₅ M bs OxS Redc- V b V a Vb Vc Vd- V e V V V c V Ag Ag Ag K sp / V- V ₂₁ afe ₃ e Fe ₂ b ₁₁ c ₁₀ CN mmkoh ₆ M H KCl K HCl K Na NaClKCl H K K Na HClKCl NaClKCl H OH M NaOHKClK Cl KCl KCl a sb s a ₂ ₁₃ bc c M HCl mm KCl mv M HCl M KCl mv MOPSO HEPES ph ph Na H H ph a mvb mv ph - mv/ph - mv/ph b b cna ₂ HPO ₄ mkh ₂ PO ₄ m bpa H c Cl o c Cl a H ₇ ph a L
12 b Pot K A,X MLL M M a- Vb ₅ ₂ Mc ₂ ₂ M V mg/l K Sr ₂ Ba ₂ K Li ₉ M ae ₅ logca ₂ s y ₇ bc ₃ M - V ₅ M a ppmb Pot Pot log K N a,mg ₂ --log K N a,k Pot - Na Ca ₂ E logca ₂ ₄ Mg ₂ Hg ₂ HgCl ₂ a ₄ b ₄ d V d- V d--- V b V d--- S ₂ O ₂ ₈ H ₂ O SO ₂ ₄ O ₂ H Ag ₃ H ₂ O Ag O₂ H H ₂ O ₂ O ₂ H ₂ O Zn Ag Cr ₃ TiO ₂ Fe ₂ H ₃ PO ₄ Fe ₂ KMnO ₄ NH ₄ ₂ S ₂ O ₈ Fe ₂ H ₃ PO ₄ Fe ₃ amno ₄ H e Mn ₂ H ₂ O bmno ₄ H e cmno ₄ e MnO ₄ ₂ MnO ₂ s H ₂ O MnO ₄ Mo ₃ H Mn ₂ MoO ₂ ₂ H ₂ O M MnO ₄ H ₂ O ₂ H M Mn ₂ O ₂ H ₂ O ah MnO ₄ H ₂ O ₂ O ₂ H ₂ O H MnO ₄ H ₂ O ₂ H ₂ O Mn ₂ Mn ₂ O ₂ b ml ml MnO ₄ H ₂ C ₂ O ₄ H Mn ₂ CO ₂ H ₂ O mm C ₃ H ₈ O ₃ Ce ₄ H ₂ O HCO ₂ H Ce ₃ H wt FeNH ₄ ₂ SO ₄ ₂ H ₂ O ng/g a Mb gc M I I ₂ I ₃ I ₂ I ₃ KIO ₃ H I Na ₂ S ₂ O ₃ S ₂ O ₃ ₂ I ₃ I ₂ S ₄ O ₂ ₆ e S ₂ O ₂ ₃ S ₄ O ₂ ₆ H e H ₂ SO ₃ E V O₂ g H e H ₂ O E V O ₂ a mmolb Mc d
13 abc MLd O ₂ MnOH ₃ I ₃ e mg O ₂ /L f ghno ₂ H I NO I ₃ H ₂ O M a ₂ bc g/l NH ₃ abi ₃Ⅱ SO ₂ ₃ H ₂ O I SO ₂ ₄ H c ₃ M mg/ld t calculated t table mg ab a mmolbcd Bi Cu formula Bi ₂ Sr ₂ CaCu ₂ O ₈₄₀₀ ₁₀₀₀₅ ₇