0 / / 7

0 / / 7

E = mc

molecule nm (0-9 m) ev Chemistry atom < atomus < ατομος < a- + témnein + -os Atomic Physics Å (0-0 m) ev kev atom Ångström nucleus fm (0-5 m) MeV Nuclear Physics proton Particle Physics quark am (0-8 m) GeV

H.0079 周期表 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Atomic Sym Mass C 固体 金属 非金属元素 Hg 液体 5 6 7 8 9 0 ランタ Be アルカアルカリノイド卑希 B C N O F 9.0 H 気体遷移非金属リ金属土類金属元素金属元素ガ 0.8.00.006 5.999 8.998 アクチス Rf Unknown 5 6 7 8 ノイド Li 6.9 Na.989 K 9.098 Mg.05 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 Ca 0.078 Sc.955 Ti 7.867 V 50.9 Cr 5.996 Mn 5.98 Fe 55.85 Co 58.9 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 50 5 5 5 5 5 Rb 85.67 Sr 87.6 Y 88.905 Zr 9. Nb 9.906 Mo 95.96 Tc (97.907) Ru 0.07 Rh 0.90 55 56 7 7 7 75 76 77 78 79 80 8 8 8 8 85 86 6 Cs.90 7 Fr () Ba 7. Ra (6) 57 7 Hf 78.9 89 0 Rf (6) Ta 80.9 Db (6) W 8.8 Sg (66) Re 86.0 Bh (6) Os 90. Hs (77) Ir 9. Mt (68) Ni 58.69 Pd 06. Pt 95.08 Ds (7) Cu 6.56 Ag 07.86 Au 96.96 Rg (7) Zn 65.8 Cd. Hg 00.59 Al 6.98 Ga 69.7 In.8 Tl 0.8 Si 8.085 Ge 7.6 Sn 8.7 Pb 07. P 0.97 As 7.9 Sb.76 Bi 08.98 S.065 Se 78.96 Te 7.60 Po (08.98) Uub Cn Uut Uuq Fl Uup Uuh Lv (85) (8) (89) (88) (9) Cl 5.5 Br 79.90 I 6.90 At (09.98) 87 88 0 05 06 07 08 09 0 5 6 7 8 La 8.90 Uus For elements with no stable isotopes, the mass number of the isotope with the longest half-life is in parentheses. 周期表 Design and Interface Copyright 997 Michael Dayah. http://www.ptable.com/ Last updated: May 0, 008 57 58 59 60 6 6 6 6 65 66 67 68 69 70 7 Ac (7) Ce 0. Th.0 Pr 0.90 Pa.0 Nd. U 8.0 Pm (5) Np (7) Sm 50.6 Pu () Eu 5.96 Am () Gd 57.5 Cm (7) Tb 58.9 Bk (7) Dy 6.50 Cf (5) Ho 6.9 Es (5) Er 67.5 Fm (57) Tm 68.9 Md (58) Yb 7.05 89 90 9 9 9 9 95 96 97 98 99 00 0 0 0 No (59) He.006 Ne 0.79 Ar 9.98 Kr 8.798 Xe.9 Rn (.0) Uuo (9) Lu 7.96 Lr (6)

H Li 周期表 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 7p 6d 5f 7s He 6p 5d s s p f 6s 0 5p d 5s p d 5 6 7 8 9 0 s Be p s B C N O F 6 p s 8 O 酸素 s 5.999 5 6 7 8 Na K 5 Rb 6 Cs 7 Fr Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y [He]s p Ti Zr 57 7 Hf 89 0 Rf La Ac s V 5 Nb 5 Ta 5 Db 5 Cr 6 Mo 6 W 6 Sg 6 Mn Tc 7 Re 7 Bh 7 Fe Ru 6 Os 7 Co Rh 6 Ir 6 Ni Pd Pt 6 Cu Ag Au 7 p d f Zn Cd Hg Al Ga In Tl Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Cn Uut Uuq Fl Uup Uuh Lv Uus Uuo For elements with no stable isotopes, the mass number of the isotope with the longest half-life is in parentheses. 周期表 Design and Interface Copyright 997 Michael Dayah. http://www.ptable.com/ Last updated: May 0, 008 Ce Th Pr Pa 5 Nd U 6 Pm Np 6 Sm Pu 6 l = m =- n = 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 50 5 5 5 5 55 56 7 7 7 75 76 77 78 79 80 8 8 8 8 85 86 87 88 0 05 06 07 08 09 0 5 6 7 8 57 58 59 60 6 6 6 6 65 66 67 68 69 70 7 Eu Am Gd 89 90 9 9 9 9 95 96 97 98 99 00 0 0 0 Cm Tb Bk Dy Cf Si Ge Sn Pb Ho Es P 5 As 5 Sb 5 Bi 5 Er Fm S 6 Se 6 Te 6 Po 6 Tm Md Cl 5 Br 7 I 7 At 7 Yb No Ne 0 Ar 0 Kr Xe 6 Rn 6 6 Lu Lr

元素周期表 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Atomic Selected All 氢 Sym α Α 衰变 β β 衰变 氦 氢 p Proton emission β+ Beta+ decay 5 6 7 8 9 0 锂铍 Hydrogen n Neutron emission EC Electron capture 硼碳氮氧氟氖.0079 SF Spontaneous fission Stable 5 6 7 8 s 钠镁 铝硅磷硫氯氩 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 钾钙钪钛钒铬锰铁钴镍铜锌镓锗砷硒溴氪 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 50 5 5 5 5 5 铷锶钇锆铌钼锝钌铑钯银镉铟锡锑碲碘氙 55 56 57 7 7 7 75 76 77 78 79 80 8 8 8 8 85 86 6 铯钡 7 铪钽钨铼锇铱铂金汞铊铅铋钋砹氡 87 88 7 钫镭 89 0 0 05 06 07 08 09 0 钅钅钅钅钅钅钅钅 5 6 7 8 Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo 卢杜喜波黑麦达仑 Fl Lv 这些原理没有一致稳定的同位素, 大量的同位素最长的半生会在圆括号里元素周期表设计版权 997 Michael Dayah. http://www.ptable.com/ Last updated: May 0, 008 镧铈镨钕钷钐铕钆铽镝钬铒铥镱镥 57 58 59 60 6 6 6 6 65 66 67 68 69 70 7 89 90 9 9 9 9 95 96 97 98 99 00 0 0 0 锕钍镤铀镎钚镅锔锫锎锿镄钔锘铹

Uut ( Jp??) 00 H.0079 周期表 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Atomic Sym Mass C 固体 金属 非金属元素 Hg 液体 5 6 7 8 9 0 ランタ Be アルカアルカリノイド卑希 B C N O F 9.0 H 気体遷移非金属リ金属土類金属元素金属元素ガ 0.8.00.006 5.999 8.998 アクチス Rf Unknown 5 6 7 8 ノイド Mg Jp?? Al Si P S Cl.05 6.98 8.085 0.97.065 5.5 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br 0.078.955 7.867 50.9 5.996 5.98 55.85 58.9 58.69 6.56 65.8 69.7 7.6 7.9 78.96 79.90 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 50 5 5 5 5 Li 6.9 Na.989 K 9.098 5 Rb 85.67 6 Cs.90 Sr 87.6 Ba 7. Y 88.905 Zr 9. 57 7 Hf 78.9 Nb 9.906 Ta 80.9 Mo 95.96 W 8.8 Tc Japonium Ru Rh Pd Ag?? (97.907) 0.07 0.90 06. 07.86 55 56 7 7 7 75 76 77 78 79 80 8 8 8 8 85 86 7 Fr () Ra (6) 89 0 Rf (6) La 8.90 Db (6) Sg (66) Re 86.0 Bh (6) Os 90. Hs (77) Ir 9. Mt (68) Pt 95.08 Ds (7) Au 96.96 Rg (7) Cd. Hg 00.59 Uub Cn (85) In.8 Tl 0.8 Uut (8) Sn 8.7 Pb 07. Uuq (89) Sb.76 Bi 08.98 Uup (88) Te 7.60 Po (08.98) Uuh (9) He.006 Ne 0.79 6Lv Ar 9.98 Kr 8.798 ILivermorium Xe 6.90.9 At (09.98) 87 88 0 05 06 07 08 09 0 5 6 7 8 Ac (7) Uus Rn (.0) Uuo (9) For elements with no stable isotopes, the mass number of the isotope with the longest half-life is in parentheses. Fl 周期表 Design and Interface Copyright 997 Michael Dayah. http://www.ptable.com/ Last updated: May 0, 008 Ce 0. Th.0 Pr 0.90 Pa.0 Nd. U 8.0 Pm (5) Np (7) 57 58 59 60 6 6 6 6 65 66 67 68 69 70 7 Sm 50.6 Pu () Eu 5.96 Am () Gd 57.5 Cm (7) Tb 58.9 Bk (7) Dy 6.50 Cf (5) Ho 6.9 Es (5) Er 67.5 Fm (57) Tm Yb Lu Flerovium 68.9 7.05 7.96 89 90 9 9 9 9 95 96 97 98 99 00 0 0 0 Md (58) No (59) Lr (6) Georgy Flërov Lawrence-Livermore

Uut ( Jp?) 00, 05,

Periodic Table of Elements 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Atomic Name Hydrogen- Sym Selected All α Alpha decay β Beta decay He Isotopes Mass.06097767.0078 H H Binding Energy.8766 p Proton emission β+ Beta+ decay 5 6 7 8 9 0 H Li.0 BeH.060 Abundance 0% Half-Life. y n Neutron emission EC Electron capture Decay Width.7e-0 SF Spontaneous fission Stable 5 6 7 8 Na K Mg 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 Ca 9 Sc 5 Ti 6 V Cr 5 Mn Fe 7 Co 5 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 50 5 5 5 5 5 Rb 5 Sr 9 Y 5 Zr 8 Nb 5 Mo 9 Tc 5 Ru 0 Rh 5 55 56 7 7 7 75 76 77 78 79 80 8 8 8 8 85 86 6 Cs Ba 8 57 7 Hf 8 Ta 7 W 7 Re Os Ir 7 87 88 0 05 06 07 08 09 0 5 6 7 8 7 Fr Ra 89 0 Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ni 8 Pd 9 Pt 9 Ds Cu Ag 6 Au 5 Rg Zn 7 Cd Hg B Al Ga In Tl C Si Ge 7 Sn Pb 6 N P As Sb Bi O S 5 Se 9 Te Po Uub Cn Uut Uuq Fl Uup Uuh Lv F Cl Br I At Uus For elements with no stable isotopes, the mass number of the isotope with the longest half-life is in parentheses. Periodic Table Design and Interface Copyright 997 Michael Dayah. http://www.ptable.com/ Last updated: May 0, 008 57 58 59 60 6 6 6 6 65 66 67 68 69 70 7 La Ac Ce 8 Th 6 Pr Pa 6 Nd 7 U 6 Pm Np Sm 8 Pu 6 Eu Am Gd 7 89 90 9 9 9 9 95 96 97 98 99 00 0 0 0 Cm 8 Tb Bk 5 Dy 8 Cf 7 Ho 5 Es Er Fm Tm 5 Md Yb No Ne Ar 7 Kr 9 Xe Rn Uuo Lu Lr

Periodic Table of Elements 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Atomic Name Hydrogen- Sym Selected All α Alpha decay β Beta decay He Isotopes Mass.06097767.0078 H H Binding Energy.8766 p Proton emission β+ Beta+ decay 5 6 7 8 9 0 H Li.0 BeH.060 Abundance 0% Half-Life. y n Neutron emission EC Electron capture Decay Width.7e-0 SF Spontaneous fission Stable 5 6 7 8 Na Mg 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 K Cap 5 Rb 5 9 Sc 5 Sr Y pn 9 5 6 Cs 7 Fr Ba 8 Ra Ti 6 Zr 8 57 7 Hf 8 89 0 Rf V Nb Ta 7 Cr H Mn (H) Fe Protium Co Ni Cu 5 7 5 8 Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Zn 7 Cd B Al C Si N P O S 5 F Cl Ne Ar 7 Ga Ge As Se Br Kr pḋē 7 9 9 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 50 5 5 5 5 5 9 5 0 5 9 6 H (D) Deuterium dāo W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 7 9 5 6 H (T) Tritium chuān Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo 55 56 7 7 7 75 76 77 78 79 80 8 8 8 8 85 86 pnn 87 88 0 05 06 07 08 09 0 5 6 7 8 α = ppnn Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub For elements with no stable isotopes, the mass number of the isotope with the longest half-life is in parentheses. Periodic Table Design and Interface Copyright 997 Michael Dayah. http://www.ptable.com/ Last updated: May 0, 008 La Ac Ce 8 Th H Hydrogen qīng He Helium He Pr Pa Nd 7 U 6 He 6 6 Pm Np In Sn Sb Te Helium- Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 57 58 59 60 6 6 6 6 65 66 67 68 69 70 7 8 Pu 89 90 9 9 9 9 95 96 97 98 99 00 0 0 0 Am 7 Cm Bk Helium- 6 8 5 7 8 Cf 5 Es Fm 5 Md I No Xe hàḋ He ++ = ppn Lu Lr

= =

= = A = Z + N Z N A Z C N 0 C C 6 6 5 C 6 6 C 6 7 C 6 8 5 C 6 9

nuclide C 6 6 C C-

(=# # 9. 0. 99% % 570. 0 C C 6 6 5 C 6 6 C 6 7 C 6 8 5 C 6 9? : β + (EC) = 570 ± 0 - ( : β _ C N + 0 e 6 7 + νe β decay

Z 8 7 6 5 O O 5 O 6 O 7 O 8 O 9 O N N N 5 N 6 N 7 N 8 N 9 C 0 C C C C C 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 B 0 B B B B B 5 B 7 Be 9 Be 0 Be Be Be Be 6 Li 7 Li 8 Li 9 Li Li He He 6 He 8 He 0 He H H H H 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 N

RIKEN Nuclear Physics Z (p) N (n) Nuclear Chart

00 Nuclear Physics 000 0000 Z (p) N (n) Nuclear Chart

Nuclear Physics isotope Z (p) N (n) Nuclear Chart

β isobar Z (p) isotone α isodiapher Nuclear Physics isotope γ isomer N (n) Nuclear Chart

= = 5 U Z 8 8 0 8 50 0 50 8 X Y 8 8 6 A = Z + N A Z N ( Z N N

α β 5 U Z 90 Sr,... γ 50 Y 8 6 I, 7 Cs,... 8 X 8 8 0 50 8 0 N 8 ( Nuclear Chart

5 U 90 Sr 7 Cs I n + 5 U X + Y + n + n (+ n) + Energy (0 MeV) + 5 / 8

Billet de 500 Francs Français en circulation: 99 999 α β γ X

VIDEO http://eneco.jaero.or.jp/00/

N α β 00 kev MeV 00 kev MeV (α,β,γ) Cf. 0 ev ( ev = 96 kj/mol ) γ X A 0 00 kev

Mα GeV/c.67 x 0 7 kg x Mp = 98 MeV/c Mn = 90 MeV/c 9. x 0 kg me = 5 kev/c 0.5 MeV/c 00 kev MeV for α/β/γ Cf. T = mv = mc β β = v/c 5 MeV α MeV β

Xγ c =.997958 x 0 8 m/s α Mα GeV/c.67 x 0 7 kg x Mp = 98 MeV/c Mn = 90 MeV/c β 0.7 MeV 90% 00 kev MeV for α/β/γ Cf. T = E mc mv 9. x 0 kg me = 5 kev/c 0.5 MeV/c E = mc γ = mc β (v c) β = v/c

α decay A Z N N A Z M + α 00 kev MeV β A Z A Z + N M + β + _ νe n 0 p + + e + νe 0 0 _ γ A Z A Z 0 0 N* N + γ A* A + hν(x-ray) A 0 00 kev

(α) (β) (X) (γ)

δ

δ

X

X X X,,

X X DNA

de dx Stopping power (Energy loss) (p)απμ (e )(e + ) δ

W W W 0 ev G 00 ev 0

Stopping power Energy Loss Linear Energy Transfer : LET (p)α LET (n) LET (β) LET (X, γ) LET MeV / (g / cm ) de dx z ρ = z M/ v Mv / z M T

Range (p)α (n) (β)p, α, MeV / (g / cm ) de dx z ρ = z M/ v Mv / z M T

Range (α) (β) (X) (γ) MeV / (g / cm ) de dx z ρ = z M/ v Mv / z M T

(p)α Bragg (β)() peak (n)(x, γ) β (n) (p) (C)

Bragg peak β (n) (p) (C)

X Gy Bragg peak

FM AM http://stw.mext.go.jp/

G Y R C B M http://stw.mext.go.jp/

6 ev 0 ev 00 ev kev 0 kev 00 kev MeV ( kev)

αβ de dx Xγ σ

Xγ Xγ hν e + e - e - e - hν Xγ hν Xγ hν Xγ hν Xγ

X γ Mb K-edge (a) Carbon (Z = 6) - experimental σ tot barn =0 8 m =00 fm Cross section (barns/ atom) kb b σ p.e. σ Rayleigh κ nuc κ e σ Compton 0 mb mb 0 ev kev MeV GeV 00 GeV Photon Energy

X X CT 0kVp 50 XCT X X (X) P- P- X P- P- 00% ~% P-; + = 8 P-; + = 9 P-; + = 6 P-; + = 5 7 5

K I 5.6 kev Ba 56 7. kev CT Xe 5.56 kev... : 777.09 I, Ba, Xe: Z = X X X XkeV X-Ray CT: Computed Tomography MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging KkeV H 0.06C 0.8O 0.5 kev

AB AB + + e AB AB * AB + + e AB * AB + + C AB + C + AB + + CD AC + + BD e + CD CD AB * A + B AB * AB + hv AB * + CD AB + CD *

HO HO + + e HO HO * HO + + HO HO + + OH e (+ n HO) e aq HO * H + OH HO + + e aq H + HO HO + + e HO * OH + e aq OH HO * HO H + H H G(OH) =.7 G(e aq) =.65 G(H) = 0.55 G(H) = 0.5 G(HO) = 0.7 γ G OH + OH HO H + OH HO

H + O HO O + e aq O OH O + HO HO + OH HO+ H HO RH RH + + e RH RH * SH, S-S G-SH + H G-S + H RH + + e RH RH * R + H G-SH + R G-S + RH G-S + G-S G-SS-G RH + H RHR + H RH + OH RHOHR + HO RH + HO R + HO