Title 修辞理解のメカニズムに関する基礎的研究 : 転義現象の分析を中心に Author(s) 小松原, 哲太 Citation Kyoto University ( 京都大学 ) Issue Date 2012-03-26 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/155330 Right Type Thesis or Dissertation Textversion author Kyoto University
24 1 20
1 2 3 4 23 5 6
( [ ] ( ) (2006) (metaphor) (chassé croisé[ ]) (sicilia amissa[ ]) Aristotle (1992/330BC-abt), Black (1962/1954)
1 13 2 15 2.1..................................... 15 2.1.1................................... 17 2.1.2................................... 20 2.1.3................................ 23 2.2.............................. 27 2.2.1................................ 27 2.2.2............................... 30 3 33 3.1.................................. 33 3.1.1.............................. 34 3.1.2................................ 36 3.1.3............................... 39 3.2............................. 42 3.2.1.............................. 43 3.2.2................................... 45 4 49 4.1...................................... 49 4.1.1.................................. 50 4.1.2.................................. 51 4.1.3.................................. 52 4.2...................................... 57 4.2.1....................................... 57 4.2.2....................................... 60 4.2.3................................... 64 4.2.4................................ 65 4.3..................................... 67 4.3.1.................................... 67 7
4.3.2.................................... 69 4.3.3................................... 71 4.3.4...................................... 73 4.3.5....................... 75 4.4...................................... 77 4.4.1....................................... 77 4.4.2....................................... 82 4.4.3......................... 85 4.5...................................... 87 4.5.1....................................... 87 4.5.2.................................... 91 4.5.3................................... 94 4.6....................................... 97 4.6.1....................................... 98 4.6.2....................................... 101 4.6.3....................................... 103 4.6.4.......................... 106 4.7....................................... 107 4.7.1....................................... 107 4.7.2....................................... 112 4.7.3.................................. 114 4.8..................................... 117 4.8.1....................................... 117 4.8.2.................................... 121 4.8.3................................... 123 4.8.4.............................. 124 4.9..................................... 127 4.9.1....................................... 127 4.9.2................................... 130 4.9.3.................................... 132 4.9.4.................................... 133 4.9.5........................... 135 4.10....................................... 137 5 139 5.1....................................... 139 5.1.1................................... 140 8
5.1.2................................... 142 5.1.3................................... 144 5.2................................... 146 5.2.1........................... 146 5.2.2............................... 148 6 151 153 155 160 9
10
ABT about MOD modification ADJ adjective MTNY metonymy AM action marker MTNYC metonymic AMB ambiguous MTPR metaphor ANTCLA antanaclasis MTPRC metaphoric ANTE antecedent N noun ANTI antithesis NP noun phrase ANTIM antimeria NEG negation ANTIP antiptosis NOM nominal ANTO anotonym NP noun phrase APEU à-peu-prés[ ] OXYM oxymoron APOSIO aposiopesis P phonological pole ATLG attelage PARONM paronomasia C case ( PRED predicate CC chassé croisé[ ] ( PRED-FOCUS predicate focused CONSE consequence ( S semantic pole CONST construction ( SA sicilia amissa[ ] CONTR contrastive SIM simile COP copulative SOLE solecistic COUP couplet SPEC species CTG category ( SYLP syllepsis DECRP description SYNES synesis DM double meaning SYNEC synecdoche ELLIP ellipsis TAUPH taughtophony ENLAGE enallage TE transferred epithet EXP explicit TOP topic FEAT feature TR transitive HYPB hyperbole V verb HYPL hypallage VP verb phrase INT integrate W word LITO litotes WP wordplay MEIO meiosis ZGMA zeugma METLP metalepsis 11
12
1 Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Volume I Theoretical Prerequisites (figurative language) (Langacker 1987: 1) 2 3 4 13
5 6 14
2 (trope) 1 2.1 µ 2.2 2.1 1 (metaphor) 4.2 (metonymy) 4.6 15
2 3 2.1 (a) 2.1.1 2.1(b) 2.1.2 2.1(c) 2.1.3 2.1(d) 2.1: (1) 2 Barthes (1979/1970), (1973: 79 158), (1994), (1995) 3 Gibbs (1994: 80 119) Giora (1997, 1999) (salience) 16
: 137 (1) [ ] 2.1.1 Plato (1967/390BC-abt,/), Aristotle (1992/330BCabt, 1997/330BC-abt), Cicero (2000/54BC, 1999/55BC), Quintilianus (2005/95-abt, 2009/95- abt) (Barthes 1979/1970: 23) (ibid., 19 25) (a-1) (a-2) (a-3) [a-1] Aristotle (1997/330BC-abt: 78 83) (onoma) 8 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 17
(a) (b) (c) (d) (ibid., 79) (metaphora) (1) [a-2] Aristotle (1992/330BC-abt: 346 352) (ibid., 346 347) (1) [a-3] (ibid., 347) (1) Jakobson (1981/1956), Ullmann (1957), Barthes (1971/1964, 1979/1970), le groupe µ (1981/1970) µ µ (a-4) (a-5) [a-4] (Aristotle 1997/330BC-abt: 78) µ (le groupe µ 1981/1970: 53) (ibid., 72) (1) 18
(ibid., 53) motion body-part [a-5] (métasémème) (ibid., 50) (trope) (ibid., 179) (1) motion body-part body-part celestial Ricoeur (1998/1975: 63 146) µ (ibid., 64) (ibid., 65) µ µ (ibid., 98) µ 4 Grice (1975), (1978) (conversational maxims) (a-6) [a-6] (Grice 1975: 45) (1) (2) (ibid., 46) (1) 4 Chomsky (1965: 149) 19
(ibid., 53) µ (A) (A) 2.1.2 Jakobson (1981/1956) 5 Barthes (1971/1964) (b-1) (b-2) [b-1] (selection) (combination) (Jakobson 1981/1956: 61) (association) (syntagm) (ibid., 60) (similarity) (ibid., 61) (contiguity) (ibid.) 5 Lacan (1977/1957) (1988: 152 176), (1998: 155 182) Barthes (1972/1967) 20
(metaphoric way) (metonymic way) (ibid., 76) (1) [b-2] 2.1: Jakobson (1981/1956: 76 77) (M s ) (M c ) (P s ) hut, cabin, palace, den litter, poverty (P c ) is poor little house burnt out 2.1 (ibid.) (hut) P s P c M s M c (P s ) (P c ) (M s P s ) hut hut cabin palace den 6 (M s P c ) hut poor little house (ibid., 77) (M c P c ) burnt out litter poverty (ibid.) (1) (M s P s ) 2.1 (M s P c ) (M c P s ) 6 hut den 21
7 (b-3) [b-3] Barthes (1971/1964: 191) (ibid., 192) (ibid., 193 194; ) Lakoff and Johnson (1980) Lakoff and Turner (1989), Lakoff (1993), Langacker (1993), Kövecses and Radden (1998), Köevecses (2000) (1982, 1992, 2004, 2007), (1997), (2002), (2002b) Lakoff (1987), Taylor (1989), (1988, 1995), (2003) Barcelona (2000), Radden (2000) (b-4) (b-5) [b-4] 7 den hut the hut is den 22
(Lakoff 1993: 209) (conceptual domain) (mapping) (ibid., 208) (ibid., 210) (1) [b-5] (ibid., 245) (1) (B) (B) 2.1.3 23
Richards (1936) Black (1962/1954), Beardsley (1958) Ricoeur (1998/1975), Levin (1979) (c-1) [c-1] (vehicle) (tenor) (interaction) (Richards 1936: 100) (1) [ ] [ ] (c-2) (c-3) [c-2] (focus) (frame) (Black 1962/1954: 27) (1) (extension of meaning) (ibid., 39) (ibid.) (1) [ ] [c-3] (ibid.) 24
(organized) (associated commonplaces) (principal subject) (seen through) (ibid., 41) (ibid., 42) (1) 8 (1879), (1889), (1909) (1927/1893), (1902), (2007/1905) ( 1978, 1981, 1986, 1987, 1996, 2006) (c-4) [c-4] (1978: 77) (ibid., 110 111) (1) 8 (1968/1961), (1988) 25
(C) (C) 26
2.2 2.2.1 2.2.1 2.2.1 (A) (B) (C) (I) (II) (III) (I) (rhetorical conditions) (II) (rhetorical action) (III) (rhetorical effects) (2) : 137 27
(I-1) (I-2) [I-1] (6) (Trnka s law)(trnka 1982/1936) (selection rules)(chomsky 1965: 149) [I-2] (rhetorical focus) (6) (II-1) (II-2) 28
[II-1] (vehicle) (tenor) (domain of vehicle) (domain of tenor) (6) [ ] (6) (6) [ ] [II-2] (associative relation) (syntagmatic relation) (metaphoric action) (6) [ ] [ ] (metonymic action) [ ] [ ] [ ] 29
4.1.3 4 2.2: 2.2 2.2.2 (6) (metaphor) (3) : 267 (3) (I) (II) 30
[ ] (III) 4.2.1 (metonymy) (4) : 46 (4) (I) (II) [ ] [ ] (III) 4.6.1 (paronomasia) (5) : 36 (5) (I) (II) (III) 31
4.3.3 (transferred epithet) (6) : 60 (6) (I) (II) (III) 4.9.4 4 32
3 (i) (ii) (ii) (i) (ii) (iii) 3.1 (ii) 3.2 (iii) 3.1 1 (schema) 3.1.1 1 1987 (Langacker 1987: 65) 33
3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.1 3.1 (semantic space) (phonological space) (Langacker 1987: 76) 3.1: Langacker (1987: 77) 2 (grammar) (usage event) (ibid.: 57) (ibid.: 66) (sym) (bipolar) (semantic pole) (phonological pole) (semantic unit) (phonological unit) 2 (Langacker 1987: 79) 34
3 (conceptualization) (vocalization) (symbolic unit) (cod) (coding) (target structure) 4 (ibid.: 493) (categorization) 3.1 (ibid.: 68) (i) (ii) (ibid.: 66) (i) (ii) 3 (unit) (Langacker 1987: 494) 4 (Langacker 1987: 493) 35
[NP 1 NP 2 ] 3.1 3.1.2 4 3.2: 3.2 (a) (entity) (X) 3.3 36
entity (Langacker 1987: 198) (b) (profile) (base) (designated) [ ] X [X] (c) (correspondence line) (d) (thing) (ibid.,183) (e) (relation) 3.3: Langacker (1987: 249) (interconnection) (ibid.,198) (non-processual relation) (f) t (process) (g) tr lm (trajector) (landmark) (ibid.,217) (h) n (norm) 37
3.4: 3.4 (i) (noun) (j) (verb) (k) (adjective) (l) (adveb) 3.5: 3.5 38
(m) (metaphoric action) (n) (metonymic action) 3.1.3 (1) : 137 3.6 (1) [A] (1) Mn 39
3.6: (1) [ ] [ ] (1) [ ] 3.6 [A] [A] 3.7 [B] 3.7: (1) [A] [B] [B] [A] [A] [B] [B] 40
3.6 [A] 3.7 [B] (i) (ii) (iii) (i) [A] (1) (ii) [A] [B] (iii) 3.6 (integration) (composite structure) 3.6 [ ] [B] [ ] (reference-point) 3.8 3.8 3.7 R 1 D 1 T 1 41
3.8: R 2 D 2 T 2 D 1,D 2 [ ] D 1 D 2 5 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 5 Langacker (1993) 42
3.2.1 (reductionist approach) (usage-based) (network model) (Langacker 1987: 371) (i) (ii) (i) (prototype) (similarity) (ibid.) (prototype model) (ii) (schema) (ibid.) (elaborate) (ibid.) (schematicity) (ibid., 133) (model based on schematicity) (ibid., 371) (horizontal) (vertical) (outward) (upward) 43
(ibid., 373) (network model) 6 (target) T (standard) S (discrepancy) V S T V S (i) (ii) S T V S (schema) S T (instantiation) T S T S S T V S (prototype) S T (extension) T S T S S T (schematization) (conceptualizer) S T (overlook) (ibid., 372) (ibid.) (ibid., 373) 3.9 Prototype Extension Schema 7 Schema Prototype Extension Schema Prototype Extension 3.9: Langacker (1993: 2) (2000: 181) 6 (radial model) (Langacker 1993: 2) 7 Langacker (1993: 2) 3.9 ( 2000: 240) 44
S T V S T V 3.2.2 (topography model) 8 8 Langacker (2006: 146 148) (moutain range model) 45
(domain) (realm of potential value) (Langacker 1987: 133) (category domain) (topography model) 3.10 B P B E B S H S A S 3.10: A S H S H S A S B S B S B P B E 3.10 (specificity) 46
B E B S B E 3.10 3.10 3.10 3.11: 3.10 3.11 47
4 4.1 4.2 4.9 4.10 4.1 '( 4.1:!"# %& $ 2.2 49
(rhetorical condtions) (rhetorical action) (rhetorical effects) 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.1 (antanaclasis)[ 4.3.2 ] (1) : 199 (1) [ ] [ ] (paronomasia)[ 4.3.3 ] (à-peu-prés[ ])[ 4.3.4 ] 50
(transferred epithet)[ 4.9.4 ] (2) : 60 (2) (ellipsis)[ 4.7.1 ] (enallage)[ 4.8.1 ] (synesis)[ 4.8.2 ] (hypallage)[ 4.9.1 ] (synecdoche)[ 4.6.2 ] (3) : 47 (3) (metaphor)[ 4.2.1 ] (attelage)[ 4.2.3 ] (hyperbole)[ 4.4.1 ] (litotes)[ 4.4.2 ] (oxymoron)[ 4.5.2 ] (metonymy)[ 4.6.1 ] 4.1.2 2.2 51
(simile)[ 4.2.2 ] (4) : 9 (4) 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.8 (metonymy)[ 4.6.1 ] (5) : 46 (5) [ ] 4.6 4.7 4.9 4.1.3 52
(enallage)[ 4.8.1 ] (6) : 74 (6) [ ] [ ] (oxymoron)[ 4.5.2 ] (7) : 20 (7) 4.2 4.5 53
(ellipsis)[ 4.7.1 ] (8) : 306 (8) [ ] 4.6 4.7 (metaphor)[ 4.2.1 ] (9) : 174 (9) (simile)[ 4.2.2 ] (attelage)[ 4.2.3 ] (hyperbole)[ 4.4.1 ] (sicilia amissa[ ])[ 4.9.3 ] (10) : 19 54
(10) (metonymy)[ 4.6.1 ] (synecdoche)[ 4.6.2 ] (metalepsis)[ 4.6.3 ] (hypallage)[ 4.9.1 ] (transferred epithet)[ 4.9.4 ] 4.3 (paronomasia)[ 4.3.3 ] (11) : 36 (11) (antanaclasis)[ 4.3.2 ] (à-peu-prés[ ])[ 4.3.4 ] 1 4.8 (zeugma solecistic)[ 4.8.3 ] (12) 1 (iconicity) 55
: 275 (11) [ ] [ ] (synesis)[ 4.8.2 ] 56
4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.1 (metaphor) (associative relation) (syntagmatic relation) (similarity) 57
2 [A B ] (1) : 174 (1) (ground) 3 [A B] (possessive expression) (2) : 14 (2) (1) (1) 4.2 (1)(2) MTPR-cop 4.2: (MTPR-cop) 2 (1988: 15 20) 3 [X ] X 58
[ ] 4 (3) : 4 (3) (personification) (4) : 137 (5) : 267 (4) (5) 4.3 MTPR-pred [ ] 4.3: (MTPR-pred) (4) [ ] 4 [ ] 4.6.2 59
(6) : 351 (7) : 174 (6) (7) [ ] (7) 4.4 MTPR-nom [ ] 4.4: (MTPR-nom) [ ] 4.2.2 (simile) (action marker) 60
5 (8) : 262 (9) : 9 (8) (9) 6 (10) : 11 (11) : 27 (10) (12) 5 (allegory) 6 (1978: 48 78) 61
(12) : 43 (12) [ X ] 4.5 SIM-decrp AM 4.5: (SIM-decrp) AM (10)(11)(12) (13) : 32 (14) ( ) ( ) : 6 (13) [ ] [ ] [ ] 62
(14) [ ] [ ] 4.6 SIM-pred-focus AM SIM-decrp V 1 [ ] [ ] 4.6: (SIM-predfocus) ' ' '" )( ' ()'*! "!"#$!" % ' )( % % & & 4.7: 4.7 [1] SIM-nom SIM-decrp SIM-pred-focus 63
(simile(pred-type)) (simile(cop-type)) [2] MTPRC-pred SIM-pred-focus MTPR-pred [3] MTPRC (metaphoric trope) 4.2.3 (attelage) 7 8 (15) : 104 (16) : 15 (15) [ ] (16) 4.8: (ATLG) 7 attelage le groupe µ (1981/1970) ( 2006: 565 568) 8 (zeugma) zeugma (4.7.1 ) (4.8.3 ) (4.3.1 ) zeugma 64
[ ] [ ] 4.8 ATLG MTPR-cop CONTR MTPR-cop [ ] [ ] [ ] V 1 4.2.4 #$" #$" -".. #$" #$" *'","," )#" %#'("!" + "," % )#" )#$" & & & & 4.9: 65
4.9 [1] MTPRC-cop ATLG MTPR-cop [2] SYLP 4.3.1 DM ATLG SYLP (double meaning) [3] DM SIM-pred-focus 66
4.3 (wordplay) (Guiraud 1979/1976: 7) 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.10 (substitution) (ibid., 8) (métaphore) 4.10: Guiraud (1979/1976: 9 10) 4.3.1 (syllepsis) 9 9 ( 1988: 127) 67
(1) : 129 130 (1) [ VP] [ VP] (1) (2) : 106 (3) : 134 (2) [ X ] [X ] (3) [ N] [N ] 4.11: Langacker (1987: 80) 4.11 68
3.1.1 (a) dog (b) (Langacker 1987: 78) (ibid., 79) 4.12 SYLP W S 1 W S 2 W P 1 Phonological Space W S 1 W S 2 [ X ] [X ] W P 1 CONST 1 CONST 2 [ X ] X 4.12: (SYLP) 10 W S 1 W S 2 W S 2 W S 1 4.3.2 (antnaclasis) (4) 10 [ X ] [ ] 69
: 38 (5) : 105 (4) [ ] [ ] (5) (4) (5) (6) : 199 (7) : 16 (6) (7) (4) [ V][ V] [ ] 4.13 (4) (7) ANTCLA Phonological Space W P 1 [ ] W P 1 70
W P 1 [ ] /tsu/ /ka/ W P 1 W S 2 W S 1 CONST 1 4.13: (ANTCLA) CONST 2 W P 1 [ ] (4) (5) (6) (7) 4.3.3 (paronomasia) (8) 11 : 36 (8) /appa/ 11 (2006: 160) 71
( 1988: 138) (9) : 298 (9) (10) : 49 (11) : 36 (10) (11) [ ] [ ] 72
4.14 PARONM W S 1 W S 2 Phonological Space W P 1 W P 2 W P 1 W P 2 12 (12) ( ) 4.14: (PARONM) : 131 (12) (12) 4.3.4 (à-peu-prés[ ]) (13) ( ) : 36 (13) [X ] [ ] 12 Kawahara and Shinohara (2009), Kawahara (2009) 73
(14) ( ) : 187 (14) (14) 4.15 [ ] W P 2 W P 3 W P 3 W P 2 W P 3 W S 2 4.15: (APEU) (15) : 135 (15) 74
4.3.5 # $,(-' (+ %&%' &( * ) ' "!! % 4.16: 4.16 [1] AMB SYLP ANTCLA [2] TAUPH (tautophony) ANTCLA PARONM APEU [3] WP Phonological Space 75
( 1986: 54) (Jakobson 1960: 358) (selection) (combination) (rhyme) (alliteration) (message) (Jakobson 1960: 356) 76
4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.1 (hyperbole) 13 (1) : 10 (1) 14 13 Leech (1969: 167 171) Leech (1983: 145 149) (2001) 14 (1978: 176 202) 77
(2) : 160 (3) : 191 192 (2) [ ] [ ] (3) [ ] (4) : 9 (4) (4) 4.17: Langacker (1987: 133) 78
4.17 (norm) (HEIGHT SCALE) tall exactly six feet five and one-half inches tall 4.18 HYPB-mtpr [ ] n 4.18: (HYPB-mtpr) [ ] 4.17 (5) : 76 (5) 79
[A B] 15 (adynaton) (6) : 11 (6) 4.19 HYPB-sim AM (5) 4.19: (HYPB-sim) 16 15 (i) (ii) (action marker) 4.2.2 16 (1961) 80
(7) : 185 (7) [ ] 4.20 (7) HYPB-lito AM (i) 4.20: (HYPB-lito) (ii) 81
4.4.2 (litotes) (8) : 26 (9) : 9 (8) (9) (8) (9) (politeness) (10) : 16 82
(10) [ ] (10) 4.21: Langacker (1991: 134) 4.21 (existence) (location) (non-existence) (Langacker 1991: 132) M (negation) (ibid., 133) M M M M M 4.22 LITO-anto 4.22: (LITO-anto) [ ] 83
(11) : 11 (11) [ ] 4.23: (LITO-double) 4.23 LITO-double LITOanto 17 (12) : 56 17 (meiosis) 84
(13) : 46 (12) (13), 4.24 LITO-meio 4.24: (LITO-meiosis) 4.4.3 4.25 [1] EXP SIM-nom HYPB-sim SIM-nom 4.2.2 [2] HYPB [3] HYPB HYPB-lito HYPB-sim [4] HYPB-lito bf LITO-meio [5] LITO-anto LITO-double LITO-neg 85
"#$% " )% "% "'% " (% *., *0, *+, *-, */, "#$% "#$% "% "% "&% "!% "#$%! 4.25: 86
4.5 [ ] 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.1 (antithesis) ( 1981: 117) (1) 87
(2) : 448 : 30 (1) [NP 1 NP 2 NP 3 ] NP 2 NP 3 (2) [NP 1 NP 2 NP 3 ] (1) NP 2 NP 3 (3) : 442 (3) [NP 1 NP 2 NP 3 ] NP 2 NP 3 [ ] [ ] 88
4.26 ANTI-nom CONTR CONTR CONST [NP X ] (1) (3) 4.26: (ANTI-nom) 18 (4) : 12 (5) : 37 (4) [NP 1 NP 2 NP 3 ] (5) 18 (parallelism) (isocolon) 89
[NP VP] (5) [ ] [ ] 19 (6) : 486 (6) [V VP] [ ] (3) 4.27 ANTI-coup CONST 1 [NP VP] 4.27: (ANTI-coup) 19 (maxim) 90
4.5.2 (oxymoron) (1994) ( 1981, Leech 1969) ( 2002a, 1989) 20 (7) 20 (paradox) (tautology) 91
: 21 (8) 21 : 20 (7) (8) (7) (8) (i) (ii) (8) [ ] [ ] (iii) 4.28: (OXYM-anti) 4.28 OXYM-anti ANTI-nom ANTI-coup 21 (1981: 134) 92
CONTR CONST (i) (8) [ ] [ ] [NP 1 NP 2 ] 4.6.1 (ii) [ ] [ ] (9) 22 : 89 (13) [ ] [ ] 4.6.2 (10) : 131 (10) [ ] [ ] [ ] (13) 22 (1977: 220) 93
(11) : 265 (12) : 15 (11) [ ] (12) [ ] 4.29 OXYM-synec 4.29: (OXYMsynec) [ ] [ ] 4.5.3 4.30 [1] ANTI-contr OXYM-anti ANTI-nom [2] ANTI-relation OXYM-anti ANTI-coup [3] ANTI MTPRC 94
$% $!" # % $ $ $ % % 4.30: [4] OXYM-synec MTNYC (1) Bain (1887: 24 27) 95
( 1976/1965: 100 101) (8) (13) : 7 96
4.6 Aristotle (1992/330BC-abt) 23 (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, Taylor 1989, Kövecses and Radden 1998, 1988, 2003) ( 1988: 93 103) 24 4.31: (Ruwet 1986/1975, Langacker 1993, 1999/1995, 2009a,b, 2004, 2002, 2004) (Langacker 2009a: 46) 3.1 (contiguity) 25 23 24 Blank (1999) 25 97
4.31 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.4 4.6.1 (metonymy) [N 1 N 2 ] [N 1 N 2 ] N 1 (1) : 46 (1) [N 1 N 2 ] [N 1 N 2 ] [N 1 N 2 ] [N 1 N 2 ] (2) 98
: 160 (2) [ ] (1) [N 1 N 2 ] N 1 N 2 N 1 N 2 N 1 N 1 (3) 26 : 69 (4) : 37 (5) : 113 (3) [ ] (4) [ ] (5) [ ] 4.32 MTNY-feat [N 1 N 2 ] [ ] 4.32: (MTNY-feat) [N 1 N 2 ] N 2 26 99
(6) 27 (7) : 84 : 199 (6) (6) [N 1 N 2 ] N 1 N 2 (7) (8) : 20 (8) (6)(7) (8) ( 2000: 87 90) 4.33: (MTNY-part) 4.33 [N 1 N 2 ] tr/lm 27 (1988: 105) 100
[N 1 N 2 ] [N 1 N 2 ] 4.6.2 (synecdoche) 28 [N 1 N 2 ] [N 1 N 2 ] N 2 [N 1 N 2 ] N 1 N 2 N 1 N 2 (9) : 47 (10) (11) : 26 : 240 (9) [ ] (10) [ ] (9) [ ] 28 101
4.34 SYNEC-kind MTNY-feat (copulative) [ ] 4.34: (SYNEC-kind) [N 1 N 2 ] N 1 (12) (13) : 78 : 167 (12)(13) [ ] [ ] [ ] (12) (13) 4.35: (SYNEC-spec) 102
4.35 SYNEC-spec MTNYpart (copulative) [ ] %!"! #$ #$ 4.36: 4.36 [1] MTNYC-lm [2] MTYNC-tr [3] MTNYC-nom 4.6.3 (metalepsis) (antecedent consequence) 103
(14) : 122 (15) : 84 (16) : 86 (14) [ ] (15) (16) 4.37: (METLP-ante) 4.37 METLP-ante ( 2004, Gibbs 1994) 104
(17) : 16 17 (18) : 81 (19) : 288 (17) [ ] [ ] (18) (19) (17)(18) [ ] 4.38 METLP-conse 4.38: (METLP-conse) (19) (14) 105
! 4.39: 4.6.4 4.39 [1] METLP [2] MTNYC-lm [3] MTNYC-tr [4] MTNYC [N 1 N 2 ] N 2 [ ] [ ] 106
4.7 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.7.3 4.7.1 (ellipsis) 29 Halliday and Hasan (1976: 142 225) (i) (ii) (iii) (nominal ellipsis) (verbal ellipsis) (clausal ellipsis) 29 (brachylogy) 107
4.40 the cat won t catch mice in winter (i) (nominal group) (ii) (verbal group) 4.40: Halliday and Hasan (1976: 194) (iii) (propositional) (modal) (1) (2) a. b. (1) [ ] (2a) [ ] (2b) [ ] (2a) [ ] (2b) [ ] (Halliday and Hasan 1976: 194) 108
(3) : 58 (6) [ ] (4) : 387 (5) 30 : 58 (4) [ ] (5) 31 [ ][ ] (5) [ ] [ ] 30 31 109
(4) 4.41 ELLIP-nom 4.41: (ELLIP-nom) (zeugma) 32 (6) (7) : 140 : 333 (6) (7) (7) 32 zeugma (zeugma solecistic) (attelage) (syllepsis) zeugma 110
[ ] (8) (9) : 306 : 79 (8) [ ] (9) [ ] (10) : 241 4.42: (ELLIPpred) (10) [ ] [ ] [ ] 4.42 ELLIP-pred [ ] 111
(11) : 28 (11) 4.7.2 (aposiopesis) 33 (12) ( ) 33 (2006) (suspension) (contre-interprétation[ ]) (paralipsis) 112
: 58 (12) [ ] [ ] [ ] (13) ( ) : 10 (13) (14) : 61 (14) [ ] [ ] (indirect speech act) (15) : 19 (15) [ ] [ ] 113
(16) : 52 (16) [ ] [ ] 4.43 APOSIO CONST [ ] CONST [ ] [ ] 4.43: (APO- SIO) ( 1981: 38) 4.7.3 4.44 [1] ELLIP-part APOSIO ELLIP-nom [2] ELLIP 114
( ' $%&$ "#! "# 4.44: MTNYC [3] APOSIO ANTI 115
116
4.8 4.9 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8.3 4.8.4 4.8.1 (enallage) 34 (2006) (antiptosis) 35 (1) : 350 34 enallage 35 ( 2006: 124) (semantic role) (deep case) 117
(2) : 189 (1) (1) (2) (1) (1)(2) (3) : 74 (3) 4.47 ENLAGE-antip C 1 C 1 [ ] 4.45: (ENLAGE-antip) 36 36 (2009/1993) 118
37 bean beans s (antimeria) (4) : 120 (5) : 201 (4) [ ] 37 (3) (1993) (1995: 153 158) 119
(5) [ ] [XX ] (6) 38 : 131 (6) [X ] 4.46 ENLAGE-antim CTG 1 CTG 2 4.46: (ENLAGE-antim) CTG 1 CTG 2 CONST 1 [X N] [X ] CONST 1 CTG 2 38 120
(7) : 29 (7) [ ] 4.8.2 (synesis) (8) : 59 (8) [ ] (8) [ ] [ ] 121
(9) ( ) : 244 (9) (10) ( ) : 270 (10) [ ] 4.47 SYNES 4.47: (SYNES) (8) [ ] 122
4.8.3 (zeugma solecistic) 39 40 41 (11) 42 : 275 (12) : 532 (11) 4.48 ZGMAsole-pred 4.48: (ZGMA-solepred) 39 zeugma ( 2006: 21 27) zeugma zeugma solecistic 40 Halliday and Hasan (1976) 41 42 (2006: 137) 123
[ ] (13) : 355 (13) [ ] [ ] 4.49 ZGMA-sole-nom 4.49: (ZGMA-solenom) [ ] 4.8.4 4.50 [1] ENALGE [2] 124
& #! ", $%&'' ()*+,- $%&'' $%&'' (.,- 4.50: SYNES ENLAGE-antip ENLAGE-antip SYNES [3] ZGMA-sole-pred SYNES [4] ZGMA-sole-nom ENLAGE-antip [5] INT 125
126
4.9 4.9.1 4.9.2 4.9.4 4.9.3 4.9.5 4.9.1 (hypallage) 43 43 (surface case) 4.8.1 127
44 (1987: 51 79) (1) 45 : 164 (1) 46 (2) : 341 (2) 47 [ ] (2) ( 1990a: 50) (3) 44 (spray paint hypallage) (1981), (1996) 45 (2006: 103) 46 4.6.1 47 (2000: 68 70) 128
(4) (5) ( 1990a: 46 47; ) (3) (4)(5) 48 (1) (2) 4.51: (HYPL) 49 4.51 (1)(2) HYPL C 1 C 2 C 1 C 2 C 1 [ ] HYPL [ ] 48 (1990a) (1990b) 49 (1981) 129
50 ( 1987: 65 66) (6) : 30 (6) [ ] 4.9.2 (sicilia amissa[ ]) (7) 51 : 303 (8) : 19 (7) [ ] (8) 50 (1978) 51 (2006: 111) 130
[ ] (8) 52 (7) 4.6.2 4.52 - - [A B] [ ] 4.52: (SA) 52 (active zone profile discrepancy) 131
53 4.9.3 (chassé-croisé[ ]) (9) : 60 (10) 54 (9) (10) 4.53 (9)(10) CC 53 54 (2006: 106) 132
(9) (9) 4.53: (CC) (synesthesia) 4.9.4 (transferred epithet) Hall (1973) (1991: 51 53) (2008) 55 (11) : 60 (11) (11) 55 (1995: 79 80) (2002: 279 282) (2009) (2011) 133
(12) : 240 (12) (11) (12) (11) [N ] 56 4.6 (11) [NP 1 NP 2 ] NP 1 NP 2 4.54: (TE) 4.54 TE ADJ (2008: 30 31) 56 (1997) (2009: 90 92) (1999) 134
( 1987: 74 75) (13) : 113 (14) : 240 (13) (14) 4.9.5 4.55 [1] ALT (syntactic alternation) HYPL SA [2] V-CON CC 135
!!& ' ',-,-,.- $""%()*#%+ $!!"& $""%!"# 4.55: CC ALT [3] 136
4.10 4.56 MTPRC (wordplay) (hyperbole) (enallage) MTPRC ANTI MTNYC MTNYC ELLIP (hypallage(wide-meaning)) 137
4.56: " #$ "! " #% "" " "" & ''''''' & #% #% 138
5 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 139
5.1.1 1 (1) (2) (1) (2) (1)(2) (3) : 47 (3) (4) (4) (3) (4) (5) 1 4.6 140
: 259 (5) (5) (5) (6) : 26 (7) : 240 (6) (7) (8) ( ) : 178 (8) 141
(9) : 371 (9) (10) ( ) : 452 (10) 5.1.2 (11) 142
: 18 (11) (11) [NP 1 NP 2 ] (12) : 241 (12) [NP 1 NP 2 ] (13) : 37 (14) : 84 (13) (14) (allegory) 143
[ ] (13) (15) : 6 (16) : 312 (15) (16) [ ] 5.1.3 144
2 (17) : 235 (17) [ ] (18) : 277 (18) [ ] (19) : 38 (19) (20) 2 (2011), (2011) 145
: 129 130 (20) [ ] [ ] 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.1 (cliche) 146
(21) : 312 (21) [ ] (21) (21) 147
5.2.2 (22) : 43 (22) (23) : 238 (23) (23) 148
149
6 2 3 4 23 5 The Philosophy of Rhetoric (discourse) (shifts of sense) (metaphor) (Richards 1936: 10 11) 151
152
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[29]. 1993/1973b. : 36. : [30]. 1983/1969. 6 : 272 300. : [31]. 1967/1939. : 341 346. : [32]. 1929/1906a. : [33]. 1929/1906b. : [34]. 1938/1905. : [35]. 1956/1907. : 3 316. : [36]. 1956/1909. : 3 254. : [37]. 1956/1910. : 1 200. : [38]. 1994/1908a. : 79 98. : [39]. 1994/1908b. : 99 130. : [40]. 2002/1932. : 3 9. : [41]. 1955. : [42]. 1997/1994. 1 : [43]. 2008/1909. : 9 27. : [44]. 2008/1915. : 247 297. : [45]. 2008/1916. : 348 369. : 154
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60, 106 141 60 117, 121 25, 53, 63, 72, 73, 84, 103, 141 55 129 55 55 54 72 72 72 86 63 69, 73, 78 80 78 80 26, 89, 94, 103, 130 94, 97 95, 124 90, 93 137 136, 141 136 99 141 87 60, 106 60, 73 74 80 77 75 76 63 61, 63, 141 65, 68 69 69 26, 67 103 103 107 104 123 126 128 123 27, 129, 141 87 87 89 83, 106 85, 88 83, 88 56, 64, 73, 84, 141 56 58 56 160
57 56 85 89, 97 98 97, 127 113 113, 121, 123 115 99 100 99 71 85 87 60, 106, 119 119 120 60, 106 56, 139 85 108 108 108 108 161