2005 14 1 1 16 2005 1) 1 460 2 2 393 (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver & Hazan, 1988) Bowlby (1969/2000, 1973/2000) Bowlby (attachment security) 1) 45 Bowlby (1973/2000) Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall (1978) (Strange Situation Procedure; SSP) Hazan & Shaver (1987)
2 14 1 (Shaver & Hazan, 1988) Hasan & Shaver (1987) SSP 3 Bartholomew & Horowitz (1991) Bowlby 4 4 4 (secure) (preoccupied)(dismissing)(fearful) 4 3 Brennan, Clark & Shaver (1998) 4 2) (e.g., Feneey, 1995; Feeney & Noller, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987) Feeney (1999) SSP 2) Stayton & Ainsworth (1973) Ainsworth et al. (1978) 3 anxious/resistant vs. non-anxious/resistant avoidant vs. non-avoidant
3 Bowlby Bowlby (1973/2000) Ainsworth et al. (1978) SSP SSP Simpson, Rholes & Nelligan (1992) (Simpson, Rholes & Pillips, 1996) (Ainsworth et al., 1978) Ainsworth et al. (1978) SSP Bowlby SSP Hazan & Shaver (1987) Mikulincer & Nachshon (1991) Feeney & Noller (1990) 3) 3)
4 14 1 4) SSP (Pietromonaco & Barrett, 1997) 1 2 4) (1988) Hazan & Shaver (1987) Bartholomew & Horowitz (1991) 3 3 1 2 1 1 1992 3 (1991)
5 1 1-1 1-2 2-1 2-2 1-1. (Feeney, 1999) 1-2. (Simpson et al., 1992; Simpson, Rholes, Orina & Grich, 2002) caregiving: (Collins & Feeney, 2000) 2-1. Feeney (1995) 2-2. Bowlby 6 471 11 258 202 460 19.84 ; SD 1.36 2001 10 11 1. 1988; 1988 3 5 15 1 7 7 2. (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) 4 2 4 1 7 7 2 Scharfe & Bartholomew (1994) 5)
6 14 1 (2003) 3. 1992 5 15 1 5 5 GHQ; 1996 3 Promax.67.86.58.78 5) 7 12 12 (Table 1) 1-1 1-2 3 2 2 M 1.02; SD 3.49 M 0.75; SD 3.35 2 r.03, ns. 2 (Table 2) Table 1.30.19.22.07.01.11.23.24.25 N 458 p.001, p.05
7 Table 2 n 148 n 111 n 108 n 93 2.59 2.71 2.54 2.43 (0.69) (0.74) (0.77) (0.76) 2.99 3.28 3.19 3.13 (0.78) (0.91) (0.87) (0.94) 3.32 3.13 3.42 2.96 (0.78) (0.82) (0.91) (0.91) (F(1, 456) 4.89, p.05) (F(1, 456) 15.39, p.001) 2-1 2-2 (F(1, 454) 4.66, p.05) (p.05) 2-1 1 1-1, 1-2, 2-2, 2-1 4 1-1 Bartholomew (1990) (Ainsworth et al., 1978) 4 1-2
8 14 1 Bowlby 2 2 2002 3 2002 2 1 2 6) 1. (Feeney, Noller & Roberts, 2000) (Mikulincer, Florian & Weller, 1993; Simpson et al., 1992) (Feeney et al., 2000) (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) 2. (Mikulincer & Florian, 1998; Westmaas & Silver, 2001) 3 6) 2 2 1
9 (Simpson et al., 1992) 4 407 181 212 393 19.59 SD 1.36 2003 1 1. 1988; 1988 1 5 15 1 7 7 2. ECR (the Experiences in Close Relationships inventory)2002 Brennan et al. (1998) 323 36 ECR (2002) ECR 2 18 13 31 1 7 7 ECR 1 (2004) 7) 2 (Fraley, Garner & Shaver, 2000) 2 ECR 3. 2002 (2000) 3 5 15 0 7) (2004) ECR.65.66
10 14 1 3 4 GHQ; 1996 3 Promax.68.85.77.84 ECR 2 Promax 1 2 a.90.84 3 1 (Table 3) Table 3.29.08.02.19.13.22.05.14.06 N 390 p.001, p.01 1 2 2 2 M 3.74; SD 0.93 M 3.84; SD 0.88 2 r.01, ns. 2 (Table 4) (F(1, 386) 5.10, p.05) (F(1, 386) 5.16, p.05)
11 Table 4 n 100 n 96 n 92 n 102 1.08 1.25 0.96 1.11 (0.69) (0.69) (0.64) (0.77) 1.07 1.02 1.00 0.75 (0.78) (0.79) (0.68) (0.71) 1.36 1.33 1.49 1.51 (0.74) (0.76) (0.77) (0.74) (F(1, 386) 3.86, p.05) (F(1, 386) 4.45, p.05) 2 2 1 2003; Mikulincer et al., 1993 (Bowlby, 1973/2000) 2002 2003; Mikulincer et al., 1993; Simpson et al., 1996 2 (Bowlby, 1973/2000) (Mikulincer & Florian, 1998; Westmaas & Silver, 2001)
12 14 1 SSP 2 1 2 (SSP) (Ainsworth et al., 1978) (Feeney, 1999) (Simpson et al., 1992, 1996) (Simpson et al., 1992, 2002) Ainsworth et al. (1978) SSP 2003; Mikulincer et al., 1993; Simpson et al., 1996 (Bowlby, 1973/2000) SSP (Ainsworth et al., 1978) (Simpson et al., 1992) (Collins & Feeney, 2000)
13 Bowlby SSP 2002 (Mikulincer & Florian, 1998; Westmaas & Silver, 2001) SSP 2 1 2 1 Bartholomew & Horowitz (1991) (e.g., Pietromonaco & Barrett, 1997; Scharfe & Bartholomew, 1994) Brennan et al. (1998) ECR 2 ECR ECR
14 14 1 (2004) Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. 1978 Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Bartholomew, K. 1990 Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 147 178. Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. 1991 Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226 244. Bowlby, J. 1969/2000 Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. 1973/2000 Attachment and loss, Vol. 2: Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. 1998 Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rholes. (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships. New York: Guilford. Pp. 46 76. Collins, N. L., & Feeney B. C. 2000 A safe haven: An attachment theory perspective on support seeking and caregiving in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1053 1073. Feeney, J. A. 1995 Adult attachment and emotional control. Personal Relationships, 2, 143 159. Feeney, J. A. 1999 Adult attachment, emotional control, and marital satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 6, 169 185. Feeney, J. A., & Noller, P. 1990 Attachment styles as a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 281 291. Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Roberts, N. 2000 Attachment and close relationships. In C. Hendrick, & S. S. Hendrick (Eds.), Close relationships. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Pp. 185 201. Fraley, R. C., Garner, J. P., & Shaver, P. R. 2000 Adult attachment and the defensive regulation of attention and memory: Examining the role of preemptive and postemptive defensive processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 816 826. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. 1987 Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511 524. 2003 74, 466 473. 2000 48, 225 234. 2002 7, 17 22. Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. 1998 The relationship between adult attachment styles and emotional and cognitive reactions to stressful events. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rholes. (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships. New York: Guilford. Pp. 143 165. Mikulincer, M., & Nachshon, O. 1991 Attachment styles and patterns of self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 321 331. Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Weller, A. 1993 Attachment styles, coping strategies, and posttraumatic psychological distress: The impact of the Gulf War in Israel. Journal
15 of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 817 826. 1996 GHQ GHQ Pp. 117 147. 2002 Brennan et al. (1998) 44 300. 2004 5, 19 27. Pietromonaco, P. R., & Barrett, L. F. 1997 Working models of attachment and daily social interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1409 1423. Scharfe, E., & Bartholomew, K. 1994 Reliability and stability of adult attachment patterns. Personal Relationships, 1, 23 43. Shaver, P. R., & Hazan, C. 1988 A biased overview of the study of love. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5, 473 501. Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Nelligan, J. S. 1992 Support seeking and support giving within couples in an anxiety-provoking situation: The role of attachment styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 434 446. Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., Orina, M. M., & Grich, J. 2002 Working models of attachment, support giving, and support seeking in a stressful situation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 598 608. Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Phillips, D. 1996 Conflict in close relationships: An attachment perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 899 914. Stayton, D. J., & Ainsworth, M. D. S. 1973 Individual differences in infant responses to brief, everyday separations as related to other infant and maternal behavior. Development Psychology, 9, 226 235. 1988 196, 1 16. 1988 (working models) 52 27. 1991 31, 49 59. 1992 43, 123 136. Westmaas, J. L., & Silver, R. C. 2001 The role of attachment in responses to victims of life crises. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 425 438. 2004. 4. 20 2005. 1. 30
16 14 1 Early Adult Attachment Styles, Emotional Regulation and Sensitivity, and Interpersonal Stress Coping: An Examination of Conceptual Consistency in Infant and Early Adult Attachment Styles Yuji KANEMASA Department of Human and Psychological Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Soai University THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2005, Vol. 14 NO. 1, 1 16 The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among early adult attachment styles, emotional regulation, and interpersonal stress coping. In Study 1, the relationship between early adult attachment styles and emotional regulation was examined with 460 undergraduates. Results showed that secure attachment was positively related to emotional expression and sensitivity, but ambivalent attachment was negatively related to them. Also, analysis concerning attachment dimensions revealed that Anxiety was significantly associated with low emotional sensitivity, and Avoidance with low emotional expression. In addition, an interaction of Anxiety and Avoidance was associated with emotional control: it could be explained by Avoidance in cases of low Anxiety. In Study 2, the relationship between early adult attachment styles and interpersonal stress coping was examined with 393 participants. Results showed that secure attachment was positively related to positive relationship-oriented strategies, negatively related to negative relationship-oriented strategies, and insecure attachment, on the other hand, was positively related to negative relationshiporiented strategies. As for attachment dimensions, Anxiety appeared to have an influence on negative relationship-oriented strategies and postponed-solution coping, and Avoidance on positive relationship-oriented strategies. These results were discussed in terms of conceptual consistency in infant and early adult attachment styles. Key words: early adult attachment styles, attachment dimensions, stress coping, nonverbal skill, emotion