Hornstein & Nunes (2008) Aoyagi (1999) complement adjunct do so one do so Hasegawa (1988) one 1
Minimalist Program Hornstein & Nunes (2008) (1) (1) VP Ellipsis Argument Ellipsis 1 (1) do so (2) 1 Otani & Whitman (1993), Hoji (1998), Saito (2007), Takahashi (2008) 2
2 (2) a. b. (3) a. John read a book in the library, and Mary did so in the playground. b. *John read a novel in the library, and Mary did so a magazine in the playground, (3a) (3b) do so (2a) (2b) 3 Merge Syntactic Object Label 4 Hornstein & Nunes (2008) Concatenate Label 2 Hasegawa (1988) 3 Topicalization Relativization Harada (1991) 4 Chomsky (2013) 3
5 VP Fronting (4a) (4b) V(=VP) (4) a. [eat the cake] he did in the yard b. [eat the case in the yard] he did c. *[eat] he did the cake in the yard (Hornstein & Nunes 2008: 66) (4a,b) ^ (5) a. [V eat^the-cake ]^in-the-yard b. [V [V eat^the-cake ]^in-the-yard] (Hornstein & Nunes 2008: 66) (5a) (5b) in the yard ^ eat the cake (5b) (5a) (4a) (5b) (4b) 6 5 Hornstein (2009) Hornstein & Nunes (2008) 6 (5b) V A-over-A Principle 4
(4c) (6a) (6b) Donald Davidson e neo-davidsonian argument 7 (6) a. John ate the cake in the yard. b. e [eating(e) & subject(john, e) & object(the cake, e) & in-the-yard(e)] in the yard e e in-the-yard John the cake John e the cake e 8 Chomsky (1965) S NP VP NP (5a) (5b) Hornstein and Nunes (2008) (7) (8) 7 Parsons (1990) 8 agent patient 5
(7) a. John bought BOOKS. b. John bought BOOKS in that shop. (8) John bought books in that SHOP. (7) (i) What did John buy? (ii) What did John do? (iii) What happened? unmarked stress (7b) in that shop prominent in that shop [+Focus] PP VP, vp, TP (8) (i)(ii)(iii) Where did John buy books? (9) [Context: What will John do?] a. He will play SOCCER on Sunday. b. #He will play soccer on SUNDAY. (Hornstein & Nunes 2008: 73) (10) [Context: What will John do?] a. #Play SOCCER on Sunday is what he ll do. b. Play soccer on SUNDAY is what he ll do. (Hornstein & Nunes 2008: 73) 6
(9) VP on Sunday Sunday VP soccer soccer VP What will he do? (9a) (9b) (10) (10b) on Sunday PP VP on Sunday VP on Sunday VP What will John do? (10a) VP (11a) VP TP 9 (11a) 9 Cinque (1993) Reinhart (1995) Zubizarreta (1994) Zubizarreta NP DP VP =TP 7
(11) [Context: What did John do?/what happened?] a. #He KISSED Mary. b. He kissed MARY. (Hornstein & Nunes 2008: 74) stress (12) (2006) Aoyagi (1998, 1999) 8
(13) Aoyagi (1998, 1999) 10 Hornstein & Nunes (2008) Hornstein & Nunes (2008) Hornstein & Nunes propagation quantifier Kuroda 1965 Hornstein & Nunes (2008) (2006) (i) scope (ii) focus (i) 10 Aoyagi (1998, 1999) 9
(14) a. [TP [vp [DP ] [VP [DP [NP ] D+ ] ] v ] ] b. [TP [vp [DP ] [VP [DP [NP ] D+ti] ] v+ ] ] (12) (14a) DP D 14b LF v 11 VP c c-command VP 12 c c (ii) [+focus] [+focus] LF agreement (12) (14') 11 (14b) (2006: 15-24) (=X 0 ) =X max clitic pronoun X max X 0 Head Movement Constraint, cf. Baker (1988) 12 VP vp 10
13 [+f] VP [+f] VP [+f] (14') [TP [vp [DP ] [VP [+f] [DP [+f] [NP [+f] ] D+ti] ] v+ [+f] ] ] (i) (ii) association with focus [+focus] [+focus] (2006) 14 Hornstein & Nunes (2008) (14) VP (15) (16) a. [TP [vp [DP ] [VP [PP ] [DP [NP ] D+ ] ] v ] ] b. [TP [vp [DP ] [VP [PP ] [DP [NP ] D+ti] ] v+ ] ] 13 T v (2006: 140-145) 14 Aoyagi (1998, 1999) Aoyagi (1999) Condition on Extraction Domain, CED cf. Huang (1982) 11
(15) (14b) (16b) v c VP Hornstein & Nunes (16b) VP 15 c c 16 Hornstein & Nunes (2008) Hornstein & Nunes (2008) 15 16 (i) 12
17 (17) a. b. Do Do-Support Su Su-Support Kuroda 1965 (17) (18) a.?? b.?? LF 17 (2006: 135-148) 13
(19a) TP Focus (19b) LF FocusP VP 18 (19) a. [FocusP [TP [vp NP [VP NP V] v+ / ]] T ] Focus] b. [FocusP [VP NP V] [TP [vp NP ti v+ / ]] T ] Focus] (20) (21) V(=VP) (21) [V ] VP (22) V(=VP) 18 vp 14
V(=VP) (22) [V ] V(=VP) (23) [V ] Hornstein & Nunes (2008: 67) (24) a. [eat the cake] he did in the yard with a fork in the afternoon b. [eat the cake in the yard] he did with a fork in the afternoon c. [eat the cake in the yard with a fork] he did in the afternoon d. [eat the cake in the yard with a fork in the afternoon] he did LF LF 15
c 19 vp Hornstein & Nunes (2008) LF (25) (25) VP (26) V (26) [[V ]- ] [[V ]- ] (11a) 19 c VP VP VP 16
(25)/(26) Hornstein & Nunes (2008) c c [+focus] Hornstein & Nunes (2008) 17
(2006) LF Hornstein & Nunes (2008) 20 LF 21 Aoyagi, Hiroshi (1998) On the Nature of Particles in Japanese and Its Theoretical Implications, Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California. Aoyagi, Hiroshi (1999) "On the Association of Quantifier-like Particles with Focus in Japanese," Linguistics: In Search of the Human Mind A Festschrift for Kazuko Inoue, ed. by Masatake Muraki and Enoch Iwamoto, 24-56, Kaitakusha, Tokyo. 2006 20 GB Chomsky (1981) D LF Chomsky (2007, 2008) duality of semantics 21 LF 18
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Huang, C.-T. James (1982) Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar, Doctoral dissertation, MIT. Kuroda, Shige-yuki (1965) A Generative-Grammatical Studies of the Japanese Language, Doctoral dissertation, MIT. Otani, Kazuyo and John Whitman (1991) "V-Raising and VP-Ellipsis," Linguistic Inquiry 22: 345-358. Parsons, Terence (1990) Events in the Semantics of English, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. Reinhart, Tanya (1995) Interface Strategies, OTS Working Papers in Linguistics, Utrecht University. Saito, Mamoru (2007) "Notes on East Asian Argument Ellipsis," Language Research 43, 203-227. Takahashi, Daiko (2008) "Noun Phrase Ellipsis," The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Linguistics, ed. by Shigeru Miyagawa and Mamoru Saito, 394-422, Oxford University Press, New York. Zubizarreta, Maria Luisa (1994) "The Grammatical Representation of Topic and Focus: Implications for the Structure of the Clause," University of Venice Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 4, No, 1, 97-126. 20