商学５７‐６／７．上田

492 1 1990 3 2 Economies of ScaleEconomies of Scope 2004 15

493 Christensen et. al.4 3 Caves et. al.3 Fuss and Waverman6 Murray and White8 Gilligan et. al. 7 4 30 18 Tachibanaki et. al.11 36 2926 42 3 40 40 20 17 2259 22 3913

494 31 5 2934 35 23 SUR 25 GMM 2833 38 27 12NTT 44 32 31

495 21 2 2005 3 4 60 40 6 1980 1990 1991 1995 1997 1998 2000 1990 31990 4 1

496 2 3 2 1 1873 1893 80 1949 1960 1993 10 1980 1996 10 1992 3 1993 4 2001 4 2004 10

497 4 2005 3 2005 30 25 2 10 5 1997 10 1999 4 10 2001 4 3 2003 4 2002 10 2005 2004 30 20 15 10 HI1993

498 5 1996 1999 2002 7 8 2 2 3 4 2000 i yii1m k wkk1nn m 9 HI 2495

C Cy1, y2ym ; w1, w2wn 499 1 SCL SCL m!i1 lnc m!i1 C Cy1, y2ym lnyi yi yi 2 SCL1 SCL1 SCL0 Panzar and Willng 10Baumol et. al.2 1 10 Cy1, 00C0, 0ymCy1, y2ym 3 SCP Cy1, 00C0, 0ymCy1, y2ym 4 SCP 4 0 2 11 Baumol et. al.2pp. 71 75 3 2 C yiyj0!

500 2 C 0 ij 5 yiyj 1 m!i1 lnc α 0 m!i1 α i lnyi n!k1 β k lnwk 1 2 γ ij lnyilnyj m!j1 m!i1 θ ik lnyilnwk n!k1 1 2 n!k1 φ kh lnwklnwh n!h1 6 well-behaved 12 γ ijγ ji, φ ijφ ji w!β k1,!φ kh0,!θ ik0 C wkβ k!kφ khlnwkθ ik!ilnyi0 C yiα i!iγ ijlnyiθ ik!klnwk0 2 2 C wkwh SCL SCL!i lnc lnyi!iα i!γ ijlnyi!θ iklnwk 7 SCL1 SCL lnyi0, lnwk0 SCALE! 1954 2211 12 1989 91

501 SCALE!iα i 8 13 2 C yiyj C yiyj 2 lnc lnyilnyj lnc lnyi lnc lnyj C yiyj γ ijα i!γ lnyi!θ iklnwkα i!γ ijlnyj!θ iklnwk 0 9 9 SCOPE C yiyjscope 0 i j SCOPE lnyi0, lnwk0 SCOPE γ ijα iα j 10 1978 2004 27 25 8 3 14 40141 2!

502 2 y1 y2 L M K 3 NEEDS LM 90 K 15 Kt1δ t!kt 1PIt"ItPIt 11 It t PIt K t t dt ItK tk t 1dt δ t δ tdtkt 1 wl wk pk K K ρ δ wkpkρ δ wm M y1y2 1 C wl wk wm C wllwkk M! 14147 148

503 9 lnc α 0α 1lny1α 2lny2β KlnwKβ LlnwLβ MlnwMβ TlnT 1 2 γ 1 11lny12 2 γ γ 22lny22 12lny1lny2 θ 1Klny1lnwKθ 1Llny1lnwLθ 1Mlny1lnwMθ 1Tlny1lnT θ 2Klny2lnwKθ 2Llny2lnwLθ 2Mlny2lnwMθ 2Tlny2lnT 1 2 φ 1 KKlnwK2 2 φ 1 LLlnwL2 2 φ MMlnwM2 φ KLlnwKlnwLφ KMlnwKlnwMφ LMlnwLlnwM φ KTlnwKlnT φ LTlnwLlnT φ MTlnwMlnT φ TTlnTlnT 7!i1diDi 12 T D 0 1 SURSeemingly Unrelated Regression 1 SKβ Kφ KKlnwKφ KLlnwLφ KMlnwMθ 1Klny1θ 2Klny2 SLβ Lφ LLlnwLφ LKlnwLφ LMlnwMθ 1Llny1θ 2Llny2 SMβ Mφ MMlnwMφ MKlnwKφ MLlnwLθ 1Mlny1θ 2Mlny2 1 3 SM 16 8 1 α 1 α 2 1 β K β L 2 Baten1

504 1 P 1 β T 2 β TT α 0 11.817.000 α 1 0.613.000 30 α 2 0.131.000 β K 0.141.000 β L 0.158.000 β T 0.056.000 γ 11 0.191.175 γ 22 0.402.008 γ 12 0.417.002 y1 1 θ 1K 0.028.007 θ 1L 0.050.000 α 1 0.613 y2 1 α 2 θ 1M 0.440.005 0.131 SCALE θ 1T 0.046.245 0.743 θ 2K 0.047.000 θ 2L 0.018.244 y1 y2 γ 12 θ 2M 0.085.503 0.417 SCOPE θ 2T 0.056.244 0.497 φ KK 0.098.000 φ LL 0.058.163 φ KL 0.003.869 φ KM 0.111.000 12 φ LM 0.023.372 φ KT 0.086.016 T D φ LT 0.146.009 φ MT 0.087.132 2 φ TT 0.069.002 DAISYOWA 0.544.000 α 1 TOKAI 1.342.000 α 2 MITSUBISI 0.129.000 HOKUETSU 0.662.000 1 TYUETSU 0.824.000 SANKOKU 0.052.000 2 HONSYU 0.626.000 SCALE 0.743 SCOPE 0.497 1 1 γ 12 0.461

505 2 P P P α 0 11.834.000 α 0 10.461.000 α 0 11.144.000 α 1 0.714.000 α 1 0.318.000 α 1 0.595.000 α 2 0.134.000 α 2 0.462.000 α 2 0.226.000 β K 0.162.000 β K 0.132.000 β K 0.155.000 β L 0.141.000 β L 0.149.000 β L 0.113.000 γ 11 0.037.868 γ 11 1.466.029 γ 11 0.360.036 γ 22 0.012.952 γ 22 1.162.025 γ 22 0.186.531 γ 12 0.461.045 γ 12 0.854.148 γ 12 0.282.250 θ 1K 0.138.000 θ 1K 0.020.513 θ 1K 0.028.076 θ 1L 0.059.000 θ 1L 0.016.271 θ 1L 0.046.000 θ 1M 0.572.002 θ 1M 1.083.044 θ 1M 0.210.354 θ 2K 0.143.000 θ 2K 0.041.255 θ 2K 0.011.729 θ 2L 0.006.124 θ 2L 0.125.000 θ 2L 0.113.000 θ 2M 0.472.213 θ 2M 0.636.011 θ 2M 0.274.526 φ KK 0.273.000 φ KK 0.016.564 φ KK 0.163.000 φ LL 0.036.098 φ LL 0.083.001 φ LL 0.125.000 φ KL 0.018.016 φ KL 0.068.000 φ KL 0.037.004 φ KM 0.255.000 φ KM 0.135.000 φ KM 0.133.000 φ LM 0.074.000 φ LM 0.066.000 φ LM 0.072.048 SCALE 0.848 SCALE 0.780 SCALE 0.820 SCOPE 0.366 SCOPE 0.707 SCOPE 0.148 P P P α 0 11.739.000 α 0 11.860.000 α 0 12.377.000 α 1 0.700.000 α 1 0.610.000 α 1 0.479.000 α 2 0.072.199 α 2 0.434.000 α 2 0.358.000 β K 0.138.000 β K 0.137.000 β K 0.133.000 β L 0.191.000 β L 0.232.000 β L 0.151.000 γ 11 0.005.993 γ 11 0.863.004 γ 11 0.616.349 γ 22 0.074.921 γ 22 25.786.000 γ 22 0.162.912 γ 12 0.308.640 γ 12 1.188.720 γ 12 0.421.638 θ 1K 0.085.001 θ 1K 0.090.018 θ 1K 0.065.000 θ 1L 0.190.000 θ 1L 0.265.000 θ 1L 0.040.164 θ 1M 0.913.013 θ 1M 0.025.908 θ 1M 0.431.275 θ 2K 0.006.799 θ 2K 0.035.677 θ 2K 0.110.000 θ 2L 0.073.007 θ 2L 0.147.000 θ 2L 0.059.103 θ 2M 1.659.075 θ 2M 1.499.667 θ 2M 0.040.946 φ KK 0.210.000 φ KK 0.230.000 φ KK 0.094.000 φ LL 0.051.046 φ LL 0.173.000 φ LL 0.041.573 φ KL 0.002.922 φ KL 0.015.145 φ KL 0.049.008 φ KM 0.135.015 φ KM 0.136.001 φ KM 0.113.000 φ LM 0.124.026 φ LM 0.208.000 φ LM 0.062.041 SCALE 0.772 SCALE 1.044 SCALE 0.838 SCOPE 0.258 SCOPE 0.924 SCOPE 0.593

506 P P α 0 12.447.000 α 0 10.980.000 α 1 0.131.003 α 1 0.792.000 α 2 0.630.000 α 2 0.029.432 β K 0.102.000 β K 0.158.000 β L 0.163.000 β L 0.158.000 γ 11 1.414.035 γ 11 0.026.923 γ 22 1.286.061 γ 22 0.281.405 γ 12 1.336.066 γ 12 0.299.564 θ 1K 0.024.334 θ 1K 0.025.431 θ 1L 0.048.004 θ 1L 0.165.000 θ 1M 0.762.078 θ 1M 0.103.657 θ 2K 0.006.780 θ 2K 0.056.005 θ 2L 0.002.895 θ 2L 0.013.227 θ 2M 0.442.231 θ 2M 0.407.627 φ KK 0.055.037 φ KK 0.122.000 φ LL 0.128.009 φ LL 0.150.000 φ KL 0.020.403 φ KL 0.005.489 φ KM 0.017.418 φ KM 0.140.016 φ LM 0.071.000 φ LM 0.153.000 SCALE 0.761 SCALE 0.763 SCOPE 1.418 SCOPE 0.276 SCALE 0.848 SCOPE 0.366 SCOPE γ 12 SCOPE 2 17

507 Coelli and Battese5 16 30 1 8 2 26 18 27 9 18 8 2 16 2 16

508 2 3225 31 1 Baten, A. P.MaximumLikelihood Estimation of a Complete System of Demand EquationsEuropean Economic Review, Vol. 1, pp. 7 73, 1969. 2 Baumol, W. J., J. C. Panzar and R. D. Willng, Contestable Markets and Theory of Industrial Organization, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982. 3 Caves, D. W. L. R. Christensen and M. W. TrethewayFlexible Cost Functions for Multiproduct FirmsThe Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 62, pp. 447 481, 1980. 4 Christensen, L. R., D. W. Jorgenson and L. J. LauTranscendental Logarithmic Production Frontiers The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 55, pp. 28 45, 1973. 5 Coelli, T. D., S. P. Rao and G. E. Battese, An Introduction to Efficiency and Production Analysis, Kluwaer Academic Publishers, 1998. 6 Fuss, M and L.WavermanRegulation and Multiproduct Firm : The Case of Telecommunications in Canadain : G.Fromm, ed., Studies in Public Regulation, Cambridge : M. I. T Press, 1981. 7 Gilligan, T. W. and M. SmirlockScale and Scoope Economies in the Multiproduct Banking Firms Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 13, 1984. 8 Murray, J. D. and R. W. WhiteEconomies of Scale and Economies of Scope in Multiproduct Financial Institutions : A Study of British Columbia UnionsJournal of Finance, Vol. 38, 1983. 9 Panzar, J. C. and R. D. WillngEconomies of Scale in Multi-Output ProductionQuartery Journal of Economics, Vol. 91, 1977. 10Panzar, J. C. and R. D. WillngEconomies of ScopeAmerican Economic Review, Vol. 71, 1981. 11Tachibanaki, T, K. Mitsui and H. KitagawaEconomies of Scope and Shareholding of Banks in JapanThe Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Vol. 5, pp. 261 281, 1991. 12 35 1

509 125 136 2001 13 4 2 1 20 1994 141974 15 41 1 2003 16 16 1 175 204 2004 17 16 123 151 175 2002 18Economies of Scope 5 3 49 79 1986 191993 20 28 189 204 1993 21 57 7 1 16 2004 22 16 1 1 78 1991 2321 61 83 1996 24 179 5 93 104 1999 25 55 4 519 542 2004 261981 1988 21 163 181 1991 27 52 2 71 82 1998 28 50 1 45 54 1998 291989 30 Scale and Scope Economies 4 43 57 1985 31Fourier 2 1, 2 16 32 2004 32 50 63 81 2000 33 50 1 37 44 1998 3423 115 131 1990 3515 1 15 1992

510 36 31 4 17 36 1988 37 32 3 1 19 1989 38 54 2 83 89 2002 39351 352 1219 1238 1992 40 6 1992 41 44 3 233 242 1993 4226 13 38 1999 43124 122 142 1996 44 9 22 36 1998 45 46