タワーフラックス観測マニュアル　ver1.1b

Transcription

1 タワーフラックス観測マニュアル編集委員会編

2

3 i

4 ver.1.1 ii

5 FLUXNET AsiaFlux Aubinet et al Fluxnet CANADA AsiaFlux FLUXNET Lee et al. eds iii

6 ver iv

7 Kipp & Zonen B.V. CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC. Decagon Devices, Inc. v

8 ver.1.1 i iii Appendix 2.1-1: CO 2 H 2 O CO H 2 O Appendix 2.2-1: LI-7500 LI-COR USA 53 Appendix 2.2-2: 53 Appendix 2.2-3: 54 Appendix 2.2-4: 54 Appendix 2.2-5: CO 2 54 Appendix 2.2-6: 54 Appendix 2.2-7: CO 2 56 Appendix 2.3-1: vi

9 Appendix 3.1-1: 107 Appendix 3.1-2: Appendix 3.3-1: Appendix 3.4-1: 123 Appendix 3.4-2: vii

10 ver.1.1 viii

11

12 ver The site selection CO 2 Schmid 1997 Tips! 2 Baldocchi et al Tips

13 Photo Photo

14 ver Infrastructure Photo

15 1.2 Tips! Tips Tips! Tips

16 ver Laubach et al Schuepp et al Rannik et al Kormann and Meixner Photo Photo Photo m 3 1m Photo

17 1.2 10cm Photo Photo Photo

18 ver Photo Photo Kelliher et al Photo ms 1 2 8

19 1.2 Photo m

20 ver Tips! Tips Photo Photo Photo Photo

21 1.2 Tips! AC100V 3 200V 95V 90V AC Tips Photo Photo

22 ver Tips! Tips Tips! Tips m 88 Photo Ω Fig

23 1.2 SPD Photo Fig SPD SPD 雷サージ 耐雷トランス 機器 雷サージ 保安器 機器 SPD Fig SPD 13

24 ver Photo SPD Fig Photo Photo Photo Photo Ω Photo Fig

25 1.2 Photo cm 100Ω Fig cm 2m Tips! 2 Tips Tips! Photo Tips CO 2 15

26 ver Photo Photo Photo Tips! Photo Tips Photo

27 1.2 Photo

28 ver Measurement variables: recommendation and orders of precedence CO 2 A B C ) 2) 3) 4) 5) CO 2 CO 2 Table

29 1.3 Table A A A A B B A A B B C C B B C C Table CO 2 NEE net ecosystem exchange CO 2 PAR Table PAR CO 2 B B B A B A Table

30 ver Table / A A C A C C A C C B C C C C C Table

31 1.3 Table LAI LAI A B B B C C B A C A A A B B 21

32 ver AmeriFlux Standards: Guidelines/SOPs Fluxnet-Canada Measurement Protocols Working Draft Version Campbell Scientific Y08U-75B

33 23 1

34 ver

35

36 ver Ultra sonic anemo-thermometer (SAT) w ms 1 w ms 1 w 10Hz 1 ultra-sonic anemo-thermometer SAT SAT 2 transducer path velocity of sound in air c s ms 1 SAT span length m 2 t 1 s t 2 s v d ms 1 c s ms 1 d m t 1 t 2 t d d = t2 = 2.1-1a 2.1-1b c v 1 c, s + vd s d 2.1-1a, 2.1-1b v d d 1 1 v = d 2 t1 t a, 2.1-1b c s T v K 2 s c = 403T T v v 2 cs 1 d 1 1 T v = = t1 t 2 2 SAT pp Kaimal and Gaynor 1991 Hignett

37 2.1 SAT 3 x y z u v w z w 3 3 SAT 3D-SAT 1 SAT 3D-SAT SAT 3D-SAT Table SAT 3D-SAT 3D-SAT 3D-SAT orthogonal probe TR-61A Table TR-61C Table Photo 2.1-1(a) TR-90AH TR- DA-600 Applied Technologies Inc. ATI "K" Style Probe Table Photo 2.1-1(b) TR-61C "K" Style Probe 3D-SAT 3D-SAT omni-directional probe TR-61B Table DA-600 SAT-540/550 Table Photo 2.1-1(c) Gill Instruments Ltd. WindMaster R3 Table R. M. Young Company Metek Meteorologische GmbH USA-1 Campbell Scientific Inc. CSAT3 Table Photo 2.1-1(d) Gill HS Table

38 ver Tips! 3 3 x y z 2003 Tips メーカ 機種 プローブ スパン長 [m] ソニック DA-600 (TR-61A) 0.2 Table SAT 形状 (z 軸センサーの水平面に対する傾き ) 鉛直軸型 (90 度, 水平風速のパスは 120 度交差 ) プローブ重量 [kg] DA-600 (TR-61B) 0.2 傾斜パス - 全方位型 (45 度 ) 7.9 DA-600 (TR-61C) 0.2 鉛直軸 - 直交型 (90 度 ) 5 SAT-540/ 傾斜パス - 全方位型 (45 度 ) 出力 デジタル / アナログ デジタル / アナログ デジタル / アナログ デジタル / アナログ ATI "K" Style Probe 0.15 鉛直軸 - 直交型 (90 度 ) <1.0 デジタル 1.2W Campbell CSAT 傾斜パス - ブーム型 (60 度 ) 1.7 Gill WindMaster/Wind Master pro 傾斜パス - 全方位型 (45 度 ) 0.9 / 1.7(-pro) R3(-50, 100) 傾斜パス - 全方位型 (45 度 ) 0.9 HS(-50, 100) 傾斜パス - ブーム型 (48.75 度 ) 2.5 同機種内でも数 mm 程度の違いが生じうる 1 Transducer shadowのみ評価, 2 定式化あり デジタル / アナログデジタル / アナログ ( オプション ) デジタル / アナログデジタル / アナログ 消費電力 Flow distortion 文献 <30W Kondo and Sato (1982), Hanafusa et al. (1982), Wieser et al. (2001), 伊藤ら (2001) <30W Wieser et al., (2001) <30W 4W 1.2W(20Hz で稼動時 ) 0.66W 3.6W Wyngaard et al. (1985) 1, 2, Shimizu et al. (1999) 1, 2, Wieser et al. (2001) なし Kaimal et al. (1990) (see also ATI homepage) 1, 2 Cristen et al. (2001) van der Molen et al. (2004) 2, Nakai et al. (2006) 2 van der Molen et al. (2004) 2, Nakai et al. (2006) 2 3.6W Cristen et al. (2001) 28

39 2.1 (a) (b) (c) (d) Photo SAT (a) TR-61C (b) ATI "K" Style Probe Kompong Thom Province (c) SAT-540 Kompong Thom Province (d) Campbell CSAT3 Tips! Table D-SAT z Fig Table SAT Tips

40 ver y x Sonic DA-600 x y ATI K-type Campbell CSAT3 x センサー正面側 ( 全方位型では 北 あるいは N と印字されている側 ) Gill WindMaster R3 HS y センサー背面側 Fig SAT SAT SAT 1) 2) Flow distortion Flow distortion p TR-61A TR-61C Gill HS Campbell CSAT3 SAT U SAT SAT U SAT 30

41 2.1 SAT Tips! DAT-600 TR-61A B C Campbell CSAT3 Tips SAT 5 20 DA g/m HellermannTyton SAT z SAT Tips! Campbell CSAT3 DA600 TR-61A Gill R3-100 R3A-100 HS R3-100 R3A-100 Tips

42 ver SAT SAT SAT 2.6 SAT RS-232C Campbell SDM Appendix ATI K-probe CR1000 "K" Style Probe RS232C No.3pin. No.2pin CR1000 C1 C2 Gill SAT CSAT3 CR1000 SDM SDM 7.62m Campbell SDMspeed( ) 30 Tips! SDM Synchronous Devices for measurement Campbell SDM SDM SDM clock rate SDM Tips SAT SAT SAT 32

43 2.1 SAT 1 0 SAT SAT 3 0 SAT Tips! TR-61 A B C SAT TR-61 Tips Tips! SAT SAT Campbell CSAT3 Wick Wick Wick Wick Wick SAT Tips SAT SAT Path averaging effect Line averaging effect SAT Path averaging Kristensen and Fitzjarrald 1984 Moore

44 ver Aubinet et al SAT 3 Path averaging Horst and Oncley 2006 Flow distortion SAT Flow distortion Transducer Shadow Flow distortion Flow distortion Flow distortion SAT Table Flow distortion Kondo and Sato 1982 Kaimal et al Nakai et al Hanafusa et al SAT Table SAT Campbell CSAT3 Mauder et al CSAT3 Flow distortion Flow distortion Christen et al SAT c SAT v n ms 1 Kaimal and Finnigan c c t ms 1 T vt K c t v n c c t c 2 s = c v t 2 n 34

45 c t 1 d T = = + vt + vn t1 t 2 1 v n 3 Liu et al Tips! 3 Campbell CSAT3 Gill WindMaster R3 HS Gill WindMastaer&WindMaster Pro User Manual Issue Tips T vt T a K p Pa e Pa T vt T a T e 1 Ta p = vt e << p e p e p e e md q 0. 51q p p e m m d m W kgmol 1 q kg kg -1 ( 1 0. q) T vt T a = T ' T ' 0.51T q' a vt vt T vt T a W 35

46 ver Appendix 2.1-1: ATI "K" Style Probe Campbell CR1000 Campbell CFM100 CR1000 Program for ATI SAT 'Declare Variables and Units PUBLIC ATI_K as STRING * 100 PUBLIC SAT(4) Units SAT=*ms-1/Deg C 'Define Data Tables DataTable(Table1,1,-1) DataInterval(0,100,mSec,10) CardOut(1, -1) Sample(4, SAT, FP2) ' Sample(1, ATI_K, string) 'If activate, raw strings will be recorded EndTable 'Main Program BeginProg SerialOpen (Com1, 9600, 0, 0, 500) 'The 3rd number corresponds to "Parity, Bits length, Flow ctrl" Scan(100,mSec,10,0) SerialIn(ATI_K, Com1,100,13,500) 'ASCII"13" is Carriage Return SplitStr(SAT,ATI_K," ",4,0) 'The last 0 corresponds to split by number CallTable(Table1) NextScan EndProg 36

47 2.2 CO2 H2O 2.2 CO 2 H 2 O Open-path CO 2 /H 2 O analyzer CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 mol-co 2 m 3 CO 2 ppm mol-co 2 mol-dry-air 1 CO WPL Webb et al Table CO 2 Table H 2 O H 2 O mol-h 2 O m 3 Kohsiek 2000 CO 2 H 2 O CO 2 CO 2 cross-sensitivity Kohsiek 2000 LI-7500 LI-COR, Inc. LI-COR 2004 E-009 OP-2 ADC BioScientific Ltd. Leuning and King 1992 Leuning and Judd 1996 E-009 E-009 E-009 OP-2 Kohsiek

48 ver Table CO 2 * cm kg LI-7500 LI-COR 12.5cm φ H V RS-232C SDM ** E-009 *** 20cm φ H V OP-2 ADC 20cm 4 * φ H V ** Campbell *** LI-7500 Appendix Tips! 3 6 Web Tips E LI-COR LI-7500 LI LI SAT 2 SAT 2 Photo SAT SAT 38

49 2.2 CO2 H2O CO 2 SAT Tips! SAT Photo2.2-1 Campbell Campbell 2006 Figure 3 p. 5 Tips Photo LI-7500 SAT DA-600 SAT LI-7500 DA-600 LI-7500 Campbell Scientific, Inc. SAT Campbell 2006 SAT Appendix SAT 15 20cm 30cm 39

50 ver cm 30cm SAT SAT cm cm SAT SAT SAT LI-COR 2004 Tips! LI-7500 LI-COR 2004 Campbell 2006 crosscover Nu-Rail fitting Photo2.2-1 U Tips

51 2.2 CO2 H2O LI-7500 Burba et al Appendix SAT LI Appendix SAT Appendix LI-7500 Campbell SDM AGC Automatic Gain Control LI-7500 LI-COR SDM RS-232C SDM = / 0.1 SAT LI = LI-7500 SAT E-009 OP-2 SAT 41

52 ver LI-7500 SDM Diagnostic value Kimberly-Clark Corporation Appendix Pennzoil-Quaker State Company Rain-X 4 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 Appendix CO 2 CO 2 VAISALA, Oyj. HMP45 H 2 O CO 2 Serrano-Ortiz et al CO 2 mol-co 2 m 3 ppm Appendix CO 2 LI

53 2.2 CO2 H2O E-009 OP kpa Table E-009 OP LI Appendix LI-7500 LI-7500 H 2 O E-009 OP-2 V(mol-CO 2 m 3 ) 1 ppm mol-co 2 m 3 V 1 CO 2 CO ppm ppm 3 3 CO ppm ppm 2 H 2 O H 2 O Air Tips! CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 N 2 Air CO 2 Tips CO 2 H 2 O 43

54 ver LI-COR 2003 LI-COR 2003 CO 2 H 2 O 0.1MPa = 1.1kgfcm 2 15psi 2 6mm 1/4inch H 2 O 1Lmin 1 0.1Lmin 1 H 2 O LI-COR LI-610 LI-610 LI LI-7500 LI7500.exe LI-7500 Serial VAISALA PTB210 2 LI Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step LI

55 2.2 CO2 H2O CO 2 CO 2 AGC AGC AGC AGC H 2 O AGC Lmin 1 CO H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O 1 3 H 2 O 3 5 LI-7500 ppm Cooler Voltage Step 2 LI-7500 CO 2 H 2 O 2 LI-COR Rain-X Step 1 Step 1 LI-7500 CO 2 H 2 O 1 CO 2 H 2 O LI % 45

56 ver ppm CO 2 H 2 O LI % ppm Step 2 Step 2 LI-7500 LI-COR Section 4. Calibration H 2 O CO 2 LI-7500 H 2 O CO 2 H 2 O 3 5 LI-7500 H 2 O CO ppm ppm LI-7500 CO 2 Step 2 Z S Step 2 H 2 O CO 2 H 2 O CO 2 H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O Step 3 Step 3 Step 2 Step 1 Step 3 Step 1 CO 2 H 2 O 1 Step 2 LI-7500 CO 2 1ppm H 2 O Step 2 LI ppm Step 2 Step 3 350ppm LI ppm LI-7500 CO 2 2 4ppm H 2 O Step 2 Step 3 3 E-009 OP-2 E-009 OP-2 LI-7500 Step 1 46

57 2.2 CO2 H2O Step 1 LI kpa Miyata and Mano 2002 LI-7500 E Lmin 1 OP-2 CO 2 H 2 O OP-2 ADC 2003 H 2 O 3 H 2 O CO 2 CO CO 2 H 2 O 4 Appendix

58 ver Tips! Tips H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O CO H 2 O CO 2 H 2 O CO 2 IRGA IRGA Infra-Red Gas Analyzer H 2 O IRGA H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O IRGA H 2 O CO Hz 48

59 2.2 CO2 H2O H 2 O IRGA IRGA H 2 O CO 2 H 2 O IRGA H 2 O 1 IRGA CO CO 2 2 H 2 O Lyman-alpha Krypton Lyman-alpha Krypton H 2 O cm IRGA H 2 O Campbell KH20 1cm IRGA H 2 O cross-sensitivity van Dijk et al Campbell KH CO 2 IRGA H 2 O IRGA CO 2 3 H 2 O SAT 49

60 ver μm H 2 O SAT Tsukamoto 1986 H 2 O SAT 2.1 SAT H 2 O H 2 O 25 50μm H 2 O 2005 H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O Appendix SAT H H op H = H - H op CO 2 Harazono et al H CO 2 Hirata et al Grelle and Burba 2007 Ono et al Appendix H LI-7500 Burba et al

61 2.2 CO2 H2O Heusinkveld et al Burba et al Heusinkveld et al SAT AsiaFlux Workshop 2009 Barriers in Flux Measurements Burba 2009 Burba et al Ono et al H Amiro 2010 CO 2 Burba et al % Burba et al Burba et al Mkhabela et al Amiro H H H op CO 2 H H op Grelle and Burba 2007 LI mm H op CO 2 LI-COR LI-6262 CO 2 H H LI-COR LI-7500 LI-7500A LI-7500A 5 30 LI-COR 2011a 51

62 ver W 8 W Campbell SAT CSAT3 EC150 EC W SAT CSAT3 6cm CO 2 Appendix EC150 CO 2 H H Webb et al Clement et al LI-COR LI-7500A PVC LI-7200 LI-7200 H CO 2 LI-7200 LI-7500A Nakai et al CO 2 Webb et al Lee and Massman 2011 H 2 O LI % LI-COR 2011b Campbell LI-7200 EC CO 2 52

63 2.2 Appendix Appendix 2.2-1: LI-7500 LI-COR LI-COR LI LI-COR Web 1 LI-7500 Control Box LI-7500 Instrument Embedded Software LI7500.exe Ver Ver Rev H/B-0282 LI H/B-0282 LI-7500 LI-COR LI LI-7500 Ver LI-COR firmware Ver H/B-0370 LI H/B-0370 LI LI-7500 LI-COR LI-7500 Rev. 4 LI-COR 2004 pp Appendix 2.2-2: CO 2 Moore 1986 Massman 2000 Watanabe et al. 53

64 ver Appendix 2.2-3: CO 2 Webb et al H op H op SAT H ΔH = H op - H Burba et al Ono et al H ΔH H ΔH Burba et al ΔH LI-7500 Burba et al Heusinkveld et al Appendix 2.2-4: CO 2 20cm 20cm CO 2 20cm CO 2 Appendix 2.2-5: CO 2 LI-7500 CO 2 H 2 O Serrano-Ortiz et al Serrano-Ortiz et al CO 2 H 2 O CO 2 Serrano-Ortiz et al LI-7500 Appendix 2.2-6: CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 ρ kgm -3 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 ρ kgm -3 ρ kgm -3 c c d 54

65 2.2 Appendix CO 2 ρc m = ρ m d c d pc A2.2-1 ( p - e) m CO 2 kgmol 1 m kgmol 1 p Pa e c d Pa p c CO 2 Pa CO 2 ρ μmol mol 1 P cc c = ρ P 10 cc 6 Appendix 2.2-7: Giasson et al Haslwanter et al Giasson et al CO 2 Amiro 2010 Ono et al H body H op H op /H body 55

66 ver CO 2 Closed-path CO 2 analyzer CO 2 CO 2 Leuning and Moncrieff 1990 Leuning and King 1992 Suyker and Verma 1993 CO 2 CO 2 CO CO 2 H 2 O LI-7500 LI-COR, Inc. AsiaFlux CO CO 2 CO 2 H 2 O CO 2 1 Fig CO 2 Photo CO 2 Fig CO 2 LI-COR LI-6262 LI7000 Fig H 2 O 56

67 2.3 CO 2 CO 2 LI Lmin 1 LI-6262 LI-COR LI-7000 Unlimited 2.0Lmin 1 Suyker and Verma 1993 Tips Branch Sample Air Inlet P-2 Port By Choice FM-1 Branch port Pump Silica gel Bottle Dehumidified Air Solenoid Valve Manual Valve P-1 Inside the Main Case Control Line Pump AF-1 Air Dryer SV-1 NO COM NC FM-2 Flow Meter Air Filter Exhaust LI-6262/LI-7000 IRGA Sample cell Reference cell AF-2 MFC-1 2Lmin -1 SV-2 NO COM NC FM-3 StdGas Zero StdGas Span Pump P-3 AF-3 De-CO 2/desiccant assembly MFC-2 20mLmin -1 ZEN N 2 Programmable Sequence Controller Fig CO 2 Ohtani et al.,

68 ver Photo Fig CO 2 Tips! CO 2 LI-COR 1μm PTFE LI-COR Tips Tips! H 2 O WPL LI-7000 Tips CO 2 LI CO 2 H 2 O CO 2 CO 2 LI-6262 LI-COR CO 2 2 Fig CO 2 20mLmin 1 58

69 2.3 CO 2 LI-6262 LI-COR LI-6262 CO 2 H 2 O LI-6262 CO 2 H 2 O LI-6262 LI-COR LI-7000 LI-6262 CO 2 H 2 O LI-7000 LI-7000 LI-COR Tips! Tips Fig Fig COM NO NC COM NO COM NC COM NO NC 2 2 COM NO NC NO CO

70 ver Tips! CO2 Cv CKD NO NC CKD SMC Tips DC DC DC 60

71 2.3 CO 2 Tips! 1 KNF Neuberger GmbH Gast Manufacturing, Inc. Tips Tips! Swagelok Company Tips CO 2 m 50m PTFE Thermoplastic Processes, Inc. 61

72 ver Bev-A-Line CO 2 PTFE 4 8mm PTFE PTFE PTFE Tips! PISCO Swagelok Tips Tips! PTFE 6mm 8mm PTFE 50m 100m 53 47m PFA Tips

73 2.3 CO 2 Tips! Tips ISO JIS PT ANSI NPT Tips Tips! Tips Tips! Tips Nafion DuPont PermaPure dryer 63

74 ver MD 2 5 CKD HD-0.5 CO 2 CO 2 H 2 O CO 2 CO 2 Tips! CO 2 Tips CO 2 ON OFF Campbell Scientific, Inc. 64

75 2.3 CO 2 CR1000 CR3000 Campbell ON 5V 1 Tips! CO 2 Suyker and Verma, 1993 Tips Tips! Photo CR1000 Fig CR Basic 1 C1 11:50 12:00 23:50 24:00 10 C1 ON ON Tips CR-Basic for CR1000 'Main Program BeginProg If IfTime (710,1440,Min) Then PortSet (1,1 ) If IfTime (720,1440,Min) Then PortSet (1,0 ) If IfTime (1430,1440,Min) Then PortSet (1,1 ) If IfTime (1440,1440,Min) Then PortSet (1,0 ) EndProg Photo CR1000 Fig CRBasic 65

76 ver CO 2 CO 2 2 CO 2 CO 2 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 Tips! CO 2 CO 2 3MPa CO 2 Air balance CO 2 Pearman 1977 Pearman and Garratt 1975 Griffith 1982 Griffith et. al ) Tips Tips! H 2 O H 2 O CO 2 H 2 O LI-COR LI-610 LI-610 Tips

77 2.3 CO 2 9 LI-6262 RS-232C DAC 2 DAC 0 5V LI-6262 OFF 0 LI-7000 RS-232C USB DAC DAC DAC1 DAC 1 4 DAC1 DAC2 0 5V 5 +5V CO ppm 0 5V DAC3 DAC V V DAC LI Fig

78 ver Tips! CO 2 Swagelok Tips CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 Appendix Tips! CO 2 WPL WPL Suyker and Verma 1993 CO 2 WPL Grelle and Lindroth 1996 Tips

79 ver Appendix 2.3-1: Aubinet M. et al.(2000) Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology. Advances in Ecological Research, 30, Lenshow D. H. and Raupach M. R. (1991) The attenuation of fluctuations in scalar concentrations through sampling tubes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, D8, Leuning and Judd (1996) The relative merits of open- and closed-path analyzers for measurement of eddy fluxes, Global Change Biology, 2, Leuning R. and Moncrieff J. (1990) Eddy-covariance CO 2 flux measurements using Open- and Closed-path CO 2 analysers: Corrections for analyser water vapour sensitivity and damping of fluctuation in air sampling tubes. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 53, Massman W. (1991) The attenuation of concentration fluctuations in turbulent flow through a tube. Journal of Geophysical Research, D8, Monrcieff J. B., Massheder J. M., de Bruin H., Elbers J., Friborg T., Heusinkveld B., Kabat P., Scott S., Seogaard H., Verhoef A. (1997) A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide. Journal of Hydrology, , Philip J. R. (1963) The damping of a fluctuating concentration by continuous sampling through a tube. Australian Journal of Physics, 16, Suyker A. E. and Verma S. B. (1993) Eddy correlation measurement of CO 2 flux using a closed-path sensor: Theory and field tests against an open-path sensor. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 64, Yasuda Y. and Watanabe T. (2001) Comparative measurements of CO 2 flux over a forest using closed-path and open-path CO 2 analysers, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 100,

80 ver CO 2 storage change CO 2 NEE Net Ecosystem CO 2 Exchange CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 NEE F c + F s zf ρ c = w' ρ c ' + dz t F c CO 2 mg m 2 s 1 F s CO 2 mg m 2 s 1 w ms 1 ρ c CO 2 mgm 3 t sec z m z f m CO 2 CO 2 Baldocchi et al CO 2 24 Baldocchi et al NEE Tips! NEE Lee 1998 Aubinet et al Aubinet et al Leuning et al Tips CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 1 CO 2 70

81 2.4 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 Yang et al Yang et al CO 2 Fig Sample Air Inlet 1 Sample Air Inlet 2 Sample Air Inlet n Air Inlet Branch Sample Air P P-1 Silencer P P-2 P P-n Silencer Silencer Pa Silica gel Bottle Port By Choice Silencer Reference gas Dehumidified Air Control Line COM NC Silencer NO SV-1 COM NC Silencer NO SV-2 COM NC Silencer NO SV-n Dehumidified Air Flow Meter Filter Manual Valve Programmable Sequence Controller Dehumidifier NO COM NC NO NO COM Solenoid Valve NC Synchronize COM SV-a NC P Pa PLi Pump Data logger NO RV Regulator Valve Data IRGA LI-6262 / LI-7000 Sample cell Reference cell MFC-1 2Lmin -1 COM SV-b MFC; Mass Flow Controller NC RV RV StdGas Zero StdGas Span PLi De-CO2/desiccant assembly MFC-2 20mLmin -1 RV N 2 Fig CO 2 1. CO 2 Fig

82 ver CO 2 Fig Fig Fig Tips photo 2.4-1~2.4-3 PTFE CO

83 2.4 SV-1 SV-2 SV-n 2.3 CO CO CO 2 SV-a SV-b CO Mpa 0.1MPa 25MPa 0.2MPa 73

84 ver CO 2 30cm Tips! Photo Photo Photo Tips Photo

85 2.4 Photo Photo Fig P-1 P-n SV-1 SV-n On Off 2. Fig SV-a SV-b On Off Fig On 75

86 ver hh:mi(p1, SV1, P2, SV2, P3, SV3, P4, SV4, P5, SV5, SVa, SVb) hh:mi(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) (0/1:off/on) Pn(n=1 5) SVn (n=1 5,a,b), ( ) hh:mi(p1, SV1, P2, SV2, P3, SV3, P4, SV4, P5, SV5, SVa, SVb) hh:00( 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) Sample1 hh:02( 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) Sample2 hh:04( 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) Sample3 hh:06( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0) Sample4 hh:08( 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0) Sample5 hh:10( 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) Sample1 hh:12( 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) Sample2 hh:mi( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0) hh:mi( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1) Fig Fig CO 2 Campbell Scientific, Inc. CR1000 CO 2 CO

87 2.4 Xu et al CO 2 6 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 Finnigan Finnigan 2006 Badocchi et al CO 2 Yang et al Tips! CO 2 F s z n ρ Δρ = f c ci Fs dz = 0 t Δt i= 1 f Δz i Δt f Δ ρ ci i CO 2 Δz i i n Tips

88 ver Relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) method VOC 10Hz SAT w GC Businger and Oncley 1990 Relaxed eddy accumulation method REA REA 2 w Δρ g mgm 3 w σ w ms 1 b F c mgm 2 s 1 REA REA True eddy accumulation method w w + w ρ g mgm 2 s 1 Komori et al F g mgm 2 s 1 + F = w ρ + w ρ g g g REA REA F g F g = b σ w Δρ g Δρ g σ w w b b 78

89 2.5 b b b w' T ' = bσ ( T + + T ) w REA T + T w K b b = σ w w' T ' ( T + T ) REA SAT Campbell Scientific, Inc. CR1000 PC SAT Photo w Fig w 0.2Lmin 1 4Lmin 1 VOC CR1000 w w Photo w Hz 空気取り入れ口 w REA REA 電磁弁 PTFE Photo REA SAT 79

90 ver VOC 6mm Photo PTFE MFC w MFC VOC w SAT SAT MFC w Fig REA MFC VOC w Fig REA VOC Photo CR1000 REA Photo VOC 1) SAT w 2) w 3) 80

91 2.5 4) w 5) b GC-FID CO 2 CO VOC VOC GC-ECD N 2 O N 2 O 310ppb N 2 O 2 GC-ECD CH 3 Br GC-ECD GC-MS REA VOC GC-MS 81

92 ver GC-FID PTR-MS GC-MS VOC REA 1 w disjunct eddy covariance method DEC Rinne et al DEC vdec virtual disjunct eddy covariance mothod Karl 2002 IMR-MS PTR-MS PTR-MS IMR-MS Hg Xe Kr PTR-MS PTR-MS TDLS km Los Gatos Research, Inc. 408ml Picarro Inc. G2311-f cavity ring down spectroscopy CRDS H 2 O CO 2 430nm 82

93 2.5 NO REA SAT Tips! Campbell CR VDC SW12V mA C1 C8 I/O 3.5V 2.0mA CR1000 Tips

94 ver Data Logger 10Hz w CSV 2 MO Table V 0 5V 0 5V Table A/D CR3000 Campbell μv (±5 V) 40 Hz CF USB CR1000 Campbell 667 μv (±5 V) 10 Hz CF USB es8 16 bit (±5 V) 5 khz CF USB NR bit (±5 V) 10 Hz CF USB MEMORY HiLOGGER LR μv (±10 V) 10 Hz CF USB ZR-RX20/40A 16 bit (±5 V) 10 Hz USB 84

95 2.6 Tips! AD 0.005ms 1 30ms 1 1V 166.7μV 166.7μV Tips Campbell Scientific, Inc. CR1000 CR3000 RS-232C RS-422 SDI-12 Serial Data Interface at 1200 baud rate RS-232C 10m RS Mbps 1.2km RS-232C CR1000 CR3000 SDI RS-232C AD RS-232C 2008 RS-232C USB-RS232C RS-232C CSV Comma Separated Values HTTP FTP AC 85

96 ver Noise check and reduction Hz Hz 1) 2) 3) AC 3 LAN 1 AC 10Hz AC 86

97 2.7 1 LAN 10Hz 50Hz 60Hz Photo Hz Photo LAN CPU 3 Photo Photo UPS DC 87

98 ver Photo Photo ) 2) 1 2 3) 4) 5) 6) Tips! Tips

99 2 2 SDI-12: Aubinet M., Grelle A., Ibrom A., Rannik Ü., Moncrieff J., Foken T., Kowalski A. S., Martin P. H., Berbigier P., Bernhofer C., Clement R., Elbers J., Granier A., Grünwald T., Morgenstern K., Pilegaard K., Rebmann C., Snijders W., Valentini R. and Vesala T. (2000) Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology, Advances in Ecological Research, 30: Businger J. A. and Oncley S. P. (1990) Flux measurement with conditional sampling, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 7: Hamotani K., Uchida Y., Monji N. and Miyata A. (1996) A system of the relaxed eddy accumulation method to evaluate CO 2 flux over plant canopies, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 52: Lenshow D. H. and Raupach M. R. (1991) The attenuation of fluctuations in scalar concentrations through sampling tubes, Journal of Geophysical Research, 96(D8): Leuning R. and Judd M. D. (1996) The relative merits of open- and closed-path analyzers for measurement of eddy fluxes, Global Change Biology, 2: Leuning R. and Moncrieff J. (1990) Eddy-covariance CO 2 flux measurements using Open- and Closed-path CO 2 analysers: Corrections for analyser water vapour sensitivity and damping of fluctuation in air sampling tubes, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 53: Massman W. (1991) The attenuation of concentration fluctuations in turbulent flow through a tube, Journal of Geophysical Research, 96(D8): Monrcieff J. B., Massheder J. M., de Bruin H., Elbers J., Friborg T., Heusinkveld B., Kabat P., Scott S., Seogaard H. and Verhoef A. (1997) A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide, Journal of Hydrology, : Philip J. R. (1963) The damping of a fluctuating concentration by continuous sampling through a tube, Australian Journal of Physics, 16: Suyker A. E. and Verma S. B. (1993) Eddy correlation measurement of CO 2 flux using a closed-path sensor: Theory and field tests against an open-path sensor, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 64: Yasuda Y. and Watanabe T. (2001) Comparative measurements of CO 2 flux over a forest using closed-path and open-path CO 2 analyzers, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 100:

100 ver SAT Applied Technologies Inc., US "K" Style Probe Gill Instruments Ltd., UK WindMaster, R3, HS R. M. Young Company, US Model METEK Meteorologische Messtechnik GmbH, Germany USA-1 Campbell Scientific, Inc., US CSAT CO 2 H 2 O LI-COR, Inc., US LI-7500 ADC BioScientific Ltd., UK OP-2 Campbell Scientific, Inc., US KH CO 2 LI-COR, Inc., US LI-6262, LI CO 2 LI-COR, Inc., US LI-820, LI Campbell Scientific, Inc., US 16ch C-SDM-CD16AC Campbell Scientific Inc.,US 90

101 2 FSS-0306YN Ionicon Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.h., Germany V&F Analyse- und Messtechnik GmbH, Germany Los Gatos Research, Inc., US DLT-100 Picarro Inc., US G2311-f Campbell Scientific, Inc., US Hills-Scientific, US Campbell Scientific, Inc., US Campbell Scientific, Inc. MEMORY HiLOGGER LR NR es8 ZR-RX20/40A RS-232-to-RS-422/485 Moxa Inc., US TCC-80 RS-232-to-USB USB-RSAQ5 REX-USB60F

102 ver

103 2 1) [2.2] 2) [2.3] 3) Swagelok Company, US [2.3] 4) PTFE [2.3] 5) [2.3] 6) [2.3] 7) Millipore Corporation, US [2.3] 8) PTFE [2.3] 9) [2.3] 10) [2.3] 11) CKD [2.3] 12). [2.3] 13) [2.3] 14) Perma Pure LLC, US [2.3] 15) [2.3] 16) KNF Neuberger GmbH, Germany [2.3] 17) Gast Manufacturing, Inc., US [2.3] 18) ZEN [2.3] 19) SDM-CD16AC Campbell Scientific, Inc. US [2.3] 20) Swagelok Company, US [2.4] 21) 3 [2.5] 93

104 ver

105

106 ver Radiation 0K 4 Stefan-Boltzmann 5,800K 0.5μm μm 99% 300K 10μm 3 100μm μm μm ISO 1999a Table Photo ISO ISO1 2 96

107 3.1 Table ISO [mv(kwm -2 ) 1 ] [nm] MS ~ 2800 PSP EPPLEY ~ 2800 CMP 21 Kipp & Zonen 7 ~ ~ 2800 MS ~ SR-11 Hukseflux ~ CMP 6 Kipp & Zonen 5 ~ ~ MS ~ LP02 Hukseflux ~ CMP 3 Kipp & Zonen 5 ~ ~ ML020VM ~ SP Lite2 Kipp & Zonen 60 ~ ~ PCM ~ Photo MS-402 CMP 6 Kipp & Zonen B. V. MS-56 CHP 1 Kipp & Zonen B.V. NIP THE EPPLEY LABORATORY, INC. STR-21 Kipp & Zonen SOLYS 2 EPPLEY SMT-3 Photo Photo MS-56 STR-21 97

108 ver PSB-100 Kipp & Zonen CM 121B EPPLEY SBS Kipp & Zonen SOLYS 2 STR-22 Photo Photo SOLYS 2 Kipp & Zonen B. V. STR-22 Tips! WMO WMO 5 1 Tips mV(kWm 2 ) 1 Tips! 0.01mV Tips

109 3.1 Appendix μm Stefan-Boltzmann R d Wm 2 R ΔE = + σ k 4 d T b ΔE mv k mv(wm 2 ) 1 σ Stefan-Boltzmann Wm 2 K 4 T b K Albrecht et al R d 4 4 ( T T ) ΔE 4 = + σ Tb + kdσ b d k k d T d K R ΔE k ( + k σ T ) + k σt + k ( T ) d = 1 1 b 2 b 3σ b Td k 1 k 2 k 3 Table Photo

110 ver Table [mv(kwm 2 ) 1 ] [nm] [Wm 2 ] [% C 1 ] MS ,000 ~ 50, PIR EPPLEY 4 3,500 ~ 50, ~ 40 C CGR 4 Kipp & Zonen 5 ~ 10 4,500 ~ 42, ~ 50 C CGR 3 Kipp & Zonen 5 7 4,500 ~ 42, ~ 40 C Photo CGR 4 Kipp & Zonen B. V. EPPLEY PIR Tips! PIR IRI K02 NEC Avio Tips

111 Table Photo MF-11 Q*7 Radiation and Energy Balance Systems, Inc., REBS NR Lite2 Kipp & Zonen Table [μm] MF ~ 30 NR Lite2 Kipp & Zonen 0.2 ~ 100 Q*7 REBS 0.25 ~ 60 Photo NR Lite2 Kipp & Zonen B. V. MF

112 ver Tips! Tips Table Photo Table [μm] MR ~ ~ 50 CNR 1 Kipp & Zonen ~ ~ 42 CNR 2 Kipp & Zonen ~ ~ 42 CNR 4 Kipp & Zonen ~ ~ 42 NR01 Hukseflux ~ ~ 50 Photo CNR 4 Kipp & Zonen B. V. MR

113 3.1 4 R net = S S + L L R net Wm 2 S Wm 2 S Wm 2 L Wm 2 L Wm PAR nm PPFD μmolm 2 s 1 Wm 2 Appendix nm MS nm MS-700 PC I/O Campbell Scientific, Inc. CR1000 NDVI Table Photo World Radiometric Reference WRR 103

114 ver Table LI-190SA ML-020P IKS-27 PQS 1 PAR-01 SKP215 LI-COR Kipp & Zonen Skye Photo LI-190 LI-COR ML020P Absorbed PAR APAR μmolm 2 s 1 PAR PAR above μmolm 2 s 1 PAR PAR above μmolm 2 s 1 APAR APAR = PAR PAR above above PAR below μmolm 2 s 1 PAR below μmolm 2 s 1 ( PAR PAR ) ( PAR ) APAR = PAR above PAR below LI-190SA LI-COR, above below below 104

115 3.1 Inc.) ML-020P LI-190SA 1) 1kΩ 0.1% Fig ) RG58A/U 3) BNC Photo ) resistance (+) Logger ( ) Logger Fig LI-190 Photo LI-190 BNC Tips! LI-190 BNC BNC-R Photo Tips

116 ver Tips! LI-190 Tips Tips! Tips ML-020P 1) 2) Tips! Tips

117 3.1 Appendix Appendix 3.1-1: Ω h Ω = [ cos( ωj ) cos(2ωJ ) cos(3ωj ) cos(4ωj ) sin( ωj ) sin(2ωj ) sin(3ωJ ) sin(4ωJ A3.1-1 ω = 2 /365 or 2 /366 J J = )] ζ a ( s + ) + γ 0 ς a = 15 t 12 e γ A3.1-2 t s h γ γ 0 δ δ= 0 δ= δ = δ = cos( ωj ) cos(2ωj ) cos(3ωJ ) sin( ωj ) sin( ωj ) sin(3ωJ ) A t a h ( γ γ 0) t a = 12 Ω A β φ cosβ = sinϕ sinδ + cosϕ cosδ cosς A3.1-5 a ζ s sinς = sinϕ sinδ + cosϕ cosδ cosς A3.1-6 s a 107

118 ver Appendix 3.1-2: FQ λ mol m 2 s 1 FE λ Wm 2 A3.1-7 FE λ FQ = λ A3.1-7) λ A h cl λ m A mol 1 h Js c l ms 1 PAR F mol m 2 s 1 Q λ F E λ Wm 2 A3.1-8 F Q = λf dλ A E λ PAR McCree 1972 α A3.1-9 F Q = α F E A

119 Wind direction/wind speed (Wind velocity) 1) 2 3 2)

120 ver ms 1 50m 10m AMeDAS 6m Photo Photo

121 3.2 Tips! D D D ' ' Δϕ 7.672' Δγ ' Δϕ 0.320ΔϕΔγ Δγ = o Δϕ = ϕ 37 o N Δγ = γ 138 o E φ γ Tips X Y 0ms mV Photo Fig

122 ver ピピピ管風風 y = x R = 風風風風風 Photo Fig Tips! u ms 1 dp = 1/2 ρu 2 dp Pa ρ kgm 3 Tips Tips! Tips ) N NNE Fig

123 calm 00 2) 北 N 01 北北北 NNE 02 北北 NE 03 北北北 ENE 04 北 E 05 北東北 ESE 06 東北 SE 07 東東北 SSE 08 東 S 09 東東南 SSW 10 東南 SW 11 南東南 WSW 12 南 W 13 南北南 WNW 14 北南 NW 15 北北南 NNW 北 N 北北 NE 北 E 東北 SE 東 S 東南 SW 南 W 北南 NW Fig

124 ver Air temperature K Appendix Table Table Onset Computer Corporation HOBO Photo

125 3.3 Photo Onset HOBO Photo T&D Photo Tips! Tips Pt Ω 3 4 Photo Photo Vaisala HMP45D HMP45D HMP

126 ver Tips! Pt R 100 Ω 0 R 0 Ω R 100 / R IEC 1989 JIS IEC 1989 JIS R 100 / R 0 = JPt100 Tips Fig T Photo mm 13μm 温度検出端熱電対用コネクタ銅線補償導線コンスタンタン線 + - 電圧計 冷接点 Fig データロガー 116

127 3.3 Photo Tips! 1999b Tips ms 1 Photo m WMO m

128 ver Photo Tips! Tips Tips! Tips

129 3.3 Appendix 3.3-1: C T K C = T T = C C F F 5 C = F 9 ( 32) 9 F = C

130 ver Humidity Appendix Vaisala, Oyj. HMP45 Photo3.4-1 HMP HMP % 120

131 3.4 Photo3.4-1 HMP45D Pt CO 2 H 2 O 2.3 CO 2 2cm 50% HMP45 121

132 ver Tips! 500ml Tips Tips! HMP Tips Appendix HMP45 122

133 3.4 Appendix 3.4-1: e Pa Sprung 1) e s Pa Goff-Gratch 2) e d Pa e s e ɸ r % q kgkg 1 e e s x 1 + x or ε e p ( 1 ε ) e 1kg ɛ x kgkg 1 ε e or p e q 1 q 1kg ɛ ɸ a kgm 3 ɸ p % C dp e T 100 x x s ( ) 3) 1988 x s 1) e = e s j ( C C ) d 755 W p C d C W p Pa e s C W Pa j ) log 10 e s T = T a log 3 10 T Ta 10 T T a Ta T1 123

134 ver T 1 T 1 T a log10 e s = log Ta Ta T1 T a K T K 3) C dp = c 2 e ln e ln c c 1 c 2 c 1 = c 2 =237.3 c 1 = c 2 =265.5 Appendix 3.4-2: KNO KCl NaCl MgCl 2 6H 2 O % JIS Z 8806:

135 Soil temperature and soil heat flux Photo Photo Photo L Campbell Photo C-HPT-5-JM T mm 125

136 ver Photo Photo IR-SA T s K Photo Photo

137 3.5 Tips! Tips Tips! Tips Tips! Tips Wm 2 Photo mv mv(wm 2 ) 1 127

138 ver mm Photo PHF-100 Photo MF-180M ) Photo cm Photo 熱流板埋設の様子 ( 川越森林気象試験地 ) 3.5-1) Fig Q i 1 = = Qi + Qb = n C v i Δz d i ΔT s i + Q b Q Wm 2 C v Jm 3 1 z d m T s Q b i i 128

139 3.5 温度 土壌水分センサ 地中熱流板 ( 組み合わせ法の場合 ) Fig

140 ver Soil moisture θ m 3 m 3 Ψ Pa Jm 3 Nm 2 Pa Jkg 1 m 1 s 2 m 1m 9.86hPa kgkg 1 S a m 3 m = V r r θ r W W V + V s s + V a = V r W + V s + V a r Θ = S V r a = Vr + Va r s a V W Campbell Scientific Inc. CS616-L Fig TDR Time Domain Reflectrometry TDR Decagon Devices, Inc. EC-5 Photo cm 1m 130

141 3.6 Photo Fig TDR CS616-L Campbell Scientific Inc. Photo EC-5 Decagon Devices, Inc. Photo DIK m cm 131

142 ver Photo Photo EC c2 Ψ ( = c θ θ 1 ) sat θ sat m 3 m 3 c 1 c 2 132

143 cc 400cc 105 g cm 3 133

144 ver Precipitation / Snow Water Equivalent (SWE)), Snow survey (Snow depth, Snow weight) mm Photo Photo

145 Tips! 1 Tips

146 ver Tips! 2m cm Tips AMeDAS Photo Photo

147

148 ver Water level, Water temperature, Irrigation and drainage

149 m 1 139

150 ver Photo Photo Tips! Tips

151 Lmin 1 Photo JIS JISK0094: Photo

152 ver Photo Photo

153 Data Logger 2 1 Campbell Scientific Inc. CR800 CR1000 CADAC2 CADAC21 CADAC2 GL-220 GL-820 CR1000 CADAC21 GL-820 CR1000 1Hz 0.6mA 4MB CF CFM100 CF RS-232C PC CRBasic CADAC A MODEL 9220A 9223A RS-232C PC 8MB PC PC 80 GL ch

154 ver LR5041 LR5042 LR5043 LR LR5011 LR5001 PC Tips! PAR mV 0.01mV Tips PAR 0 10mV LI-COR, Inc. LI-190B 0 10mV μmolm 2 s 1 1mV 300μmol m 2 s mV 144

155 3 3 AsiaFlux (2003), 116pp,. (1994), 348pp,. JIS Z 8806 (2001),. (1988), 332pp,. (1997), 345pp,. (1991), 244pp,. (1999), 284pp,. (2003), 319pp,. (1996) 185, 155pp,. (2001) 199, 242pp,. (1987) -, 285pp,.,,,,, (1986), 742pp,.. 145

156 ver MS-802 MS-402 MS-601 ML020VM Hukseflux Thermal Sensors B.V., The Netherlands SR11 LP02 Kipp & Zonen B.V., The Netherlands CMP 21 CMP 6 CMP 3 SP Lite2 PCM-01 THE EPPLEY LABORATORY, INC., US PSP MS-56 MS-101D THE EPPLEY LABORATORY, INC., US NIP Kipp & Zonen B.V., The Netherlands CH 1 CHP 1 ) STR-21 STR-22 THE EPPLEY LABORATORY, INC., US SMT-3 ST-1 ST-3 Kipp & Zonen B.V., The Netherlands SOLYS 2 2AP ASTX-2 Kipp & Zonen B.V., The Netherlands CM 121B CM 121C SOLYS 2 2AP PSB-100 PRB THE EPPLEY LABORATORY, INC., US SBS SDK MS THE EPPLEY LABORATORY, INC., US PIR Kipp & Zonen B.V., The Netherlands CGR 3 CGR MF-11 MR-60 Hukseflux Thermal Sensors B.V., The Netherlands NR01 Kipp & Zonen B.V., The Netherlands NR Lite2 CNR 1 CNR 2 CNR 4 Radiation and Energy Balance Systems, Inc, US Q*7 Campbell Scientific, Inc., US Q7.1 MS

157 3 ASD Inc., US FieldSpec Handheld2 THE EPPLEY LABORATORY, INC., US PSP LI-COR, Inc., US LI ML-020P Kipp & Zonen B.V., The Netherlands PAR Lite PQS 1 IKS-27 PAR-01 Skye Instruments Ltd, UK SKP R. M. Young Company, US Model Microvane & 3-Cup Anemometer Model Wind Monitor VR536 A802 Windspeed Limited trading as Vector Instruments, UK W200P AF750 A702 Windspeed Limited trading as Vector Instruments, UK W100 R. M. Young Company, US Model Ultrasonic Anemometer Vaisala Oyj, Finland WMT700 WINDCAP Gill Instruments Ltd., UK WindSonic Setra Systems, Inc., US Model Vaisala Oyj, Finland HMP45A HMP45D HMP45D 4 HMP45A 0 1V HMP

158 ver.1.1 HMP Grant Instruments (Cambridge) Ltd, UK CS-U-VL Ct ttp:// Campbell Scientific 107-L Onset Computer Corporation, US HOBO HOBO U12 Pt D717 C-IRR-P NEC Avio CPR-AS-1 PFH-01 MH SX-10R CB PFH-01 CPR-AS-1/2 MH E Vaisala Oyj, Finland HMP45A HMP45D PTFE 90% mm 40mm 240mm 279mm

159 3 HMP-155 LI-COR, Inc., US LI-840 LI-7000 LI Onset Computer Corporation, US S-TMA Campbell Scientific, Inc., US 107-L) C-HPT-5-JM IR-SAB PHF-100 MF-180M Decagon Devices, Inc., US EC-5 Campbell Scientific, Inc., US CS616-L Time Domain Reflectrometry Stevens Water Monitoring Systems, Inc., US Hydra Probe Soil Moisture and Salinity Sensor Amplitude Domain Reflectrometry Delta-T Devices Ltd, UK ML2x Sentek Pty Ltd, Australia EnviroSCAN DIK UNSUC CSK-5500EL UIZ-SMT WB Onset Computer Corporation, US HOBO Data Logging Rain Gauge RG-3n SDM-301s 149

160 ver.1.1 SL-370 Campbell Scientific, (Canada) Corp., Canada SR-50A MN-301s UD General Electric Company, US PDCR/PTX 1730/ Unidata Pty Ltd, Australia Model: 6521 series Trutrack CSTS MIJ-09K PF ) TEL: Campbell Scientific, Inc., US CR1000 CR800 CADAC2 CADAC21 CADAC ZR-RX40A TR-7U RF-3 VR-71 Onset Computer Corporation, US Temperature/Relative Humidity Data Logger HOBO U23 Pro v2 RS-232-to-RS-422/485 Moxa Inc., US Transio A52/53 RS-232-to-USB USB - RS-232C USB-RSAQ

161 3 USB REX-USB60F Dual Core CPU PC 151

162 ver SG-GV [3.1] 2. CN226 [3.1] 3. BNC UG-89/U (40) [3.1] 4. RG58A/U [3.1] 5. 3K02 NECAvio [3.1] 6. PC510 [3.1] , 500ml [3.1] 8. [3.5, 3.6] 9. S cm [3.1] mm 19mm 10m [3.1, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6] 11. RNS1/8YCT52A1001B 0.1% 1k [3.1] PMA AG., Switzerland [3.5] [3.5] 14. PS [3.3] [3.6] g [3.1, 3.5] 17. NO.2, 0.5mm 19mm 10m [3.1, 3.3, 3.4] g [3.5] 19. RPST-20 [3.5, 3.6] 20. Spiral wrap tubing Waytek, Inc, US [3.5, 3.6] [3.4] mm 250mm φ2.5 72mm [3.3] 152

163 153 3

164 ver.1.1 ADC (2003) OP-2 Open-path CO 2 /H 2 O Analyser Instruction Manual, ADC BioScientific Ltd., 25pp. (1996) E009B, 1, 13pp. Albrecht B., Poellot M. and Cox S. K. (1974) Pyrgeometer measurements from aircraft, Review of Scientific Instruments, 45: Amiro, B. (2010) Estimating annual carbon dioxide eddy fluxes using open-path analysers for cold forest sites, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 150: AsiaFlux (2003), CGER-M , 116pp,. Aubinet M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, Ch., Cescatti, A., Feigenwinter, C., Granier, A., Grünwald, Th., Havrankova, K., Heinesch, B., Longdoz, B., Marcolla, B., Montagnani, L. and Sedlak P., (2005) Comparing CO 2 storage and advection conditions at night at different CARBOEUROFLUX sites, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 116: Aubinet M., Grelle A., Ibrom A., Rannik U., Moncrieff J., Foken T., Kowalski A. S., Martin P. H., Berbigier P., Bernhofer C., Clement R., Elbers J. A., Granier A., Grünwald T., Morgenstern K., Pilegaard K., Rebmann C., Snijders W., Valentini R. and Vesala T. (2000) Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology, Advances in Ecological Research, 30: Aubinet M., Heinesch B. and Yernaux M. (2003) Horizontal and vertical advection in a sloping forest, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 108: Baldocchi D., Falge E., Gu L., Olson R., Hollinger D., Running S., Anthoni P., Bernhofer Ch., Davis K., Evans R., Fuentes J., Goldstein A., Katul G., Law B., Lee X., Malhi Y., Meyers T., Munger W., Oechel W., Paw K. T., Pilegaard K., Schmid H. P., Valentini R., Verma S., Vesala T., Wilson K. and Wofsy S. (2001) FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 82: Baldocchi D., Finnigan J., Wilson K., Paw U K. T. and Falge E (2000) On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex terrain, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 96: Baldocchi D., Valentini R., Running S., Oechel W. and Dahlman R. (1996) Strategies for measuring and modelling carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes over terrestrial ecosystems, Global Change Biology, 2(3): Burba, G. G., Anderson, D. J., Xu, L. and McDermitt, D. K. (2005) Solving the off-season uptake problem: correcting fluxes measured with the LI-7500 for the effects of instrument surface heating. Progress report of an ongoing study. PART 1: THEORY, Poster presentation, AmeriFlux 2005 Annual Meeting, Boulder, Colorado. Burba G. G., McDermitt D. K., Grelle A., Anderson D. J. and Xu L. (2008) Addressing the influence of instrument surface heat exchange on the measurements of CO 2 flux from open-path gas analyzers, Global Change Biology, 14:1-23. Businger J. A. and Oncley S. P. (1990) Flux measurement with conditional sampling, Journal of Atmospheric and 154

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171 A アボガドロ数 ( mol 1 ) APAR 植物キャノピーが吸収する放射量 [μmolm 2 s 1 ] b empirical coefficient in REA method c l 光速 ( ms 1 ) c s 音速 [ms 1 ] c t 本来の信号速度 [ms 1 ] C セルシウス度, 摂氏 [ C] C d C dp 乾球温度 [ C] 露点温度 [ C] C v 土壌の体積熱容量 [Jm 3 C 1 ] C W d dp 湿球温度 [ C] スパン長 [m] 全圧と静圧との差 ( ベルヌーイの定理 ) [Pa] D 年 1 月 1 日 0 時の磁気偏角 ( 年値 ) [ ] e 水蒸気圧 [Pa] e d e s ΔE 飽差 [Pa] 飽和水蒸気圧 [Pa] サーモパイルの出力電圧 [mv] F c CO 2 フラックス [mgm 2 s 1 ] F g vertical flux of a trace gas [mgm 2 s 1 ] F s CO 2 storage change [mgm 2 s 1 ] F E PAR 波長域で積分した放射束密度 [Wm 2 ] FE λ 単波長 λ の放射束密度 [Wm 2 ] F Q PAR 波長域で積分した光量子束密度 [molm 2 s 1 ] FQ λ 単波長 λ のモル光量子束密度 [molm 2 s 1 ] h プランク定数 ( Js) H SAT で測定した顕熱フラックス [Wm 2 ] H body 機器表面で生成された顕熱フラックス [Wm 2 ] H op オープンパスの測定パス内における顕熱フラックス [Wm 2 ] ΔH SAT で測定した顕熱フラックスとオープンパスの測定パス内の顕熱フラックスの差 : H H op [Wm 2 ] J 1 月 1 日からの積算日数 ( 実数 ) たとえば 1 月 1 日 12:00 は J = 0.5 k サーモパイルの感度 [mv(wm 2 ) 1 ] k d ドーム係数 L 上向き長波放射量 [Wm 2 ] 161

172 ver.1.1 L 下向き長波放射量 [Wm 2 ] m c CO 2 分子量 [kgmol 1 ] m d 乾燥空気の分子量 [kgmol 1 ] m W 水蒸気の分子量 [kgmol 1 ] n 測定高度数 p 大気圧 [Pa] p c CO 2 の分圧 [Pa] PAR above 植物キャノピーより上で測定された反射 PAR [μmolm 2 s 1 ] PAR below キャノピー下端での反射 PAR [μmolm 2 s 1 ] PAR above 植物キャノピーより上で測定された下向き PAR [μmolm 2 s 1 ] PAR below キャノピー下端での下向きの PAR [μmolm 2 s 1 ] q 比湿 [kgkg 1 ] Q 地中熱流量 [Wm 2 ] Q b 最下層土層の下面における地中熱流量 [Wm 2 ] R 0 R における抵抗値 [Ω] 100 における抵抗値 [Ω] R d ドームを通過する長波放射 [Wm 2 ] R net 正味放射量 [Wm 2 ] S 上向き短波放射量 ( 反射日射量 ) [Wm 2 ] S 下向き短波放射量 ( 全天日射量 ) [Wm 2 ] t 時間 [s] t 1, t 2 各々のセンサ間の信号伝播時間 [s] t a Δt f t s T 南中時刻 [h] フラックス平均化時間 [s] 標準時における時刻 [h] 絶対温度 [K] T 1 水の三重点温度 ( K) T a T b T d T s T v T vt 気温 [K] センサボディの温度 [K] ドームの温度 [K] 地温 [K] 音仮温度 [K] 本来の音仮温度 [K] u 風速 ( ベルヌーイの定理 ) [ms 1 ] v d パスに平行な風速成分の速度 [ms 1 ] v n パス間を垂直に横切る風 ( 横風 ) の速度 [ms 1 ] V a 気相の体積 [m 3 ] V r 液相の体積 [m 3 ] 162

173 V s 固相の体積 [m 3 ] w 鉛直風速 [ms 1 ] W r W s 液相の質量 [g] 固相の質量 [g] x 混合比 [kgkg 1 ] x s 飽和空気の混合比 [kgkg 1 ] z 高度 [m] z d z f 各土層の厚さ [m] フラックス測定高度 [m] β 天頂角 [ ] γ 経度 [ ] γ 0 子午線 [ ] δ 太陽赤緯 ( 日赤緯 ) [ ] ɛ 乾燥空気の分子量に対する水蒸気分子量の比 ζ a 時角 [ ] ζ s 太陽高度 [ ] η 飽和度 [m 3 m 3 ] θ 体積含水率 [m 3 m 3 ] θ sat 飽和体積含水率 [m 3 m 3 ] Θ 含水比 [kgkg 1 ] λ 波長 [m] ρ 空気の密度 ( ベルヌーイの定理 ) [kgm 3 ] ρ c CO 2 密度 [kgm 3 ] [mgm 3 ] ρ cc CO 2 [μmolmol 1 ] ρ d 乾燥空気密度 [kgm 3 ] ρ g 大気微量気体密度 [mgm 3 ] σ Stefan-Boltzmann 定数 ( Wm 2 K 4 ) σ w w の標準偏差 [ms 1 ] φ 緯度 [ ] Φ a 絶対湿度 [kgm 3 ] Φ c 比較湿度 ( 飽和度 ) [%] Φ p 相対湿度 [%] Χ ファーレンハイト度 ( 華氏 ) [F] Ψ マトリックポテンシャル [Pa] ω 2π/365 または 2π/366 Ω 均時差 [h] a, c 1, c 2, j, 定数 k 1, k 2, k 3, α 163

174 ver D-SAT 3 SAT... 27, , , 13, 14, 15, , , , , 32, 41, 63, 67, 84, 85, 88, , , IMR-MS , 143, , 138, 139, , 18, 19, 26, 56, 61, 64, 68, 78, 79, , , 28, 34, 35 CO , 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47,48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56 H 2 O CO H 2 O CO 2 IRGA... 48, , 41, 42, , 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, , 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 54, 66, 96, 100, , 34, , 100, , 45, , 83 GC-MS... 81, 82 GC-FID... 81, 82 GC-ECD , 13, 15, 32 REA... 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, , , , 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 81, 82, 97, 99, 100, 110 cross-sensitivity... 37, , , 8 VOC... 78, 79, 80, 81, , , 19, 20, 21, 104, , 84, , , 17, 30 CO , 41, 42, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59,60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, , PPFD PAR... 18, 19, 103, 104, 108, , 20, 134, , 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 59, 66, 71, 81, 96, 98, 99, 100, 106, 110, 111, 118, 120, 121, 122, 133, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, , 37, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 59, 64, 66, 71, 72, 73, 75, , 42, 46, 49, 53, , 56, 59, , , , , 42, 43, 44, 45, , 135, , , , 37, 42, 43, 47, 54, 55, 68, , 13, 14, 15, 87 SPD... 13, , 47, 50, 114, 115, 116, 125,

175 , 115, , 99, 100, , 74, , , , 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 86, 121, , 64, , 57, 59, 60, 63, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, , 115, 116, 117, , 86, 87, , , , , , , 19, 101, 102, , 9, , 3, 6, 16, , 57, 63, , 13, 14, 42, 86, 87, 88, , 138, 139, 140, 141, , 139, 140, 141, , 138, , , , 138, 139, , , 7, , 46, 59, 66, , 28, , 139, , WMO... 98, 110, , 103 WRR , , 43, 48, 49, 58, , , , 20, 106, 110, 120, 134, 135, 136, , , , , 13, , 44, 46, 59, , 40, 41, , 98, , 98 3D-SAT... 27, 28, 29, , 45, , 11, , 56, 58, 66, 67, 71, 72, 73, , 85, 139, , , 61, , , , , , , , , 19, 96, , , , 44, 45, 52, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 72, 73, 121, , 63, 67 SAT... 26, 165

176 ver , 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 78, 79, 80, 83, 109, 111, 112, , 28, 29, 34, , 28, 29, 33, 34, , 103, , 19, 99, 100, 101, , , 116, 117, 118, , , 16, 32, 59, 64, 65, 76, 79, 84, 85, 88, 103, 105, 114, 115, 116, 125, 127, 135, 143, , 32, 41, 63, 64, 67, 84, 85, 88, 111, 143 I/O... 83, , , , , 87, 96, , 60, 64, 65, 67, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 79, 80, , transducer transducer shadow... 28, , 19, 51, 54, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 117,125, 126, 128, , , 53, 96, , 97, 98, 99, 102, 103, , 50, 51, 52, 54, , 48, 49, 50, 51, 114, 115, 116, 117, 125, , 116, , 10, 14, 32, 41, 60, 85, 86, 87, 88, 98, 100, 114, 116, , , 142 PC... 15, 42, 44, 45, 46, 53, 59, 64, 79, 84, 85, 103, 143, , 141, , , 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 139, 144 TDLS , , , , , 13, , 13, , , 30, 31, 38, 39, 41, 109, 111, 112, 113, , , , 18, 19, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 70, 78, 79, 83, 84, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, , 85, 109, 110, 111, 112, , 110, 111, , 110 3D-SAT... 27, 28, , , 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, , , 84, 85, 86, 98, 110, 139, 144 DEC , , , , , 18, 19, 48, 49, 51, 52, 81, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 108, 114, 116, 117, 120, 126, , 117, 126, , 102, , 8, 9, 17, 138, 139, , , 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82,

177 ... 56, 57, 60, 63, 72, 74, 79, 83 UPS... 13, 87, , , 131, , 98 PTR-MS , 27, 34, , 26, 32, 82, 84, , 59, , 103, , 57, 63, , 56, 57, 61, 63, 72, , 141, , 65, 83, , ,... 41, , 46, 66 Krypton LI , 56, 57, 58, 59, 67 LI , 58, 59, 67 Line averaging effect Path averaging effect Lyman-alpha PAR Path averaging effect Line averaging effect PPFD PTFE PTFE PTR-MS REA RS-232C...32, 38, 41, 67, 85, 143 RS SAT SDI SDM... 32, 38, 41, 42 SPD Stefan-Boltzmann TDLS Transducer Transducer shadow UPS VOC Wick WMO WRR W A/D AC... 11, 86 Automatic gain control AGC... 41, 45 BNC CO , 70, 71, 77 CO , 56, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71 CO , 68 CO CO , 71 CO , 48, 55 CO , 37, 42, 47, 54, 64, 70 cross-sensitivity CSV... 84, 85 DEC Flow distortion... 28, 30, 34 GC-ECD GC-FID GC-MS IMR-MS ISO ISO ISO

178 ver CO2 H2O CO Appendix Appendix

179 Photo Fig Photo 2.4-1, right, Photo left, Photo Photo left, 3.1-2, right, right, right, Photo right, left, left, left... Kipp & Zonen B.V. Photo 3.5-1, Photo Photo Fig CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC. Photo Decagon Devices, Inc. Photo Photo Photo

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