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1 Pension Reform in Japan: Prospects for Minimum Pension Guarantee and Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) NDC 2 NDC 1 NDC 1
2 2
3
4 Barr(2006) / /
5 NDC /3 2/3 9 Non-Financial Defined Contribution Notional Defined Contribution 5
6 10 OECD Holzmann and Hinz et.al (2005) 10 OECD Takayama ed.(2003)kuboniwa and Nishimura ed.(2006) Campbell and Feldstein ed.(2001)feldstein and Liebman(2002) 6
7 Holzmann NDC 12 (Informal sector) 7
8 NDC NDC 13 NDC
9 OECD 2005 OECD (2007) OECD Whitehouse OECD (2007) OECD 1 1 basic-pension 2 resource-tested 3 minimum pension 1 2 OECD OECD 2 OECD NDC OECD Peason (2008) Whitehouse(2008)OECD 2 15 OECD 1 2 9
10 OECD NDC 1 NDC 2 Whiteford and Whitehouse (2006) OECD 4 OECD(2007) 1 OECD
11 OECD OECD DC OECD DC 1997 DC OECD 11
12 /3 1/ GDP SOHO ,
13 14,100 98, ,349 14,100 7,175 14,349 /2 19 OECD
14 OECD Thompson2008 Thompson2008 OECD(2007) Thompson 1.Universal flat benefit, 2.Minimum pension, 3. Revaluation of earnings credits, 4.Pension tested guarantee, 5.Income and asset tested guarantee 5 14
15 1 Age Pension 2/3 3, Age Pension Supplemental Security Income(SSI) 10, Hoskins(2008) GNP , , / clawback OECD
16 (social security tax) / Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment(2002) 16
17 Tachibanaki and Urakawa(2008) Robalino(2008)
18 Piggott and Lu(2008) NDC Non-Financial Defined ContributionNDC 32 18
19 2 NDC DB 33 DC (NDC) Palmer (2006a)NDC 4 I. II. III. NDC IV. g++ g Borsch-Supan (2006) NDC 3 V-VII DC NDC 1 VIII VI VII VIII 2 NDC individual account personal account 19
20 3 NDC 4NDC NDC Brooks and Weaver (2006) NDC 2004 NDC 3 20
21 4 NDC 34 NDC 35 NDC NDC Borsch-Supan (2006) NDC NDC 34 NDC
22 NDC 36 2 NDC 37 NDC NDC NDC 1990 EU NDC NDC NDC OECD(2007)Whitehouse(2007)Gronchi and Nistico(2006) Koenberg et.al(2006) 2003 Franco and Sartor(2006) Chlon-Donominczac and Gore(2006) Palmer et al.(2006)
23 5 40 2/3 GDP 1.6 NDC CPI 10 NDC 40 NDC 23
24 NDC 1 NDC 1 NDC 57 NDC Palmer (2006b) NDC NDC 5 NDC NDC /20 4/20 1/
25 1/20 19/ NDC NDC 20 NDC 18 NDC NDC 40 NDC /4 NDC 5 NDC NDC /20 NDC 42 25
26 NDC NDC 43 3 NDC GDP NDC 2 NDC 1 NDC
27 NDC 27
28 ,7,, Barr, Nicholas (2006) Non-Financial Defined Contribution Pensions: Mapping the Terrain in Holzmann and Palmer ed. Pension Reform: Issues and Prospects for Non=Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) Schemes The World Bank, 2006 Borsch-Supan, H. Axel (2006) What are NDC Systems? What do they bring to Reform Strategies? in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer ed. Pension Reform: Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) Schemes Chapter 3, The World Bank, 2006 Brooks, M. Sarah and Kent R. Weaver (2006) Lashed to the Mast? The Politics of NDC Pension Reform in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer ed. Pension Reform: Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) Schemes Chapter 14, The World Bank, 2006 Campbell and Feldstein ed. (2001) Risk Aspects of Investment-Based Social Security Reform The University of Chicago Press, 2001 Chlon-Donominczac, Agnieszka and Marek Gora (2006) The NDC System in Poland: Assessment after Five Years in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer ed. Pension Reform: Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) Schemes Chapter 16, The World Bank, 2006 Feldstein and Liebman (2002) Social Security in Handbook of Public Economics, vol.4, Chapter 32, North-Holland, 2002 Frando, Daniele and Nicola Sartor (2006) NDCs in Italy: Unsatisfactory Present, Uncertain Future in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer ed. Pension Reform: Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) Schemes Chapter 18, The World Bank, 2006 Gronchi, Sandro and Sergio Nistico (2006) Implementing the NDC Theoretical Model: A Comparison of Italy and Sweden in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer ed. Pension Reform: Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) Schemes Chapter 19, The World Bank,
29 Koenberg, Bo, Edward Palmer, and Annika Sunden (2006) The NDC Reform in Sweden: The 1994 Legislation to the Present in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer ed. Pension Reform: Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) Schemes Chapter 17, The World Bank, 2006 Kuboniwa and Nishimura ed. (2006) Economics of Intergenerational Equity in Transition Economies Economic Research Series No.40, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, Maruzen, 2006 Holzmann, Robert and Richard Hinz et.al (2005) Old Age Income Support in the 21 st Century The World Bank, 2005 Hoskins, D. Dalmer (2008) Tackling old-age poverty in a contributory pension program mimeo, World Bank MOF - Hitotsubashi International Workshop, 2008 Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment, Netherlands (2002) National Strategy Report on Pensions: The Netherlands 2002, 2002 OECD (2007) Pensions at a Glance: Public Policies across OECD Countries OECD, 2007 Palmer, Edward (2006a) What Is NDC? in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer ed. Pension Reform: Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) Schemes Chapter 2, The World Bank, 2006 Palmer, Edward (2006b) Conversion to NDCs-Issues and Models in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer ed. Pension Reform: Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) Schemes Chapter 9, The World Bank, 2006 Palmer, Edward, Sandra Stabina, Ingemar Svensson and Inta Vanovska (2006) NDC Strategy in Latvia: Implementation and Prospects for the Future in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer ed. Pension Reform: Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) Schemes Chapter 15, The World Bank, 2006 Peason, Mark (2008) Social pensions: experience in high-income countries mimeo, World Bank MOF - Hitotsubashi International Workshop, 2008 Piggott, John and Bei Lu (2008) Reducing the Coverage Gap: Lessons from Analysis and Policy mimeo, World Bank MOF - Hitotsubashi International Workshop, 2008 Robalino, A. David (2008) Social Pensions, Savings and Labour Supply mimeo, World Bank MOF - Hitotsubashi International Workshop, 2008 Tachibanaki, Toshiaki and Kunio Urakawa (2008) The Discrepancy between the Desire of Working and the Reality for the Elderly in Policies in order to increase the labor supply of both aged and female persons chapter 1, mimeo, ESRI International Collaboration Projects, 2008 Takayama ed. (2003) Taste of Pie: Searching for Better Pension Provisions in Developed Countries Economic Research Series No.38, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, Maruzen, 2003 Thompson, H. Lawrence (2008) Subsidized Contributory Schemes for Special Groups mimeo, World Bank MOF - Hitotsubashi International Workshop, 2008 Whiteford, Peter and Edward Whitehouse (2006) Pension Challenges and Pension Reforms in OECD Countries Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol.22.no.1, 2006 Whitehouse, Edward (2007) Pensions Panorama: Retirement-Income Systems in 53 Countries The World Bank, 2007 Whitehouse, Edward (2008) The role of social pensions in the retirement-income package mimeo, World Bank MOF - Hitotsubashi International Workshop,
30 5 0 1 NDC Holzmann and Hinz et.al (2005) 1 2 1DB DC NDC Points OECD (2007) 30
31 NDC NDC PAYG 1 1 NDC Brooks and Weaver (2006) 31
32 NDC NDC GDP CPI CPI g CPI CPI CPI 10.5 g CPI OECD(2007)Whitehouse(2007)Palmer et al.(2006)gronchi and Nistico(2006) 32
33 NDC NDC NDC /20-19/ NDC Palmer(2006b) 33
34 Holzmann and Hinz et.al (2005) Pension system First tier Mandatory, Adequacy Second tier Mandatory, Savings Third tier Voluntary, Savings Basic Public Private Resource-tested/ Social assistance Minimum pension (second tier) Defined benefit Point Defined benefit Defined contribution Notional account Peason (2008)Whitehouse(2008) 34
35 1 UK US Tur key Swit zer land Sweden Spain Slovak Portugal Poland Norway New Zealand Netherlands Mexico Luxembourg Korea Japan Italy Ireland Iceland Hungary Gr eece Ger many Fr ance Finland Denmark Czech Canada Belgium Austria Australia Basic Others 1 2Basic Others Resource-tested Minimum OECD (2007) Pensions at a Glance 35
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[Version in English follows from page 4] 図表で見る年金 2013 年版 と G20 の指標 日本 日本の実効退職年齢は 諸国の中で最も高い水準である 将来の退職者の退職後所得の水準は課題となるかもしれない 現在及び予定された年金支給開始年齢が男性 女性ともに 65 歳であるにもかかわらず 国際比較でみた日本の実効退職年齢は高い 平均は男性 64.2 歳 女性
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