No.6, (2005) Articulation Development and Phonological Perception OTSUKA Noboru Nihon University, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studi
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1 No.6, (2005) Articulation Development and Phonological Perception OTSUKA Noboru Nihon University, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies Research on development of phonetic perception shows that infants' perceptions begin to be significantly modified in the latter half of the first year of life. By four to five years old, adult-like language-specific perceptual patterns are well developed. Many articulation-development researchers claim that children's articulation acquisition of almost all phonemes develops after perceptual acquisitions of the phonemes. The present paper shows, however, that adult-like Japanese-specific perceptual patterns of some consonants, for example /r/ and /d/, may be acquired after articulation acquisition for more than several percent of Japanese children. articulation Hallahan & Kauffman, 1982 Strange, 1986
2 Locke, J head-turning method headturn preference procedure tabula rasa A Watoson, J. B 1 reinforcer AA Portmann, A AB 1970 Eimas, Siqueland, Jusczyk and Vigorito1971 formant F1F2F3 F1 F2 F1 F2 1 /a//i/ F1F2 /i/ /a/ F1 F2 /i/ F2 F1 steady-state formant transition 151
3 2 20 VOT /p//b/ VOT 25 20D20 /p//b/ 20S20 /p//p //b//b / 1 VOT 0VOT /p//p/ /b//b/ 20D 20S 10 Eimas et al.(1971) sucking VOT Voice Onset Time method 0 VOT VOT /pa//ba/ B /pa/ F1 VOT F2 F3 VOT 36 /ba/ F1F2 F3 /b/ /p/ 25 /b/ /p/ categorical perception 20D 20msec 40msec /ba//pa/ /pa,pa,pa/ Eimas et al.(1971) VOT /p//b/ B 152
4 10 20D 20S /ba,ba,ba/ A B B /ba,ba,ba/ B A /pa,pa,pa/ 20S 0msec 20msec magnet effect /ba/ 60msec 80msec /pa/ VOT 20D 20S 20msec VOT 20D Kuhl, /ba//pa/ Eimas et al Polka & 20D 20S Weker, S Eimas et al.(1971) trilled flapped /r/ 20D Eilers, 20S Gavin, & Oller, Salish 153
5 1012 /b//d/ Cutting & Pisoni, 1978; Werker & Tess, Werker & Tess, ; Werker & Logan, Polka & Werker, 1994 phonetic mode phonemic mode Eimas et al.(1971) 6 10 Werker and Polka (1993) phone IPA / / Kuhl and Miller (1975) /nasi/ /ta/ /h//n/ /da/, /ka//ga//pa//ba/ [haʃ][hasi] VOT Dent, Brittan-Powel, Dooling and Pierce (1997) /ba//wa/ /hasi//h/// /si/ [ʃ][s] phonetic boundary /ʃ/ 2 /r/ [ɾ] Hz [l], 1988 (Kojima & Kiritani, 1989, 1988 ) [mnŋ] /N/ 154
6 [ɲ ] [ɲ ] [ɲ ] ŋ] /iho/ /ihobare/ /nihdaigaku/ /nihoga/ /p/ /t/ [zu] Eilers & Oller, 1976 [ʣu] Strange(1986) /hahaoja/ /ha:oja/ 1 Oller and Eilers1983 /w//r/ flapped trilled /r/ rabbit wabbit /w/ articulation [ɹ] Hallahan & Kauffman 1982 [r] ASHAThe American Speech Language [ɾ] /d/ Hearing Association ladder /w//r/ /ba//da/ 730Hz 730Hz 155
7 , /s,ts,dz,,r/ Templin(1957) 4 Strange and Broen (1981 Johnson & Moeller, 1967 Hull, Mielke, Timmons /w//r//l/ and Willeford rake-lake, wake-rake ASHA / l, s, r, v, z, ʧ, ʃ, ɵ,/ 3 Davice1938 Templin1957 wake-bake 1966 Kilminster and Laird1978 Strange, 1986, 1967;, 1968.; Strange and Broen1981 /r//l/ Davice1938 Templin Kilminster 1957 & Laird /m/,/p/,/b/,/w/, /m/,/n/,/ /,/p/ /h/,/ʒ/,/j/,/w/, /h/ /f/,/h/,/w/,/j/ / /,/m/,/n/, /p/,/k/,/t/,/b/, 3 w,j,m,p,t,d, p,m,d,j,b,t, /g/,/d/ g,ʧ,ʤ n,ʤ,g,h,ɸ,w, /n/,/t/,/d/, / /, /b/,/d/,/k/,/g/,/ /l/,/ʃ/,/ʧ/,/ʤ/, ʧ /k/,/g/,/j/ r/,/s/,/ʧ/,/ʃ/ /s/,/z/ f,n d,ʃ /f/,/v/ /r/ 4 ç,h,k w,j,ç,p,b,m, k,ç, t,d,n,k,g,ʧ,ʤ /ʃ/,/ʒ/,/l/,/ɵ/, /t/,/l/,/v/,/ɵ/ /v/ ʃ s,ʦ,ʣ, / / 5 b s,ʦ / /,/z/,/ʒ/,/ʣ/ ʣ ʣ,r 6 /r/,/ʍ/,/s/,/z/ /ɵ/,/ / s,ʣ,r,ʦ,ʃ r 5 Davice Templin1957 Kilminster and Laird
8 (1968) Strange1986 /w//r/ /r/ /w//r//w/ /r/ /s/ // /r/ /l/ /r//w/ /r//s,ts,dz,/ Wolfe and Irwin /r/ /r/ Plaza and Marie2001 language-impaired /r/ phonological 11 deficit Moreau and Lass, /ra//sa,dza/ Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock 1 90, 1982 stimulability /r/ /d/ 100, 1989 MacGowan, Nittrouer, and Manning (2004) /r/ /d/ /r/ /d/ /d//r/ /r/, 1967;, 1971, 1988 /r/ /r//d/ /r/ /r//d/ /r/, 1967;, constrictions /r/ /d/ 157
9 /da,ʤi,ʥu,de,do/ /d/ 2 55% 49% /ʤ ʣ/ 2 62% 71% /r/ 3 20% 100% 82% 82% /r/ 3 44% 94% 82% 85% 4 55% 100% 92% 86% 82% 97% /r//d/ 4 46% 92% 92% 93% 84% 96% 5 62% 95% 97% 94% 90% 98% 5 81% 100% 99% 97% 92% 98% 6 80% 100% 100% 95% 95% 99% 6 100% 99% 97% 99% r d r d r d r rarirurero d dadedo, 1991b 1 /d//r/ (1988) 1991a /r/ /ra,re,ro//ri,ru/, 1991a /ra,re,ro/ /da,de,do/ /ri,ru/ /di,du/ /da,de,do/ /ra,re,ro/ 9 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 158
10 Bowen, C. (1998). Caroline Bowen PhD Speech-language pathologist web site, Retrieved 1991aJanuary 1, 2005, from html. Dent, M. L., Brittan-Powel, E. F., Dooling, R. J. & Pierce, A. (1997). Perception of synthetic /ba/-/wa/ speech continuum by budgerigars. Journal of Accoustical Society of America, 102(3), Dodd, B., Holm, A., Hua, Z. & Crosbie, S. (2003)., 1993 Phonological development: a normative study of English-speaking children. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 17(8), Eilers, R. E., & Oller, D. (1976). The role of speech discrimination in developmental sound substitution. Journal of Child Language, 3, Strange, 1986 Eimas, P., Siqueland, E., Jusczyk, P.& Vigorito, J. (1971). Speech perception in infants. Science, 171, (1998)... (1989).., 30, Hallahan, D. P. & Kauffman, J. M. (1982). Exceptional children (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: The American Speech Language - Hearing Association. (2005). How does your child hear and talk? Prentice-Hall.. (1974).. (Johnson, W. & Retrieved January 1, 2005, from Moeller, D (1967). Speech handicapped school hild_hear_talk.htm. Barton, D. (1980). Phonemic perception in children. In G. H. YeniKomshian, J. F. Kavanagh & G. A. Ferguson (Eds.). Child phonology (Vol.2, ). New York: Academic Press. Boone, D. & Plante, E. (1993). Human communication and its disorders (2nd ed). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. children (3rd ed.). Harper & Row.). Kuhl, P, K. (1979). Speech perception in early infancy. Perceptual constancy for spectrally dissimilar vowel categories. Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 66, Kuhl, P. K, & Miller, J. D. (1975). Speech perception by the chinchilla: Voiced-voiceless distinction in alveolar plosive consonants. Science, 190, (1968). 159
11 ., 38(3), (1966).... Polka, L. & Werker, J. (1994). Developmental changes in (1988). the perception on non-native vowel contrasts.. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human,4, perception and Performance, 20, (1971)... (1999). (1996). A Basic Introduction to Speech Perception.. Singular Publishing Group.., H MacGowan, R, S., Nittrouer, S., Manning, C, J. (2004). Development of [r] in young, midwestern, American children. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 115(2), Monique, P., Therese, M. (2001). Phoneme discrimination and phoneme identification in French language impaired and normally-developing children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 15(1-2), Moreau, V., Lass,N. (1974). A correlational study of stimulability, oral form discrimination and auditory discrimination skills in children. Journal of Communication Disorders, 7(3), (2003).. Ryalls, J. (1988)... (1999).., H Strange, W. (1986). Speech input and the development of speech perception. In J. KavanaughEd.. Otitis media and child development. Parkton, MD: York Press. Strange, W., & Broen, P. (1981). The relationship between perception and production of /w/, /r/, and /l/ by three-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 31(1), (1967)., 25(1), (1982). (1967).., 13, (1972). Werker, J. & Polka, L. (1993). Developmental changes in. speech perception: New challenges and new, 1,1-41. directions. Journal of Phonetics, 21, Werker, J. & Tess, R. (1984). Cross-language speech (1968).. perception. Evidence for perceptual reorganization, 4, during the first year of life. Infant Behavior (1991a).. Development, 7, , 20(1), Wolfe, V. & Irwin, R. (1973). Sound discrimination (1991b). ability of children with misarticulation of the /r/., 20(2), sound. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 37(2), (1993) , 21(4), (Received:May 31,2005) (1997). (Issued in internet Edition:July 1,2005) 160
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