Phonetic Perception and Phonemic Percepition

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1 No.6, (2005) Word-recognition in Listening to English Sentences for Japanese TOYA Mitsuyo Nihon University, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies The present paper reports results and analyses that highlight the way Japanese learners listen to English sentences. Fifty-one university students took dictation, vocabulary, and TOEIC-style listening tests. The participants were divided into three proficiency groups according to TOEIC scores and their dictation data was analyzed in relation to vocabulary knowledge, the degree of accuracy within each sentence according to initial, middle, and end positions, and the function/content words dichotomy. The results revealed the effects of listening proficiency in recognition of words/phrases at the sentence level; the findings are seen to provide a theoretical underpinning for a newly-proposed listening training program. Krashen1985 Natural A Interaction H 1983(Output Hypothesis, Swain, 1985)

2 Toya /l/-/r/ Yamada, Tohkura & Kobayashi, 1997, 2001, 1993 TD BU, 1983;, 2003 TD BU BU /l/-/r/ Kuhl, 1994 Field, 2003; Mattys, Jusczyk, Luce, & Morgan, 1999 (Kuhl, 2004) form-meaning mapping TD, (1) (2) (3) Cf., 1995;, 1979;, 1987 (4) Listening Comprehension Test 496

3 TOEIC, TOEFL Item Facility Item Discrimination Oral repetition wpm TOEIC Toya, ).902 (p <.001).773 (p <.001) 497

4 p<.001) t(50) = 22.33, p < (F(1, 48) = , p <.001; F(2, 48) = 41.73, p <.001) F(2, 48) = 4.06, p<.05 Dunnett T3, 1986;, 1979;, 3 F(2, 48) = 4.06, p <.05Dunnett T3 1 r =.546, p<.001 R 2 =.298, p<.001) 2 R 2 =.492,

5 . 6 avalanche terrain 2 terrain train Cf.10 5 must have been 6 heard 2 F(2, 48) = 89.81, p<.001; F(2, 47) = 67.37, p<.001 Dunnett T3 Dunnett T3 primacy effect, I d like to revise my paper recency effect, before submission. I d, to, my, before like, revise, paper, submission 499

6 Shi & Werker (2001, 2003)6 VanPatten (1989) Ross (1997) Taniguchi, 1995 *( ) (2) (3) 2 F(2,48)=86.50, p <.001 Dunnett T3 500

7 5 volatile, avalanche 2 9 r =.869 (p<.001) variety situation submission candidate submission candidate submission mission mission some mission, save Oller mission, to mission mission Mattys et al., approaching 3 approach 501

8 (A), (B), (C1), (C2) (A)a 76.47% 3 I 68.75% 1 I38.89% a 7.84% group 100 of 88.24% candidate a group of avalanche, volatile 76.47% a group of avalanche, volatile a candidate I 2 (B) It was obvious that [S+V] it % 1 he 58.82% 81.25% % It It was obvious obvious Be was it he obvious * He was 502

9 obvious C1Cathy heard a shrill cry and thought obvious that A group of merchants didn t expect B It was obvious that the candidate C2Cathy heard a shrill cry and thought that possessed a C1 heard a shrill cry shrill shrill C2 should cry heard Cathy cry 76.47% shrill should 0% /hə:rd/ Cathy should cry hard, had show cry Cathy show cry

10 shrill I, he, she short Cathy heard a ( ) cry Cf. a Ihe it /ə:r/ heard shrill /ʃ/ Cf. Field, 2003, 2004;, 2003 Vitevitch(1997) neighborhood activation theory shrill /ʃ/ 1 e.g. short, should /ʃr/ 1 e.g. shrink, shrewd /ril/ /il/ thrill, drill, she ll, reel 3 2 frequency effect syntactic probability shrill /ʃ/ Field, 2003,

11 ). JACET (1994). Kuhl, P.K. (1994). Learning and representation in speech Kuhl, P.K. (2004). Early language acquisition: Cracking P.H. D.A. (1983). Mattys, S.L., Jusczyk, P.W., Luce, P.A., & Morgan, J.L., Field, J. (2003). Psycholinguistics: A resource book for students. Routledge. Field, J. (2004). Psycholinguistics: The key concepts. Routledge. 26., 26, TOEIC, 44 JACET., 32, , 10, and language. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 4, a speech code. Nature Reviews (Neuroscience), 5, ,. (1999). Phonotactic and prosodic effects on word segmentation in infants. Cognitive Psychology, 38, (2001) , 11(1), Oller, J.W. Jr. (1971). Dictation as a device for teaching foreign language proficiency. ELT Journal, 25(3),

12 2001). perception: identify- cation of English /r/, /l/, and., 19, 16 /w/ by native speakers of Japanese. In James, A. & Ross, S. (1997). An introspective analysis of listener inferencing on a second language listening test. In G.Kasper & E.Kellerman (Eds.) Communication Strategies: Psycho- linguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Longman. Shi, R. & Werker, J.F. (2001). Six-month-old infants preference for lexical words. Psychological Science, 12(1), Shi, R. & Werker, J.F. (2003). The basis of preference for Leather, J. (Eds.) Second Language Speech: Structure and Process, Mouton de Gruyter (2005)., 44 JACET lexical words in 6-month-old infants. (1) I d like to revise my paper before submission. Developmental Science, 6(5), (2) He should get out of this volatile situation (3) A group of merchants didn t expect to travel in. Taniguchi, N. (1995). Analysis of dictation errors made by Japanese Learners of English. Proceedings of avalanche terrain. (4) It was obvious that the candidate possessed a variety of skills. the 10 th Annual Meetings of Sophia Linguistic (5) Matthew must have been beaten about the head by a Society, 10, 538. stranger., A (6) Cathy heard a shrill cry and thought that the danger.. was approaching her. (2004). L2 (7) *Bob snarled at her not to believe him as he caught Form, Meaning, Input. her at the door., 48, (2005). (*). JACET, Received: January 10, 2006 Toya, M. (). Role of vocabulary knowledge Issued in in internet Edition: January 31, 2006 recognition of words/phrases for Japanese listeners of English: A preliminary study based on dictation data. FLTA, 10. VanPatten, B. (1989). Can learners attend to form and content while processing input? Hispania, 72, Vitevitch, M.S. (1997). The neighborhood characteristics of malapropism. Language and Speech, 40(3), Yamada, R.A., Tohkura, Y., & Kobayashi, N. (1997). Effect of word familiarity on non-native phoneme 506

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