Testing of reading comprehension and test-taking strategies: A web-based journalistic Chinese exercise

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1 AP Reading Tutorial and Tests on Web-based Journalistic Chinese A Warm-up Exercise for AP H. Lin Domizio ( ) Graduate Institute of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language National Taiwan Normal University 1, Advanced Placement Exam (AP 2 ), 2007 説, 5C 3, AP 5,,, 4,, /,, ; AP SAT, 閲,,, 説閲爲閲 (Careful Global Reader) AP 1.1 閲閲, (a profile composed of performances on different types of text and task) Urquhart (1996),, 爲閲爲麽 AP? 1) 1, http// AP College Board http//apcentral.collegeboard.com/article/0,3045, ,00.html , College Board AP ; C integration of the notions on Communication, Connection, Comparison, Culture, and Community into routine curriculum designs and lesson plans 4 1

2 2),,,, 衆,,,, 3) (authentic materials), 4),,, 5), 内 5C,, L2 ; 閲,,,, W_Journalitic Chinese Reading, ;, 関説, - / 1.2 閲閲 (reading ability vs. reading performance) (1995) << >> 説, L2 閲, 麽? 5, 5C (ACTFL), / 麽? AP, AP 閲内麽?, L2 CPT 6, ; ; 敍,, ; 爲閲 ( ), ( SAT, AP, HSK, CPT) L2 閲 +, 1),, 閲 (building up reading competence) 2), (practice strategies for expeditious reading) 3), (test-taking strategies) , CPT (April 2004) http//cpt.mtc.ntnu.edu.tw/ 2

, L2 CPT 6, ; ; 敍,, ; 爲閲 ( ), ( SAT, AP, HSK, CPT) L2 閲 +, 1),, 閲 (building up reading competence) 2),

3 閲, 7,,, 閲,, ( W_Journalistic Reading Test),, 内閲 (careful local reader) 爲, 閲 (careful global reader), 閲爲閲 (Cultivating a Careful Local Reader before becoming a Careful Global Reader) 2.1 閲 (from Learn to Read to Read to Learn) SAT-II, AP 閲 AP ;, AP AP AP 麽閲 Mikulecky (1990) 説,, 閲,, 閲, /,, 閲内, 閲,, 閲 (Goodman, 1973; Hudson, 1982), 爲, AP / 閲閲, 閲閲爲,, 閲 2.2 閲閲 (Careful Local vs. Careful Global Reading) L2 閲爲閲, L2 / 麽閲 (1997), << >> 36, 20 3

1 閲 (from Learn to Read to Read to Learn) SAT-II, AP 閲 AP ;, AP AP AP 麽閲 Mikulecky (1990) 説,, 閲,, 閲, /,, 閲内, 閲,,

4 閲内 (content schemata) (language schemata) (textual schemata) 閲 (bottom-up) (topdown) (interactive), and (interactivecompensatory model) 閲 (careful reading) (skimming) 閲 (scanning) 閲 (search reading) 閲 (browsing) 説閲 (careful local reader) 8 閲内閲, 閲 (global reading) 麽? ( ) 閲 (, ), / 閲 (interactive-compensatory model), ( ), 閲,, 閲 (local reading) 閲 (global reading) 閲? L2 麽? 閲 1995 Hayes (1988), Kletzien (1991), Ke & Everson, McGinnis, Ke Everson, Sergent & Everson Chern (1995),, 1) 閲閲 2), 3) 4) 9 5) 6) 閲 7) 8) 閲, 8 9 See Everson & Ke s (1997) Study on Reading Strategies of Intermediate and Advanced CFL Learners, Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association. Vol. 321, pp

( ) 閲 (, ), / 閲 (interactive-compensatory model), ( ), 閲,, 閲 (local reading) 閲 (global reading) 閲? L2 麽?

5 9) 閲内 10) ; 閲閲閲, 10, 閲 11, 閲 (Pedagogical Designs for Web-based Journalistic Chinese) 3.1 閲 (the Web-based Instructional Design & Function) ( W_Journalistic Reading Test) 12 閲閲 (careful local reader) 爲, 閲 (careful global reader) (VOA),, L2 説 ; / 閲 L2 W- Journalistic Reading Test,, 閲 text comprehension 閲閲,, 閲 Dorothy Chun (1997), 閲閲 13 W_Journalistic Reading Test (2000),<< >>,, (1999), << >>, ( 50 ) 12 http// 13 For Research on text comprehension in multimedia environment, see Dorothy M. Chun & Jan L. Plass (1997) at http//llt.msu.edu/vol1num1/chun_plass/default.html; for curriculum design and implementation of this, read (2004), and his website with advanced organizers in verbal form (textual, audio) and visual form (graphic, photographic, or videographic) at NTNU s Mandarin Training Center http// /news1/ 14 See Omaggio s (2003) Sample foreign language media evaluation criteria in <<Teaching Language in Context>> by Heinle & Heinle, Boston, MA. 5

text comprehension 閲閲,, 閲 Dorothy Chun (1997), 閲閲 13 W_Journalistic Reading Test 14 10 (2000),<< >>,, 192-203 11 (1999), << >>, ( 50 ) 12 http//www.brown.

6 閲 (Mixed-level Reading 閲 (2-level Reading Tests) Tutorials) 閲 (Intermediate,,, Readers),,,,, 閲 (Advanced Readers) C, - 5C 15 閲 (communication), (interpersonal), (interpretive), L2 (presentational) 爲爲 AP AP,,, 内閲, 説 (skimming) 閲 (scanning) (search reading) 閲, 閲麽, 閲,, 16 (skimming) (search (scanning) reading), (marcopropositional structure) ; See Standards for Foreign Language Learning distributed by ACTFL. Sample on Learning Scenario Newscast (in Michigan, high school students worked in groups to write, produce, and videotape a minute Spanish language news including a live, from-the-scene report; weather; sports; and commercials). 16 A taxonomy of skills and strategies in reading for academic purposes (pp , Appendix 1) in Reading in a Second Language Process, Product and Practice by Sandy Urquhart & Cyril Weir (1998). Addison Wesley Longman Limited. 6

15 See Standards for Foreign Language Learning distributed by ACTFL.

7 ; ; ; (both bottom-up ; ; ; & top-down 3.2 (Scaffold Instruction While-reading) 閲閲 17 1) (Modeling Strategy) (think aloud protocol) 着 ; 2) 説 (Direct Explanation), 説 3) (Scaffolding instruction) 4) 啓 (Developing motivation with successful) 5) (assessing strategies), 閲麽閲? 内 (schema-dependent) (Processes within the Matrix of Reading Types) 内 (Schemadependent Teaching) L2 閲 18 閲 L2,, 19,, Rumelhart (1977; 1980), (misunderstanding happens when we have found the wrong schema for a given concept or event) 20, 閲, 17 (Jones et al., 1987); Rebecca Oxford s Strategy Classification System http// 20 Comprehension is not the matter of simply processing the words of the message, but involves fitting the meaning of the message to the schema that one has in mind. -- Rumelhart (1997). 7

8 L2 --, 閲内 (proposition & content schemata), (language schemata; words, phrases, sentences) 説閲内 (content schemata), (language schemata) (textual Schemata), 爲閲閲 1) (pre-reading activity) (model strategy) 閲麽閲 2) 閲 (while-reading think aloud) (highlighting, note-taking strategy), 閲 3) 閲 (post-reading interaction) 閲, 閲, (exploring the known and unknown) Jones et al. (1987) Oxford (1990) 説 4) (reconstruction & inference) 21 (summarization), ;, L2,,, 説, ; ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,,,,, (concept map, story map, semantic map, networking strategy),, (Processes within the Matrix of Reading Types) 内閲 1) 2) Weir (1993) Pugh (1978) 閲 22 (Matrix of reading types) 説, 閲,, 麽, 麽閲 (Global ) (Local ) (P) A. B. (Expeditious) 閲,, 21 language schemata, textual schemata 22 Weir(1993) Pugh(1978) (Matrix of reading types, p. 123, Urguhart & Weir) 8

(1987) Oxford (1990) 説 4) (reconstruction & inference) 21 (summarization), ;, L2,,, 説, ; ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,,,,, (concept map, story map, semantic map, networking strategy),, (Processes within the Matrix

9 -- PA, PB 閲,, (F) C. 閲 D. (Careful) -- FC, FD W_Journalistic Chinese, 閲 (PB) (FC) 閲 3.21, 閲 (PA, PB, FC FD), Andrew Cohen Rebecca Oxford 爲閲 ( ) 閲囘閲 ; (PA) 閲説 ; 関閲, (PB), ;, (PA, PB, Search Reading) (decision-making)! 内,,,, 9

10 (Conclusion) 閲 (reading comprehension skills can be improved through instruction),, 爲閲閲 (, AP ), 爲閲 (careful global reader) 閲, AP 内閲,,,, L2 AP, 閲閲, 閲 23 Brown, H D. (2000). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (4 th edition). Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. NY New York Just, M. J. & P. A. Carpenter (1987). The Psychology of reading and language comprehension. Allyn and Bacon, Inc. MA Newton. Oxford, R. (1990) Language Learning Strategies What every teacher should know. New York Newbury House. Everson & Ke s (1997) Study on Reading Strategies of Intermediate and Advanced CFL Learners, Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association. Vol. 321, pp Urguhart, S. & C. Weir (1998). Reading a Second Language Process, Product and Practice. Applied Linguistics and Language Study. A. Wesley Longman Limited., (1996). 閲, 寳, (1997). Boston Cheng & Tsui Company. (1997). 内 << >> 36, 20 (1999). 閲 << >>, ( 50 ) (2000). 閲, (2000). 閲,<< >>,, (2003). 閲, (2004)., MTC 23, (Bloom s Taxonomy of Thinking Skills), 10

Allyn and Bacon, Inc. MA Newton. Oxford, R. (1990) Language Learning Strategies What every teacher should know. New York Newbury House.

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