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1 Taxonomic changes of the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus on this decade. Yoshiaki KAWAMURA Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis MRSA MRSE Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae DNA RNA S ribosomal RNA Woese S rdna Bergey s manual of Systematic Bacteriology vol. 2 2) Staphylococcus Family Micrococcaceae Micrococcus, Stomatococcus, Planococcus Streptococcus Family name other genera Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Aerococcus DNA 16S rdna 2001 Bergey s manual of systematic bacteriology second edition vol. 1 3) Vol Family, Order, Class, phylum 16S rdna Taxonomic outline of the Archaea and Bacteria Staphylococcus Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Staphylococcaceae Associate Professor for Department of Microbiology Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine (1-1, Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu) 1
2 Bergey s manual Micrococcaceae Micrococcus, Stomatococcus Actinobacteria DNA Staphylococcus GC% Firmicutes Micrococcus GC% Actinobacteria Staphylococcus 1980 S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticum 4) DNA-DNA hybridization Staphylococcus Staphylococcus 16S rdna Staphylococcus caseolyticus Staphylococcus 1998 Macrococcus 5) M. caseolyticus out group Staphylococcus DNA-DNA similarity 3) S. epidermidis S. capitis, S. haemolyticus, S. warnerii S. hominis, S. sccharolyticus ), S. aureus, S. auricularis, S. saprophyticus S. cohnii, S. xylosus, S. simulans S. carnosus, S. intermedius, S. hyicus, S. sciuri S. lentus, S. caseolyticus 16S rdna 16S rdna 12 6) Staphylococcus S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus 20 Staphylococcus S. aureus S. delphini, S. hyicus, S. intermedius, S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, S. lutrae S. lutrae S. delphini 7) S. aureus
3 315 Staphylococcus 16S rdna NJ 3
4 316 Staphylococcus S. arlettae S. aureus subsp. aureus 1980 COAG:, clump: 4 S. aureus subsp. anaerobius 1985 COAG:, clump:, Anaerobic 3 S. auricularis S. capitis subsp. capitis 1980 S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus S. caprae S. carnosus subsp. carnosus 1982 S. carnosus subsp. utilis S. chromogenes 1987 < S. hyicus subsp. chromogenes 5 8 S. cohnii subsp. cohnii 1980 S. cohnii subsp. urealyticum S. condimenti S. delphini 1988 COAG:, clump: 10 S. epidermidis S. equorum subsp. equorum 1985 S. equorum subsp. linens S. felis S. fleurettii S. gallinarum S. haemolyticus S. hominis subsp. hominis 1980 S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus S. hyicus 1980 COAG:d, clump: 17 S. intermedius 1980 COAG:, clump:d 18 S. kloosii S. lentus 1983 < S. sciuri subsp. lentus 20 S. lugdunensis 1988 clump: 34 S. lutrae 1997 COAG:, clump: 21 S. muscae S. nepalensis S. pasteuri S. piscifermentans S. saccharolyticus 1984 Anaerobic 25 S. saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus 1980 S. saprophyticus subsp. bovis S. schleiferi subsp. schleiferi 1988 COAG:, clump: S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans 1990 COAG:, clump: 27 S. sciuri subsp. sciuri 1980 S. sciuri subsp. carnaticus 1997 S. sciuri subsp. rodentium S. simulans S. succinus subsp. succinus 1998 S. succinus subsp. casei S. vitulinus 1994 < S. vitulus (sic) 6 30 S. warneri S. xylosus 1980 S. pulvereri > S. vitulinus S. caseolyticus >Macrococcus caseolyticus 1998 /mec 1996 COAGclump < sic 4
5 317 S. haemolyticus S. epidermidis / S. hominis S. aureus ) 1230 DNA-DNA hybridization S. caprae ) DNA-DNA hybridization S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus 10 FRU MAN Bergey s manual ) 8) S. caprae FRU MAN FRU, MAN S. haemolyticusfru MAN S. hominis Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 9) S. caprae Staphylococcus 1230 DNA-DNA hybridization S. epidermidis S. haemolyticus, S. hominis S. aureus S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis, S. capitis S. haemolyticus S. epidermidis, S. warneri, S. caprae S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. warneri S. simulans S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis S. hominis S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus S. capitis S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis S. saprophyticus S. haemolyticus, S. warneri S. warneri S. haemolyticus, S. hominis S. lugdunensis S. haemolyticus S. sciuri S. xylosus S. cohnii S. gallinarum S. auricularis S. delphini S. aureus S. xylosus Rothia mucilaginosa S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis Staphylococcus spp S. xylosus, S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis Total Stomatococcus mucilaginosus
6 318 Staphylococcus caprae S. caprae 1 Bergey s manual S. caprare S. haemolyticus S. hominis d(53) 2 -w (90) d d (100) d (95) d(-) 3 d (0) d (100) d (95) d d d(27) (+) (90) d b- (0) d b- (0) d (100) d (90) 1 DNA-DNA hybridization % 10% d: 11 89% -w 3 Bergey s manual d Streptococcus Bergey s manual ) Bergey s manual pyogenic, oral, enterococci, lactic, anaerobic, other 6 enterococci, lactic Enterococcus Lactococcus 10,11) anaerobic group 12,13,14) 1989 nutritionally variant streptococci NVS S. defectiva S. adjacens 15) Abiotrophia 16) A. adiacens Granulicatella 17 Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus 1937 Sharman pyogenic, viridans, enterococcus, lactic 1978 Jones pyogenic, pneumococci, oral, fecal, lactic, anaerobic, other 1982 Bridege and Sneath pyogenic, parapyogenic, thermophilic, viridans, paraviridans, enterococcal, lactic 18) Bergey s manual S. pneumoniae viridans group, pneumococci group, pyogenic group S. bovis faecal group, paraviridans group, other Streptococcus Streptococcus 16S 6
7 319 Streptococcus rdna Streptococcus 6 pyogenic group mitis group anginosus group salivarius group bovis group mutans group 19) 20) Streptococcus Streptococcus S rdna 6 b 14 Lancefield A S. pyogenes S. castoreus, S. anginosus, S. constellatus subsp. constellatus, S. orisratti B S. agalactiae S. halichoeri S. anginosus, S. constellatus S. dysgalactiae 2 S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis 21) 22) S. difficilis, S. shioli S. agalactiae, S. iniae 23,24) 7
8 320 Streptococcus 16S rdna NJ 8
9 321 Streptococcus Lancefield 1 1 pyogenic S. pyogenes A 1884 GAS 2 2 group S. agalactiae B 1896 GBS, < S. difficilis 3 3 S. equi subsp. equi C 1888 S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus C 1985 S. equi subsp. ruminatorum C S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae C, L 1983 S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis C, G S. canis G S. iniae 1976 < S. shiloi 7 S. porcinus E,P,U,V S. uberis, E, P, G S. parauberis, E, P 1990 S. uberis 2 10 S. phocae, C S. didelphis S. urinalis S. halichoeri B S. castoreus A mitis group S. mitis, K, O 1906 S. mitior 16 S. oralis 1982 S. mitior, S. sanguis II, BiotypeB-serotypeII 17 S. pneumoniae ND S. gordonii H, 1989 S. sanguis I, BiotypeA-serotypeIII 19 S. cristatus ND 1991 tufted fibrils, S. crista (sic) 4 20 S. sanguinis H, 1946 S. sanguis I, BiotypeA-serotypeI, S. sanguis (sic) 21 S. parasanguinis, F, G, C 1990 S. parasanguis (sic) 22 S. peroris S. infantis S. australis S. sinensis S. oligofermentans S. pseudopneumoniae anginosus S. anginosus, F, A, C, G 1906 milleri group 29 group S. constellatus subsp. constellatus, F, A, C 1924 milleri group, S. anginosus-constellatus S. constellatus subsp. pharyngitis C S. intermedius 1925 milleri group, S. MG-intermedius 31 mutans group S. mutans, E S. ratti 1977 < S. mutans subsp. rattus, S. rattus (sic) 33 S. sobrinus 1983 < S. mutans subsp sobrinus 34 S. ferus 1983 < S. mutans subsp. ferus 35 S. criceti 1977 < S. mutans subsp. cricetus, S. cricetus (sic) 36 S. downei 1988 < S. mutans serotype h 37 S. macacae S. orisratti A S. devriesei bovis group S. bovis D S. equinus D S. alactolyticus D 1985 < S. intestinalis 43 S. infantarius subsp. infantarius D, 2003 S. infantarius subsp. coli D, S. lutetiensis D, S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus D, 1996 < S. caprinus S. gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus D, 2003 < S. waius, < S. macedonicus S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurinus D, 2003 < S. pasteurinus 46 salivarius S. salivarius K, group S. thermophilus S. vestibularis others S. acidominimus S. suis R, S, RS, T S. hyointestinalis S. gallinaceum (New species S. hyovaginalis group) S. thoraltensis S. pluranimalium S. ovis S. entericus S. minor S. marimammalium C other genus 5 S. pleomorphus < 4sic 5 closridia Streptococcus 9
10 322 S. pneumoniae a 13 Bergey s manual S. pneumoniae pyogenic group 16S rrna mitis group S. mitis ) S. mitis, S. oralis, S. pneumoniae 16S rrna 99% DNA-DNA hybridization 40 55% 19,26) S. gordonii, S. cristatus, S. sanguinis, S. parasanguinis DNA-probe 27) S. mitis, S. oralis, S. pneumoniae DNA-DNA hybridization superoxide dismutase soda 28) soda ) S. sinensis, S. oligofermentans soda 16S rdna soda 2005 S. pneumoniae CO 2 S. pseudopneumoniae 30) DNA-DNA hybridization DNA-DNA hybridization S. mitis, S. oralis S. oralis T S. mitis T S. mitis T S. oralis T S. mitis S. oralis T S. mitis T S. oralis S. pneumoniae mitis group 10
11 323 pneumolysin, autolysin PCR 16S rdna, soda house keeping 31) S. pneumoniae S. pseudopneumoniae S. anginosus, S. constellatus subsp. constellatus, S. constellatus subsp. pharyngitis, S. intermedius 3 2 milleri group anginosus group 20) Anginosus group DNA 1 S. anginosus 1991 Whiley 3 32,33) 3 34) 1999 S. constellatus S. anginosus DNA-similarity 35) Whiley microaerobic streptococci Minut-colony forming beta-hemolytic streptococci Lancefield A, C, F, G S. pyogenes Group A streptococci anginosus group S. anginosus Streptococcus MG-intermedius S. Milleri Group-intermedius S. intermedius S. anginosus-constellatus S. constellatus S. mutans S. mutans S. sobrinus S. ratti, S. cricetus 36) S. mutans Lancefield D 6.5 NaCl non-enteric group D streptococci Enterococcus S. bovis 37) ) DNA-similarity group DNA group-1, 5, 6 DNA group-2, 4 group-2 group
12 324 DNA group 3 3 S. salivarius S. salivarius a streptococci Mitis-salivarius S. acidominimus, S. suis 16S rdna Bovis group Bovis group DNA group 1 S. bovis, S. equinus DNA group 5 S. saccharlyticus 1991 Enterococcus DNA group 6 S. alactolyticus S. intestinalis 1999 DNA group 3 DNA group 2 S. gallolyticus S. caprinus 1997 S. gallolyticus S. macedonicus, S. waius S. macedonicus 2002 S. pasteurianas 2003 S. gallolyticus DNA group S. infantarius S. infantarius subsp. infantarius S. infantarius subsp. coli subsp. coli subsp. coli subsp. infantarius S. infantarius S. infatarius subsp. coli S. lutetiensis 2000 S. infatarius subsp. coli 2003 S. infantarius subsp. coli S. lutetiensis 12
13 325 S. gallinaceum others S. hyointestinalis pyogenetic group pyogenetic group 19) Streptococcus pyogenic group others S. suis Lancefield R, S, T D, E, N S. suis S. suis 45) Toxic shock syndrome S. suis DNA DNA/DNA 70% similarity Tm 5 46) 16S rdna 16S rdna 97% homology homology DNA/DNA 47) ) house keeping gene 16S rdna Staphylococcus Streptococcus Woese, C.R.: Bacterial evolution. Microbiol. Rev , Schleifer, K.H.: Gram-positive cocci In Sneath, P.H.A. and Holt, J.G. (eds), Bergey s manual of systematic bacteriology Vol.. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co Garrity, G.M and Holt, J.G.: The road map to the manual In Garrity, G.M. (eds), Bergery s manual of systematic bacteriology 2nd edition, vol.. NewYork, Springer-Verlag Kloos, W.E., George, C.G., Olgiate, J.S., Van Pelt, L., McKinnon, M.L., Zimmer, B.L., Muller, E., Weinstein, M.P., and Mirrett, S.: Staphylococcus hominis subsp. novobiosepticus subsp. nov., a novel trehalose- and N-acetyl-Dglucosamine-negative, novobiocin- and multiple-antibioticresistant subspecies isolated from human blood cultures. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : , Kloos, W.E., Ballard, D.N., George, C.G., Webster, J.A., Hubner, R.J., Ludwig, W., Schleifer, K.H., Fiedler, F., and 13
14 326 Schuber t, K.: Delimiting the genus Staphylococcus through description of Macrococcus caseolyticus gen. nov., comb. nov. and Macrococcus equipercicus sp. nov., and Macrococcus bovicus sp. no. and Macrococcus carouselicus sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : , Takahashi, T., Satoh, I., and Kikuchi, N.: Phylogenetic relationships of 38 taxa of the genus Staphylococcus based on 16S rrna gene sequence analysis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : , Kawamura, Y., Hou, X.G., Sultana, F., Hirose, K., Miyake, M., Shu, S.E., Ezaki, T.: Distribution of Staphylococcus species among human clinical specimens and emended description of Staphylococcus caprae. J Clin Microbiol. : , Devriese, L.A., Poutrel, B., Kilpper-Balz, R., and Scheleifer, K.H.: Staphylococcus gallinarum and Staphylococcus caprae, two new species from animals. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : , Euzby, J.: List of Changes in Taxonomic Opinion no.1. Notification of changes in taxonomic opinion previously published outside the IJSEM. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. : 7-8, Schleifer, K.H., Kilpper-Balz, R.: Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the genus Enterococcus nom. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis comb.nov. and Enterococcus faecium comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : 31-34, Chleifer, K.H., Kraus, J., Dvorak, C., Kilpper-Balz, R., Collins, M.D., Fischer, W.: Transfer of Streptococcus lactis and related streptococci to the genus Lactococcus gen. nov. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. : , Collins, M.D., Wallbanks, S.: Comparative sequence analyses of the 16S rrna genes of Lactobacillus minutus, Lactobacillus rimae and Streptococcus parvulus: Proposal for the creation of a new genus Atopobium. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. : , Ezaki, T., Li, N., Hashimoto, Y., Miura, H., Yamamoto, H.: 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of anaerobic cocci and proposal of Ruminococcus hansenii comb. nov. and Ruminococcus productus comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : , Kilpper-Balz, R., Schleifer, K.H.: Transfer of Streptococcus morbillorum to the genus Gemella as Gemella morbillorum comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : , Bouvet, A., van de Rijn, I., McCarty, M.: Nutritionally variant streptococci from patients with endocarditis: Growth parameters in a semisynthetic medium and demonstration of a chromophore. J. Bacteriol. : , Kawamura, Y., Hou, X.G., Sultana, F., Liu, S., Yamamoto, H., Ezaki, T.: Transfer of Streptococcus adjacens and Streptococcus defectivus to Abiotrophia gen. nov. as Abiotrophia adiacens comb. nov. and Abiotrophia defectiva comb. nov., respectively. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : , Collins, M.D., and Lawson, P.A.: The genus Abiotrophia (Kawamura et al.) is not monophyletic: proposal of Granulicatella gen. nov., Granulicatella adiacens comb. nov., Granulicatella elegans comb. nov. and Granulicatella balaenopterae comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. : , Schleifer, K.H., and Kilpper-Balz, R.: Molecular and Chemotaxonomic approaches to the classification of Streptococci. Enterooccci, and lactococci: A review. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. : 1-19, Kawamura, Y., Hou, X.G., Sultana, F., Miura, H., Ezaki, T.: Determination of 16S rrna sequences of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus gordonii and phylogenetic relationships among members of the genus Streptococcus. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : , Subcommittee on the taxonomy of staphylococci and streptococci.: Minutes of subcommittee meeting, Paris, Unpublish. 21 Vandamme, P., Pot, B., Falsen, E., Kersters, K., Devriese, L.A.: Taxonomic study of Lancefield streptococcal groups C, G, and L (Streptococcus dysgalactiae) and proposal of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis subsp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : , Hashikawa, S., Iinuma, Y., Furushita, M., Ohkura, T., Nada, T., Torii, K., Hasegawa, T., and Michio Ohta, M.: Characterization of Group C and G Streptococcal Strains That Cause Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome. J. Clin. Microbiol. : , Kawamura, Y., Itoh, Y., Mishiam, N., Ohkusu, K., Kasai, H., and Ezaki, T.: High genetic similarity of Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus difficilis: S. difficilis Eldar et al as a junior synonym of S. agalactiae Lehmann and Neumann 1896 (Approved Lists 1980). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. : , Eldar, A., Frelier, P.F., Assenta, L., Varner, P.W., Lawhon, S., Bercovier, H.: Streptococcus shiloi, the name of an agent causing septicemic infection in fish, is a junior synonym of Streptococcus iniae. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : , Judical Commission.: Opinion 66. Designation of strain NS51 (=NCTC 12261) in place of strain NCTC 3165 as the type strain of Streptococcus mitis Andrewes and Horder Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : 391, Adnan, S., Li, N., Miura, H., Hashimoto, Y., Yamamoto, H., Ezaki, T.: Covalently immobilized DNA plate for luminometric DNA-DNA hybridization to identify viridans streptococci in under 2 hours. FEMS. Microbiol. Lett. : , Kawamura, Y., Hou, X.G., Sultana, F., Liu, S., Shu, S., Ezaki, T.: Differentiation of alpha-hemolytic streptococci by 16S rrna based species-specific probes. 13th Lancefield international symposium on streptococci and streptococcal diseases, Paris, France, Poyart, C., Berche, P., Trieu-Cuot, P.: Characterization of superoxide dismutase genes from gram-positive bacteria 14
15 327 by polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. : 41-45, soda 13 Lancefield Arbique, J.C., Poyart, C., Trieu-Cuot, P., Quesne, G., Carvalho, M.G.S., Steigerwalt, A.G., Morey, R.E., Jackson, D., Davidson, R.J., and Facklam, R.R.: Accuracy of Phenotypic and Genotypic Testing for Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Description of Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae sp. nov. J. Clin. Microbiol. : , ,, Poulsen, K., and Killian, M Whiley, R.A., and Hardie, J.M.: DNA-DNA hybridization studies and phenotypic characteristics of strains within the Streptococcus milleri group J. Gen. Microbiol. : , Whiley, R.A., and Beighton, D.: Emended descriptions and recognition of Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus intermedius, and Streptococcus anginosus as distinct species. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : 1-5, Whiley, R.A., Fraser, H., Hardie, J.M., Beighton, D.: Phenotypic differentiation of Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus constellatus, and Streptococcus anginosus strains within the Streptococcus milleri group J. Clin. Microbiol. : , Whiley, R.A., Hall, L.M.C., Hardie, J.M., and Beighton, D.: A study of small-colony, beta-haemolytic, Lancefield group C streptococci within the anginosus group: description of Streptococcus constellatus subsp. pharyngis subsp. nov., associated with the human throat and pharyngitis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : , Hamada, S., Hasuda, N., Kotani, S.: Isolation and serotyping of Streptococcus mutans from teeth and feces of children. J. Clin. Microbiol. : , Klein, R.S., Recco, R.A., Catalano, M.T., Edberg, S.C., Casey, J.I., Steigbigel, N.H.: Association of Streptococcus bovis with carcinoma of the colon. N. Engl. J. Med. : , Osawa, R., Fujisawa, T., Sly, L. I.: Streptococcus gallolyticus sp. nov.; gallate degrading organisms formerly assigned to Streptococcus bovis. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. : 74-78, Sly, L. I., Cahill, M. M., Osawa, R., Fujisawa, T.: The tannin-degrading species Streptococcus gallolyticus and Streptococcus caprinus are subjective synonyms. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : , Tsakalidou, E., Zoidou, E., Pot, B., Wassill, L., Ludwig, W., Devriese, L. A., Kalantzopoulos, G., Schleifer, K. H., Kersters, K.: Identification of streptococci from Greek Kasseri cheese and description of Streptococcus macedonicus sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : , Schlegel, L., Grimont, F., Collins, M. D., Régnault, B., Grimont, P. A. D., Bouvet, A.: Streptococcus infantarius sp. nov., Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius subsp. nov. and Streptococcus infantarius subsp. coli subsp. nov., isolated from humans and food. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbio l. : , Manachini, P. L., Flint, S. H., Ward, L. J. H., Kelly, W., Fortina, M. G., Parini, C., Mora, D.: Comparison between Streptococcus macedonicus and Streptococcus waius strains and reclassification of Streptococcus waius (Flint et al. 1999) as Streptococcus macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998).Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, : , Poyart, C., Quesne, G., Trieu-Cuot, P.: Taxonomic dissection of the Streptococcus bovis group by analysis of manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase gene (soda) sequences: reclassification of Streptococcus infantarius subsp. coli as Streptococcus lutetiensis sp. nov. and of Streptococcus bovis biotype II.2 as Streptococcus pasteurianus sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. : , Schlegel, L., Grimont, F., Ageron, E., Grimont, P. A. D., Bouvet, A.: Reappraisal of the taxonomy of Streptococcus bovis/streptococcus equinus complex and related species: description of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus subsp. nov., S. gallolyticus subsp. macedonicu. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. : , CDC news : Outbreak associated with Streptococcus suis in pigs in China news_ htm 46 Wayne, L.G., Brenner, D.J., Colwell, R.R., Grimont, P.A.D., Kandler, O., Krichevsky, M. I., Moore, L.M., Moore, W.E.C., Murray, R.G.E., Stackebrandt, E., Starr, M.P., and Truper, H.G.: Report of the ac hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int. J. Sys. Bacteriol. : , Stackebrandt, E. Goebel, B.M.: Taxonomic note; A place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rrna sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. : , 1994, 48 Stackebrandt, E., Frederiksen, W., Garrity, G.M., Grimont, P.A.D., Kampfer, P., Maiden, M.C.J., Nesme, X., Rossello-Mora, R., Swings, J., Truper, H.G., Vauterin, L., Ward, A.C., and Whitman W.B.: Report of the ad hoc committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, : ,
pyogenic group mutans group bovis group anginosu group mitis group NJ/0.01 salivarius group
Yoshiaki KAWAMURA Recent Classification of the Genus Streptococcus Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 500-8705 pyogenic group mutans group bovis group anginosu group
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