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1 γ ( ) 3 B

2 KamLAND ( ) Double Chooz ( / ) CANDLES ( ) ~ Double Chooz: (θ13 ) (νe + p e + + n) BG BG CANDLES: (5-1MeV) (n,γ) 2

3 (n,γ) CANDLES (n,γ) Geant4 (n,γ) 3

4 (n,γ) : γ n + A ZX ( A+1 ZX)* A+1 ZX + γ γ γ (n,γ) [barn] 1 1 H %.332 Eγ = 2.22 MeV 1 5 B 19.9% 3838 Eα = 2.31, Eγ =.478 MeV 6 3 Li 7.59% 94 Eα = 4.78 MeV Cd 12.22% 265 Σ(Eγ) ~ 9 MeV Gd 15.65% 254 Σ(Eγ) ~ 8 MeV γ ( ) 4

5 : Fe (n,γ) γ Intensity # of γ-rays per (n,γ) reaction E [kev] Attenuation Length [cm] H 2 O Pb γ E [MeV] (n,γ) γ CANDLES BG : 8MeV γ 4cm 2cm 5

6 4m S (27 m.w.e.) 3m LS 1.4m PMT Water 1.4m CANDLES III (U.G.) 1cm CaF2 WLS N Under Ground Q 4.3MeV 48 Ca CaF cm 3 96 (35 kg) 48 Ca ~35 g (.187%) - (WLS) 28 (CaF2 ) 42 nm (PMT ) (LS) - ( γ ) - φ1.4m H1.4m ( ), V~2 m 3 - γ - φ3m H4m ( ), V~3 m 3 62 PMTs - 13 PMT 48 ( ) - 2 PMT 14 ( ) - : ~ 42 nm 6

7 4m 3m Detector Tank PMT & Light pipe (Top View) 96 crystals (16 6 levels) 7

8 CANDLES : LS LS : γ CaF2 LS - CaF2: ~1 μs, LS: ~1 ns CaF2 + LS ( : γ ) CaF2 only PMT CaF2+LS Pulse Height 2ns ns 128 Pulse Height LS (τ ~2 ns) CaF2 (τ ~ 1μs) Time [ns] Time [ns] PSD cut: ELS/Etotal < % CaF2 β 8

9 : LS MC: 7.6MeV γ Events/5keV ~1/4 ~1/1 All E LS /E total E LS = < 5% ELS + Energy ECaF2 [kev] LS 7.6MeV γ 1/4~1/1 CaF2 γ 9

10 CANDLES (n,γ) Events/1keV (PSD ) K 28 Tl Live-time = 88.1 days Qββ 28 Tl(β+γ), 212 Bi- 212 Po 2 (n,γ) Cf 2. Geant4 (n,γ) MC (n,γ) Rock Stainless steel tank S N n Energy [kev] 4m γ-ray n (n,γ) -, 8cm ( 2).8m 1,3m 3m 1

11 (n,γ) IAEA ( (n,γ) - : CapGam γ (n,γ) Intensity (SUS34) Fe Fe Cr Ni Cr Ni Gamma Energy [kev] Intensity Si Ti Fe Si Al Fe Ca Na K Ti Gamma Energy [kev] SUS34 Fe : Cr : Ni = 71. : 2.2 : MeV, 9MeV γ ( ) 11

12 Comparison of (n,γ) Spectrum Intensity Ratio (IAEA / CapGam) SUS34: Intensity CapGam IAEA SUS34: IAEA / CapGam E 4~5% difference at a maximum [kev] E [kev] Intensity Ratio (IAEA / CapGam).25 CapGam IAEA Rock: Intensity Rock: IAEA / CapGam E [kev] 4~5% difference at a maximum E [kev] 12

13 1: Muon simulations for Super-Kamiokande, KamLAND, and CHOOZ, PRD74, 537 (26) 2:, (Resource Geology, 45(1), 25-4, 1995) 1 TABLE II. Chemical composition of the Ikenoyama and Ardennes rock in elemental percentage. The Ardennes rock composition is the average of several samples. The CHOOZ rock data are approximate values only. Details are documented in an internal note [23]. Ikenoyama Ardennes Chemical formula % % SiO TiO 2.31 Al 2 O Fe 2 O FeO MnO.15 MgO.93 4 CaO 6. Na 2 O 6.42 K 2 O P 2 O 5.18 H 2 O.97 S.1 CO

14 Isotope PRD74 [%] RG45 [%] SiO ±4. TiO ±.32 Al2O ±.54 Fe2O ±.52 FeO ±1.33 MnO ±.32 MgO ±1.5 CaO ±.89 Na2O ±.51 K2O ±.57 P2O5.37.3±.12 Others ±.79 Intensity (6.%/ E) (n,γ) Rock (PRD74) Rock (RG45) Energy [kev] 7.6MeV Si Si Ti Fe Fe 14

15 Events/1keV/day PSD Physics run Calibration run Energy [kev] 252 Cf (.4MBq) Events/1keV Physics run Calibration run S Energy [kev] N : = 88.1, = = 1 5.5MeV (n,γ) 252 Cf 15

16 Geant4 : Q 4.3MeV BG : (n,γ) γ : Geant4 (n,γ) - Geant4.1..p1 - Physics list: QGSP_BERT_HP (2MeV NeutronHP ) 16

17 ref. MC GEANT4 and PHITS simulations of the shielding of neutrons from 252 Cf source Jae Won Shin, 1 Sang-In Bak, 2 Doyoon Kim, 2 Chong Yeal Kim, 3 and Seung-Woo Hong 1, 1 Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon , Korea 2 Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon , Korea 3 Department of Radiation Science & Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju , Korea (Dated: 26 March 214) arxiv: / 252 Cf 4% ( 2%) 17

18 (n,γ) Geant4 - : < 4% (n,γ) γ : H γ Geant / Database Geant4 C O F Na Mg Al Si Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Pb Nucleus 2 [barn] capture : C (n,γ) 6C Geant4 database = 6.62e-3 [b] = 3.51e-3 [b] Geant4 Database Individual Energy [kev] 18

19 [barn] capture [barn] capture (n,γ) 14Si Geant4 database = 2.35e-1 [b] = 1.72e-1 [b] Individual Energy [kev] 26Fe Geant4 Database 2.2 Geant4 = 3.59e+ [b] 2 database = 2.56e+ [b] Individual Energy [kev] [barn] capture [barn] capture Ti Geant4 database = 7.18e+ [b] = 6.8e+ [b] Individual Energy [kev] 82Pb.2 Geant4 = 1.3e-1 [b].18 database = 1.54e-1 [b] Individual Energy [kev] 19

20 (n,γ) MC : 2~4% : < 4% (n,γ) : 4~5% : 1% 2

21 (MC) 5cm Rock Stainless Tank γ MC : (n,γ) 4m LS Water 8cm : 1m or CaF2 LS 1.4m 7m : (n,γ) (RG45) 1m 1.3m 1.4m PMT 3m Intensity Si Al Fe Ca Na K Ti.2 6m Gamma Energy [kev] 21

22 Events/1keV 6 2 / ndf / 62 N rock 2661 ± 227 evt N 5 SUS 7468 ± 191 evt N 3139 ± 116 evt Cf Run (3.1 hour) Cf Energy [kev] MC 6.%/ E[MeV] 2 MC (+ 252 Cf γ) Data Fit Rock (MC) SUS (MC) 252 Cf (MC) Events/1keV Qββ±1σ Physics Run (88.1 days) fit range 2 / ndf 54. / 39 N rock 575 ± 46 evt N 315 ± 43 evt Energy [kev] MC Q (n,γ) BG MC Q / ~ 4 (RG45 ) (n,γ) BG: 76±9(stat.) events/year/96crystals SUS Data Fit Rock (MC) SUS (MC) 22

23 (1.836 MeV) (n,γ)反応をエネルギー線源に利用 MeV (59Ni) 4m m Siブロック (Si:PE:Bond=3:1:1) Intensity [a.u.] 4.3MeV (Qββ) w/ Si w/o Si Diff Energy [kev] Energy 1 [kev] Energy [kev] Intensity [a.u.] Intensity [a.u.] Ni/Cf ガンマ線源 Real Energy 18mm 252Cf Preliminary MeV (28Si) stainless steel tank Observed Energy 3mm 1.8MeV (88Y) 観測スペクトル (~1day) MeV (57Fe) 3.5MeV (28Si) 8 Events/1keV Events/1keV 通常使用の較正線源: cf. Qββ = 4.3 MeV 88Y Events/1keV (n,γ)反応の応用 Intensity of ポリエチレンで熱化した中 γ-rays 性子がニッケル原子核に吸 from Si(n,γ) 収されたときに出るガンマ 線を利用 252Cf MeV, 7.82MeVなどの高エ 8 1 ネルギーのガンマ線が出る Energy [kev] Energy 1 [kev] Energy [kev] 4MeV閾値のSKで数kHz Niボール 1MeVまでのエネルギー のレートで見えている 35 酸化ニッケル 65 ポリエチレン (NiO:PE=1:2) スケールを調査可能 中性子測定コンソーシアム 23

24 Geant4 (ref., 24 ) - Φthermal = (8.26±.58) 1-6 n/cm 2 /s (E <.5 ev) - Φnon-thermal = (1.15±.12) 1-5 n/cm 2 /s (E >.5 ev) - Φfast = (2.6±.21) 1-6 n/cm 2 /s (E >.5 MeV) Geant4 (n,γ) γ 1. MC: ( ) - - γ 2. γ MC: γ - MC 24

25 MC (1/En ) - Non-thermal:.5 ev - 1 MeV - Fast:.5 MeV - 1 MeV : ( 2m ) - Nnon-thermal / Nfast = Nnon-thermal + Nfast = /m 3 /day (Φthermal / Φnon-thermal =.72) γ ((n,γ) ) - = /m 3 /day - = /m 3 /day (or /m 2 /day) 25

26 MC (88.1 ) MC Events/1keV / ndf 54. / 39 N rock 575 ± 46 evt N 315 ± 43 evt Energy [kev] SUS Data Fit Rock (MC) SUS (MC) Events/1keV/day All Rock SUS Energy [kev] Type 5.5 < E < 1 MeV 7.6 MeV Data 14±1 evt/d.67:.33 MC 18.4 evt/d.58:.42 26

27 252 Cf NaI - 2.1MeV 1MeV 9% 9cm, 99% 13cm (by Geant4) 252 Cf NaI Events/1keV MC: NaI σ = 1% FWHM@662 kev Energy [kev] 27

28 Pb1cm Pb12cm (n,γ) (n,γ) : ~1 events/year/96crystals (~1/8 level) Geant4 - γ : Pb - : B S Tank B shield ~5mm Pb7cm (top) B shield ~5mm N 4m (n,γ) BG Estimation (MC) Total: ~.7 (±5%) evt/y Rock γ: ~.3 evt/y Tank γ: ~.4 evt/y B Sheet Sample Water Pb1cm Pb1cm (inside) Concrete 3m 28

29 CANDLES LS (n,γ) Q BG Geant4 (n,γ)γ - 2 (n,γ) CANDLES 29

21 Daya Bay θ 13 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory 2012 ( 24 ) Daya Bay 2011

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