1978 12 IPP ISO 1996 RTO 34
1978 1988 NOPR 1978 IPPIndependent Power Producer 1988 1978 1988 NOPR IPP 1990 10 PUCPublic Utility Commissions FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 2001 1970 5 1 1978 PURPAPublic Utilities Regulatory Policies Act 1978 Qualifying Facilities 2 1980 IPP 1 2 QF QF KWh KW 35
1978 1988 FERC NOPR Notice of Proposed Rulemaking IPP IPP 1990 IPP 13 1990 IPP 10 IPP 14 3 Energy Information Administration 3 36
Energy Information Administration 37
IPP 19881993 IPP IPP 1988 19.4 1993 18.6 0.8 1988 29.7 1993 32.7 3.0 19811992 0.2 26 6 19801992 6.1 1.8 29 SCE 19861992 0.8 30 1978 1988 NOPR 38
1992 1996 FERC 1990 15 1992 1996 1999 FERC IPP IPP RTO IPP 39
1992 FERC 1996 1992 EPActNational Energy Policy Act FERC 1996 IPP FERC FERC 1996 Order888Order 889 Order888 Order 889 OASIS 2002 1998 40
IPP 1992 IPP IPP PUHCA 1935 PUHCA 10 SEC SEC IPP 1992 EPAct PUHCA IPP PUHCA EWGexempt wholesale generators 1998 1996 Order888Order 8891999 Order 2000 ISOIndependent System Operator Order888 RTGRegional Transmission Groups ISO RTORegional Transmission Organization 1999 Order2000 RTO 1996 1996 4 4 1990 CPUC PG&E SCE 50 2 2001 2003b 41
ISO ISO ISO 96 9 ISO ISO ISO California ISO New York Independent System Operator ISO New England Pennsylvania-New Jersey-MarylandPJMInterconnection The Electric Reliability Council of TexasERCOT RTO RTO 5 1999 Order2000 2001 12 RTO 2001 7 FERC 4 RTO RTO FERC 2002 7 NOPR 5 50 /KWh 50 /KWh 3 / KWh 2002 RTO 2002 42
ISO IPP 16 Nord Pool 1998 PX PX IPP IPP IPP PJM Nord Pool NETA NETA 43
1992 IPP IPP 1996 1999 1996 IPP KWh 36 SCE 6 6 SCE 2000 2001 2001 44
IPP 1992 1992 FERC IPP IPP 17 IPP 18 Energy Information Administration Energy Information Administration 45
1996 1996 1998 19 Energy Information Administration IPP 8090 20 2001 IPP Energy Information Administration 46
IPP IPP 21 2001 IPP Energy Information Administration 1996 2001 1996 FERC PUC KWh KWh KWh 1990 1996 2001 KWh 1990 22 47
2001 KWh Energy Information Administration KWh 1994 2001 KWh 23 2001 KWh Energy Information Administration 48
KWh KWh 24 19942001 KWh KWh 1990 2001 MontanaMassachusettsMaine KWh California HawaiiWashingtonIdahoNevadaOregon Energy Information Administration 49
24 2 19 KWh 25 MontanaMassachusettsMaineCalifornia 19942001 KWh 1990 2001 2 19 Energy Information Administration 50
SCE 19811992 0.2 19932000 4.7 26 Southern California Edison 51
KWh KWh 2000 KWh 1996 GDP 1996 100 Energy Information Administration 1992 2000 28 /KWh /KWh Energy Information Administration 52
19801997 19981999 2001 1980 19801992 19981999 20002001 29 California Energy Commission PG&E, San Diego Gas & Electric, Southern California Edison, SMUD, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power, BGPGlendale, Burbank, Pasadena GDP 53
SCE 19861992 0.8 19932000 3.1 30 Southern California Edison GDP 1992 KWh FERC FERC 1996 30 FERC1997 54
ISO 1996 2000 7 8 7 1995 5 1995 12 1998 1 2002 8 FERC 2000 San Diego Gas&Electric Company SDG&E 1999 6 7 $150/MWh 2000 $250/MWh 167 $500/MWh 59 FERC2000 55
90 10 2002 9 1/4 2000 ISO FERC 2000 1996 1999 5,522MW 672MW 9 2001 3 NETA New Electric Trading Arrangement 56
ISO ISO 1996 10 10 QF 57
FERC 2002 2003 ISO RTO 58
EU EU EU 96/92/EC,1996 EU 98/30/EC,1998 1998 EU 1998 1999 EU EU 1987 EU EU 1983 1982 1986 EU EU 1996 EU 1998 1987 1998 1999 59
11 EU 1996 EU 1998 EU EU 1999 2 2000 8 1935 12 1957 13 14 15 1,000 9 11 1980 1983 IPP CEGB CEGB 1989 British Gas BG 1982 200 1 29KWh 1986 BG 25,000 BG 100 1989 1992 9 1990 BG 1995 EU Regulated Access BG 1994 BG 12 2001 13 14 Demarcation Agreement 15 Concession Agreement Concession Fee 60
50 1,000 61
EU 2001 1998 1999 1998 2001 16 2005 2005 16 1999 62
1998 19911998 4.0 1.3 RWE Energie AG 19992000 15.2 4.0 19992000 9.9 RWE Energie AG RWE Rurhgas RWE 19911998 4.0 1998 19992000 15.2 Rurhgas 19911998 1.3 1998 19992000 4.0 32 RWE Rurhgas 63
RWE 1998 19.6 2000 16.1 33 RWE OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries RWE 19921998 0.4 19992000 9.9 34 Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein2002 German utilities 1991 1998 3.6 19992000 16.0 35 64
RWE GDP Rurhgas 36 2000 1997 1999 5.4 1998 17 1997 1998 1.9 1999 2.1 Rurhgas GDP 2000 1999 75 17 HICPHarmonised Index of Consumer Price 65
18 FERC IPP 1992 KWh ISO 19 1996 18 2001 19 EU 66
67
FCC OFTEL ART RegTP FERC GEMA CRE OECD1997 38 Federal Communications Office of Commission Telecommunications Federal Energy Gas and Electricity Regulation Commission Markets Authority Federal Energy Gas and Electricity Regulation Commission Markets Authority Civil Aviation Authority 68
39 40 Ministère de l Economie, des finances L Autorité de Régulation des et de l Industrie Télécommunications ART Federal Ministry of Economics and Regulatory Authority for Technology Telecommunications and PostsRegTP Department of Trade and IndustryOffice of Telecommunications OFTEL Federal Communications Commission FCC FCCand National Telecommunications and Information Administration NTIAof the Department of Commerce OECD1999 OFTEL Radio Authority Radio Authority OECD1999 69
OECD OECD Radio Authority OECD OECD1999 OECD OECD1999 70
OECD 1999 41 5 5 The Monopolies and Mergers Commission 5 2 6 3 OECD1999 20 OECD1999 71
3 21 21 72
FCC 99 1 9200 90 1 7250 73
2002 74
75
2005 2002 2005 1995 3 1995 12 76
22 2002 2003 23 ISO RTO 22 2002 23 77
1978 1992 1999 Order2000 PURPA FERC QF 1996 Order888 Order889 RTO 1983 1989 1989 IPP NGC CEGB 1989 12 RECs 1996 1996 1996 2 2 1995 1995 2000 2000 2000 1985 Order436 1988 Order497 1992 Order636 198791 Order500 Take or Pay 1992 Order636 1982 1988 1995 1995 3 1995 1998 1998 1998 2 1995 1999 2000 78
80 EU 93 2005 2 25 1994 EEC No.95/93 80 3481 50 1996 1500 93 91 2000 3 2001 2000 3G 35 PCS 3G 3 35 5 1 3G 32 6 2 EU 96/92/ECEU 98/30/EC EU 96/92/ECEU 98/30/EC 79
2001 2000 NTT 2000 2 2001 EU 2001 7 2002 4 2003 2 2001 4 2000 2 2001 1 2002 7 2003 2002 2002 2 12 1999 2001 2001 No.11 3 2002 2002 2002 2001 12 3 1998 NTT 1999 80
No.589pp.25-29 2003a 2003b 2002 3 1998 1995 NTT 2001 No.604pp.32-38 2001 FERC1997 1997 Annual Report FERC2000 2000 Annual Report GAO1990 Entry and Competition in the U.S. Airline Industry Issues and Opportunities OECD1997 OECD Report on Regulatory Reform OECD1999 Telecommunications Regulations Institutional Stractures and Responsibilities 81