Papers, Alamance County, North Carolina, NCDAH; Civil Action Papers, Alamance County, North Carolina, NCDAH; Divorce Records, Alamance County, North Carolina, NCDAH; Criminal Action Papers, Granville County, North Carolina, NCDAH; Civil Action Papers, Granville County, North Carolina, NCDAH; Divorce Records, Granville County, North Carolina, NCDAH; Criminal Action Papers, Orange County, North Carolina, NCDAH; Civil Action Papers, Orange County, North Carolina, NCDAH; Divorce Records, Orange County, North Carolina, NCDAH; National Archives, RG 105, Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of North Carolina, "Records of the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and the Abandoned Lands, 1865-1870," reels); Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, 42nd Congress, 2nd Session, 22 (Washington, D.C., 1872),

Commissioner for the State of North Carolina, "Records of the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and the Abandoned Lands, 1865-1870," National Archives 5) Warren Allen to N.A. Miles, July 10, 1867, and Thomas Hay to Jacob F. Chur, August 9, 1867, both in "Letters Received, Register 2," RBRFAL, M843, Roll 10. Received, Register 3, RBRFAL, M843, Roll 14; Hannibal Young vs. Crawford Kearney, October 27, 1867, Freedmen's Court, Granville County, North Carolina, RBRFAL, M843, Roll 14 (Filed with Young to Freedmen's Bureau, September 4, 1867). 7) F.W. Liedke to Jacob F. Chur, August 5, 1868, Letters Received, Register 3, RBRFAL, M843, Roll 14. 8) "Charges against Sandy Hogan, Joshua Hogan, Alexander Hogan, Thomas Hogan and Williams Roberson Residing Orange Co. about 9 Miles from Hillsborough towards Chapel Hill," Case Files Relating to the Administration of Justice, Mar. 1865-June 1868, RBRFAL, M843, Roll 31. 9) Laura E. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: the Political Culture of Reconstruction (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), pp. 31-45. 10) "An Act Concerning Negroes and Persons of Color or of Mixed Blood," Public Laws of the State of North Carolina Passed by the General Assembly of the Session of 1866, Chapter 40 (March 10, 1866), Section 5. 11) Ibid., Chapter 40 (March 10, 1866), Section 6; "An Act to Amend Section 6th, Chapter 40th, of an Act Ratified the Tenth of March, 1866, Entitled 'An Act Concerning

Negroes and Persons of Color or of Mixed Blood,'" Public Laws of North Carolina, 1866-'67, Chapter 70 (March 4, 1867). (New York: Pantheon Books, 1976), pp. 412-418; Leon Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: the Aftermaths of Slavery (New York: Knopf, 1979), pp. 240-241; Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and Family in Nineteenth Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), p.133; Tera W. Hunter, "Household Workers in the Making: Afro -American Women in Atlanta and the New South, 1861-1920," Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1990, pp. 39-40 13) Quoted in Ira Berlin, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, eds., The Black Military Experience (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p.672. 14) Leslie Ann Schwalm, "The Making of Freedom: African American Women and Their Transition from Slavery to Freedom in Lowcountry South Carolina," (Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1991), pp. 340-344; Suzanne Lebsock, The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784-1860 (New York: Norton, 1984), pp. 103-111. vs. Dicey Burwell (1881), Box51, Criminal Action Papers, Granville County, NCDAH: Register of the Marriages of Free People, vols. 1-2, Granville County. NCDAH; Entry for July 26, 1875, David Burwell and Dicey Jordan, Marriage Register, 1867-1924, Granville County, NCDAH; 1870 Census, Granville County, North Carolina, Oxford Township, Page No. 37, M593, Roll 1139, p.303; 1880 Census, Granville County, North Carolina, E.D. 107 (Oxford Township), Page No. 13. T9, Roll 965, p.534. 16) Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion, pp. 46, 269-270. 17) State vs. Robert Kirkland (1872), Box 46, Criminal Action Papers, Granville County, NCDAH. 18) State vs. Samuel H. Lawrence (1882), Box 52, Criminal Action Papers, Granville County, NCDAH. 19) E.B. Bullock vs. Jane Bullock (1876), Box 1, Divorce Records, Granville County,